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Romanticism

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a movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual.

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Industrial Revolution

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The rapid development of industry that occurred in Britain in the late 18th and 19th centuries, brought about by the introduction of machinery. It was characterized by the use of steam power, the growth of factories, and the mass production of manufactured goods.

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French and American Revolutions:

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caused nationalism and the celebration of individuality

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Conservatories

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a college for the study of classical music or other arts.

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Nationalism

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patriotic feeling, principles, or efforts.

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Exoticism

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a genre in which the rhythms, melodies, or instrumentation are designed to evoke the atmosphere of far-off lands or ancient times

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Orchestration

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the study or practice of writing music for an orchestra (or, more loosely, for any musical ensemble) or of adapting music composed for another medium for an orchestra.

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Chromaticism

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a compositional technique interspersing the primary diatonic pitches and chords with other pitches of the chromatic scale.

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Dissonance

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lack of harmony among musical notes.

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Lied/Lieder

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Term referring to a German song of any era, but most commonly to those of the Romantic era. The lied (plural =Lieder) has been in existence since the 15th century and has undergone many changes of form. The Lieder of the Romantic era are characterized by their expressive emotion and the prominent piano accompaniment.

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Strophic form

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Song structure in which every verse (strophe) of the text is sung to the same musical tune.

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Modified strophic form

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In modified strophic form, the repeated sections of music have varied or elaborated forms from the basic theme.

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Through-composed form

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Song form that is composed from beginning to end without repetitions of any major sections; each verse having its own, unique melody.

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Song cycle

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a set of related songs, often on a romantic theme, intended to form a single musical entity.

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Franz Schubert

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(1797-1828), Austrian Composer of the Classical Era

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Chamber Music

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instrumental music played by a small ensemble, with one player to a part, the most important form being the string quartet which developed in the 18th century.

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Goethe

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German poet and novelist and dramatist who lived in Weimar (1749-1832) Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.

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Robert Schumann

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(1810-1856), German Composer of the Romantic Era

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Neue Zeitschrift fur Musik

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a music magazine, co-founded in Leipzig by Robert Schumann, his teacher and future father-in law Friedrich Wieck, and his close friend Ludwig Schuncke.

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Song Cycle

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A Poet's Love:

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Clara Wieck

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(1819-1896), German composer of the Romantic era. Genres; vocal ; piano.

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Piano pieces

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Romantische Klaviermusik, Ausgewählte Klavierwerke, Frühe Klavierwerke

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Symphonies

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Sämtliche Lieder, 7 Songs

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Prelude

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An instrumental composition intended to introduce a larger composition or a set of compositions. A short composition for piano. A composition which establishes the key for a composition that immediately follows.

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Nocturne

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A composition, usually a serenade, to be played at night in the open air. The name "nocturne" has been used by composers for piano and orchestral compositions that suggest some aspect of the night and are usually solemn and contemplative.Frederic Chopin:

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George Sand

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French femaile author of more than eighty novels who took a man's name and dressed in male attire to protest the treatment of women

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Etudes

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A study or an exercise (typically a short composition) designed to train a musician technically as well as musically.

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Mazurkas

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A lively dance, of Polish origin, typically in 3/4 or 3/8 time with the accent usually on the second or third beat of themeasure. The mazurka was popular in the 18th and 19th centuries.

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Polonaises

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A Polish dance in triple meter. The polonaise originated as a court dance.

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Rubato

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A practice common in Romantic compositions of taking part of the duration from one note and giving it to another. It involves the performer tastefully stretching, slowing, or hurrying the tempo as she/he sees fit, thus imparting flexibility and emotion to the performance.

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Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel

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(1805-1847), Geman pianist and composer. She composed over 460 pieces of music. Her compositions include a piano trio and several books of solo piano pieces and songs. The music was written on coloured sheets of paper, and illustrated by her husband Wilhelm Hensel. Each piece was also accompanied by a short poem.

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Clara Schumann

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(1819-1896), German musician and composer, considered one of the most distinguished pianists of the Romantic era.

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Louis Moreau Gottschalk

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(1829-1869) American composer and pianist, best known as a virtuoso performer of his own romantic piano works.

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Stephen Foster

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(1826-1864), known as "the father of American music", was an American songwriter primarily known for his parlor and minstrel music. Foster wrote over 200 songs; among his best-known are "Oh! Susanna", "Camptown Races", "Old Folks at Home", "My Old Kentucky Home", "Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair", "Old Black Joe", and "Beautiful Dreamer". Many of his compositions remain popular more than 150 years after he wrote them.

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Program music

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Compositions with extra-musical content that directs the attention of the listener to a literary or pictoral association.Program music was especially popular in the 19th century.

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Absolute music

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Music that has no literary, dramatic, or pictorial program; also, pure music; music expressively self-sufficient and intelligible without the aid of a text or a program.

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Concert overture

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Single-movement concert piece for orchestra, typically from the Romantic period and often based upon a literary program.

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Incidental music

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Music that is intended to accompany a dramatic performance, such as a play, television show, or comic opera.

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Edvard Grieg

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(1843-1907), a Norwegiancomposer and pianist. He is widely considered one of the leading Romantic era composers, and his music is part of the standard classical repertoire worldwide. His use and development of Norwegian folk music in his own compositions put the music of Norway in the international spectrum, as well as helping to develop a national identity.

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Program symphony

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A multi-movement composition with extra-musical content that directs the attention of the listener to a literary or pictoral association. Hector Berlioz provides a story line (program) for the Symphonie Fantastique to describe the life of the young artist as depicted in the composition. Program music was especially popular in the 19th century.

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Symphonic poem

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A one-movement orchestral genre that develops a poetic idea, suggests a scene, or creates a mood. Thesymphonic poem is generally associated with the Romantic era.

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Hector Berlioz

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(1803-1869), a French Romantic composer, best known for his compositions Symphonie fantastique and Grande messe des morts (Requiem). Berlioz made significant contributions to the modern orchestra with his Treatise on Instrumentation. He specified huge orchestral forces for some of his works, and conducted several concerts with more than 1,000 musicians.[2] He also composed around 50 songs. His influence was critical for the further development of Romanticism.

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Symphonie fantastique

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a program symphony written by the French composer Hector Berlioz in 1830. It is an important piece of the early Romantic period, and is popular with concert audiences worldwide.

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Idée fixe

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A term referring to a recurring theme that appears in many movements of the same composition.

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Orchestration

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The art of arranging a composition for performance by an instrumental ensemble. Some compositions are originally intended for instrumental ensembles where the composer makes all decisions pertaining to instrumentassignments within the score (which instruments play what notes and when they play them). This is often referred to as scoring the composition.

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Nationalism

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Term describing the movement in the mid 19th century in which composers felt compelled to infuse nationalistic features into their music, so that it would declare its nationality.

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Bedrich Smetana

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(1824-1884), a Czech composer who pioneered the development of a musical style which became closely identified with his country's aspirations to independent statehood. He is thus widely regarded in his homeland as the father of Czech music. Internationally he is best known for his opera The Bartered Bride and for the symphonic cycle Má vlast ("My Homeland"), which portrays the history, legends and landscape of the composer's native land.

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The Moldau

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a set of six symphonic poems composed between 1874 and 1879 by the Czech composer Bed?ich Smetana. Each poem depicts some aspect of the countryside, history, or legends of Bohemia.

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Antonin Dvorak

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(1841-1904) a Czech composer. After Bed?ich Smetana, he was the second Czech composer to achieve worldwide recognition. Following Smetana's nationalist example, Dvo?ák frequently employed aspects, specifically rhythms, of the folk music of Moravia and his native Bohemia.

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The New World Symphony

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was composed by Antonín Dvo?ák in 1893 while he was the director of the National Conservatory of Music of America from 1892 to 1895. It is by far his most popular symphony, and one of the most popular of all symphonies.

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Johannes Brahms

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(1833-1897), a German composer and pianist. Born inHamburg into a Lutheran family, Brahms spent much of his professional life in Vienna, Austria. In his lifetime, Brahms's popularity and influence were considerable. He is considered one of the greatest composers in history.

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The Romantic Concerto

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Retains the classical form with three movements

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Felix Mendelssohn

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(1809-1847), a German composer, pianist, organist and conductor of the early Romantic period. Mendelssohn wrote symphonies, concerti, oratorios, piano music and chamber music. His best-known works include his Overture and incidental music for A Midsummer Night's Dream, the Italian Symphony, the Scottish Symphony, the overture The Hebrides, his mature Violin Concerto, and his String Octet. His Songs Without Words are his most famous solo piano compositions.

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Romantic opera

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Had themes of nature, the supernatural, the medieval era, madness, and the exotic-escape from reality. Gradual shift away from a predictable alternation of aria and recitative. Verdi and Wagner.

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Opera seria

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Italian opera of the 18th and 19th centuries that was either heroic or tragic.

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Opera buffa

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The Italian variety of comic opera.

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Bel canto style

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A style of singing that emphasizes the beauty of sound throughout the entire voice range. A tender, pure, and sympathetic legato, the opposite of bravura singing.

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Giuseppe Verdi

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(1813-1901), was an Italian composer of operas. Verdi was born near Busseto to a provincial family of moderate means, and developed a musical education with the help of a local patron.

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Rigoletto

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is an opera in three acts by Giuseppe Verdi. It is considered by many to be the first of the operatic masterpieces of Verdi's middle-to-late career. Its tragic story revolves around the licentious Duke of Mantua, his hunch-backed court jester Rigoletto and Rigoletto's beautiful daughter Gilda. The opera's original title, La maledizione (The Curse), refers to the curse placed on both the Duke and Rigoletto by a courtier whose daughter had been seduced by the Duke with Rigoletto's encouragement. The curse comes to fruition when Gilda likewise falls in love with the Duke and eventually sacrifices her life to save him from the assassins hired by her father.

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Singspiel

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Comic German musical drama with spoken dialogue replacing the recitative; the immediate predecessor of the Romantic German opera.

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Richard wagner

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(1813-1883), a German composer, theatre director, polemicist, and conductor who is primarily known for his operas (or, as some of his later works were later known, "music dramas"). Unlike most opera composers, Wagner wrote both the libretto and the music for each of his stage works. Initially establishing his reputation as a composer of works in the romantic vein of Weber and Meyerbeer, Wagner revolutionized opera through his concept of the Gesamtkunstwerk ("total work of art"), by which he sought to synthesize the poetic, visual, musical and dramatic arts, with music subsidiary to drama, and which was announced in a series of essays between 1849 and 1852.

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Gesamtkunstwerk

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The integration of all of the arts (music, poetry, dance, and other visual elements) into a single medium of dramatic expression. This term was used by Richard Wagner to describe the vision of his later operas (in the late Romantic era), where the integration of these elements were critical to his vision of a unified and complete art-form.

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Music dramas

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Term applied to Richard Wagner's operas and other such composition that combine music, scenery, text, costume, etc., to create a whole, cohesive imaginary world.

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Chromatic dissonance

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Melody or harmony built from many if not all twelve semitones of the octave. A chromatic scale consists of an ascending or descending sequence of semitones.

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Ring of the Nibelung

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a cycle of four epic music dramas by the German composer Richard Wagner. The works are based loosely on characters from the Norse sagas and the Nibelungenlied.

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Bayreuth

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A town in northern Bavaria, Germany. It is world-famous for its annual Bayreuth Festival, at which performances of operas by the 19th-century German composer Richard Wagner are presented.

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Endless melody

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undifferentiated stream of solo singing and declamation used in Richard Wagner's music dramas

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Leitmotifs

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A recurring motif in a composition (usually an opera) which represents a specific person, idea, or emotion. This term was first applied to the operas of Richard Wagner.

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Die Walkurie

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a music drama in three acts by Richard Wagner with a German libretto by the composer. It is the second of the four works that form Wagner's cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen (The Ring of the Nibelung). The story of Die Walküre is based on the Norse mythology told in the Volsunga Saga and the Poetic Edda.[1][2] In Norse mythology, a valkyrie is one in a group of female figures who decide which soldiers die in battle and which live.Die Walküre's best-known excerpt is the "Ride of the Valkyries".

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Late Romatic/Post Romantic Music

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Post-romanticism in music referred to Romantic composers who would use forms that were found typically in the Classical and Baroque while still retaining aspects of the Romantic era.

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Part songs

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A vocal composition for two or more voices, usually unaccompanied.

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Requiem mass

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The Requiem Mass is a Proper Mass that omits certain, more joyful sections (Gloria, Credo and Alleluia) and adds other sections with a more somber nature.

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Verdi's Requiem

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The Messa da Requiem is a musical setting of the Roman Catholic funeral mass (Requiem) for four soloists, double choir and orchestra by Giuseppe Verdi. It was composed in memory of Alessandro Manzoni, an Italian poet and novelist whom Verdi admired.

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Ballet

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A theatrical representation of a story by means of dances or pantomimic action accompanied by music.

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Peter Tchaikovsky

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(1840-1893), a Russian composer of the late-Romantic period, some of whose works are among the most popular music in the classical repertoire. He was the first Russian composer whose music made a lasting impression internationally, bolstered by his appearances as a guest conductor in Europe and the United States.

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Pas de deux

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An established item in ballet consisting of a dance performed by two dancers.

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The Nutcracker

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Although the original production was not a success, the 20-minute suite that Tchaikovsky extracted from the ballet was. However, the complete Nutcracker has enjoyed enormous popularity since the late 1960s, and is now performed by countless ballet companies.

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Giacomo Puccini

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(1858-1924), an Italian composer whose operas are among the important operas played as standards.

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Madame Butterfly

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an opera in three acts (originally two) byGiacomo Puccini, with an Italian libretto by Luigi Illica and Giuseppe Giacosa.

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Verismo

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A term meaning "realism", applied to Romantic works, especially operas, of the late 19th century that have to dowith unpleasant realities of life.

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Exoticism

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A genre of music in which the rhythms, melodies, or instrumentation are designed to evoke the atmosphere of far-off lands or ancient times.

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Impressionism

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Term applied to composers such as Debussy, Delius, and Ravel who were composing in the same general time and place that the impressionist painters were active. This term, applied mostly to Debussy, refers to a blurring of classical forms, exaggerated attention to musical color, and a focus on modal and chromatic progressions rather than tonal ones.

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Symbolism

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a late nineteenth-century art movement of French, Russian and Belgian origin in poetry and other arts. Symbolism was a reaction in favour of spirituality, the imagination, and dreams.

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Surrealism

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a cultural movement that began in the early 1920s, and is best known for its visual artworks and writings. The aim was to "resolve the previously contradictory conditions of dream and reality". Artists painted unnerving, illogical scenes with photographic precision, created strange creatures from everyday objects and developed painting techniques that allowed the unconscious to express itself.

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Cubism

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an early-20th-century avant-garde art movement that revolutionized European painting and sculpture, and inspired related movements in music, literature and architecture. Cubism has been considered the most influential art movement of the 20th century.

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Futurism

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an artistic and social movement that originated in Italy in the early 20th century. It emphasized speed, technology, youth, and violence, and objects such as the car, the airplane, and the industrial city.

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Dadaism

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an art movement of the European avant-garde in the early 20th century. Dada in Zürich, Switzerland, began in 1916 at Cabaret Voltaire, spreading to Berlin shortly thereafter, but the height of New York Dada was the year before, in 1915. The term anti-art, a precursor to Dada, was coined by Marcel Duchamp around 1913 when he created his first ready-mades. Dada, in addition to being anti-war, had political affinities with the radical left and was also anti-bourgeois.

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Expressionism

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a modernist movement, initially in poetry and painting, originating in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century. Its typical trait is to present the world solely from a subjective perspective, distorting it radically for emotional effect in order to evoke moods or ideas. Expressionist artists sought to express the meaning of emotional experience rather than physical reality.

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Neoclassicism

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he name given to Western movements in the decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture that draw inspiration from the "classical" art and culture of Ancient Greece or Ancient Rome. Neoclassicism was born in Rome in the mid-18th century, but its popularity spread all over Europe, as a generation of European art students finished their Grand Tour and returned from Italy to their home countries with newly rediscovered Greco-Roman ideals.[2] The main Neoclassical movement coincided with the 18th-century Age of Enlightenment, and continued into the early 19th century, latterly competing with Romanticism. In architecture, the style continued throughout the 19th, 20th and up to the 21st century.

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Claude Monet

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(1840-1926), a founder of French Impressionist painting, and the most consistent and prolific practitioner of the movement's philosophy of expressing one's perceptions before nature, especially as applied to plein-air landscape painting.

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Stephane Mallerme

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(1842-1898), a French poet and critic. He was a major French symbolist poet, and his work anticipated and inspired several revolutionary artistic schools of the early 20th century, such as Cubism, Futurism, Dadaism, and Surrealism.

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Absolute music

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Music that has no literary, dramatic, or pictorial program; also, pure music; music expressively self-sufficient and intelligible without the aid of a text or a program.

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Modernism

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a philosophical movement that, along with cultural trends and changes, arose from wide-scale and far-reaching transformations in Western society in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Among the factors that shaped modernism were the development of modern industrial societies and the rapid growth of cities, followed then by the horror of World War I. Modernism also rejected the certainty of Enlightenment thinking, and many modernists rejected religious belief.

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Chromatic scale

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A scale which divides the octave into its semitones. There are twelve semitones, or half steps, to an octave in the chromatic scale.

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Whole-tone scales

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A scale built entirely of whole tone intervals. The whole tone scale was used commonly by the French impressionists.

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Church modes

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A term used for the categories of modes used in Gregorian chant.

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Parallel/gliding chords

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A sequence of chords consisting of intervals that do not change as the chord moves.

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9th chords

answer

In music theory, a ninth chord is a chord that encompasses the interval of a ninth when arranged in close position with the root in the bass.

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Small forms

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Short, simple forms, such as rounded binary and simple ternary

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Claude Debussy

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(1862-918), a French composer. Along with Maurice Ravel, he was one of the most prominent figures associated with Impressionist music. Debussy was among the most influential composers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and his use of non-traditional scales andchromaticism influenced many composers who followed

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Pelleas and Melisande

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an opera in five acts with music by Claude Debussy. The Frenchlibretto was adapted from Maurice Maeterlinck's Symbolist play Pelléas et Mélisande. The only opera Debussy ever completed, it is considered a landmark in 20th-century music. The plot concerns a love triangle.

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Prelude to "The Afternoon of a Faun"

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a symphonic poem for orchestra by Claude Debussy, approximately 10 minutes in duration. It is one of Debussy's most famous works and is considered a turning point in the history of music; Pierre Boulez considered the score to be the beginning of modern music, observing that "the flute of the faun brought new breath to the art of music." It is a work that barely grasps onto tonality and harmonic function.

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Polyrhythm

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The use of several patterns or meters simultaneously, a technique used in 20th century compositions.

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Polymeter

answer

The metre (Am. meter) of music is its rhythmic structure, the patterns of accents heard in regularly recurringmeasures of stressed and unstressed beats (arsis and thesis) at the frequency of the music's pulse.

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Changing and irregular meters

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Shift between regular and irregular meters

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Polychords

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The simultaneous use of two or more simple chords (such as triads), a technique used in 20th century compositions.

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Polytonality/polyharmony

answer

The use of two or more keys simultaneously, used in 20th century compositions.

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Atonality

answer

Music without tonality, or music that is centered around no central key or scale.

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Twelve-tone method/serialism

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Music produced by a compositional procedure of the 20th century based upon the free use of all of the twelve tones of the chromatic scale without a central tone or tonic.

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Tone row

answer

A specific arrangement of the twelve tones of the twelve-tone scale as a basis for a twelve-tone composition.

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"Emancipation of Dissonance"

answer

was a concept or goal put forth by composer Arnold Schoenberg and others, including his pupil Anton Webern. The phrase first appears in Schoenberg's 1926 essay "Opinion or Insight?"

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Formalism

answer

The tendency to elevate the formal aspects above the expressive value in music, as in Neoclassical music.

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Igor Stravinsky

answer

(1882-1971), a Russian (and later, a naturalized French and American) composer, pianist and conductor. He is widely considered one of the most important and influential composers of the 20th century.

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Serge Diaghilev

answer

(1872-1929), usually referred to outside Russia as Serge, was a Russian art critic, patron, ballet impresario and founder of the Ballets Russes, from which many famous dancers and choreographers would arise.

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Russian Ballet (Ballet Russe)

answer

By the early 1900s the Russian ballet went beyond its borders and infiltrated Paris. It had become its own force and was distinctly Russian, while still being embraced by the Parisian society.

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The Firebird

answer

is a ballet by the Russian composer Igor Stravinsky, written for the 1910 Paris season of Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes, with choreography by Michel Fokine. The scenario by Alexandre Benois and Michel Fokine is based on Russian fairy tales of the magical glowing bird that can be both a blessing and a curse to its owner.

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Petrushka

answer

a stock character of Russian folk puppetry (rayok) known at least since 17th century. Petrushkas were used as marionettes, as well as hand puppets. Traditionally he was a kind of ajester distinguished by red dress, red kolpak, and often a long nose.

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The Rite of Spring

answer

a ballet and orchestral concert work by the Russian composer Igor Stravinsky. When first performed, at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées on 29 May 1913, the avant-garde nature of the music and choreography caused a sensation and a near-riot in the audience. Although designed as a work for the stage, with specific passages accompanying characters and action, the music achieved equal if not greater recognition as a concert piece, and is widely considered to be one of the most influential musical works of the 20th century.

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Second Viennese School

answer

is the group of composers that comprised Arnold Schoenberg and his pupils and close associates in early 20th century Vienna, where he lived and taught, sporadically, between 1903 and 1925. Their music was initially characterized by late-Romantic expanded tonality and later, following Schoenberg's own evolution, a totally chromatic expressionism without firm tonal centre (often referred to as atonality) and later still, Schoenberg's serial twelve-tone technique.

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German expressionism

answer

a number of related creative movements beginning in Germany before the First World War that reached a peak in Berlin during the 1920s. These developments in Germany were part of a larger Expressionist movement in north and central European culture in fields such as architecture, dance, painting, sculpture, as well as cinema.

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Arnold Schoenberg

answer

(1874-1951), an Austrian composer and painter. He was associated with the expressionist movement in German poetry and art, and leader of the Second Viennese School. With the rise of the Nazi Party, by 1938 Schoenberg's works were labelled as degenerate music because he was Jewish (Anon. 1997-2013); he moved to the United States in 1934.

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Alban Berg

answer

(1885-1935), an Austrian composer of the Second Viennese School. His compositional style combined Romantic lyricism with twelve-tone technique.

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Anton Webern

answer

(1883-1945), was an Austrian composer and conductor. Along with his mentor Arnold Schoenberg and his colleague Alban Berg, Webern comprised the core among those within and more peripheral to the circle of the Second Viennese School. Webern's music was the most radical of its milieu in its rigorous and resolute apprehension of twelve-tone technique. His innovations in schematic organization of pitch, rhythm, register, timbre, dynamics, articulation, and melodic contour; his eagerness to redefine imitative contrapuntal techniques such as canon and fugue.

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Pierrot lunaire

answer

a melodrama by Arnold Schoenberg. The melodrama is in atonal form yet does not use Schoenberg's twelve-tone technique.

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Sprechstimme

answer

A vocal style in which the melody is spoken at approximate pitches rather than sung on exact pitches. TheSprechstimme was developed by Arnold Schoenberg.

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Klangfarbenmelodie

answer

A term coined by composer Arnold Schoenberg to describe a style of composition that employs several different kinds of tone colors to a single pitch or to multiple pitches. This is achieved by distributing the pitch or melodyamong several different instruments.

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Wozzeck

answer

the first opera by the Austrian composer Alban Berg.

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Total serialism

answer

Extremely complex, totally controlled music in which the twelve-tone principle is extended to elements of music other than pitch.

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