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Gothic Cathedrals

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big, graceful, light; provided space for worship and inspiration; instructs about relationship to God; stained glass windows also instructuve

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funtion of music

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entertain, dance, worship

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castle

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symbols of secular, worldly power

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manuscripts

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simple symbols above texts indicating motion of pitch; no printing press; time-consuming, costly, not always accurate

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hildegard of bingen--play of virtues-mortatlity play

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dramatized allegory of good and evil, struggling over fate of single soul

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hildegard of bingen--play of virtues-syllaic/melisma

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one note per syllable to ensure words are heard with clarity/syllable sung to many notes, provides variety and emphsizes key words in text//mixing both provides variety

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hildegard of bingen profile

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female; didn't consider self composer; born into noble family; considered self spiritual channel; first woman to receive permission from Pope to write on theology; took name bingen from place of residence

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francesco landini--balata-origins of genre of dance

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setting captures feelings of bodies in motion

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francesco landini--balata-2 part polyphony

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upper and lower voices are equal importance; ear drawn to upper line though lower line is as melodious

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francesco landini--balata-triple meter

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lengths of individual notes vary, ut music falls into consistent units of three beats

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francesco landini--profile

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blinded by smallpox as child; most famous and prolific italian composer of 14th C; served as organist at church in Florence; poet-composer

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Machaut--I Can All Too Well Compare plot/courtly love

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gives voice to the medieval art of courtly love, the knight praises the beauty and virtue of noblewomen from afair; especially if she takes no interest in him bc this demonstrates zeal and devostion--"Pygmalion" carved statue so beautiful he fell in love, aphrodite takes pity and brings statue to life

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Machaut--I Can All Too Well Compare-AAB form

answer

consists of 4 sentences; A repeated for second sentence-same music with new words; B is new melodic idea in third in fourth line (example-national anthem)

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Machaut--I Can All Too Well Compare-3 part polyphony

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3 voices, independent lines that are completely different; uppermost easiest to hear; lower 2 move in same range at similar speeds

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Machaut--profile

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poet-composer; served various monarchs; appointed canon at Cathedral of Rheims in 1335; supervised copying of his complete works in a series of 6 large manuscripts called "machaut manuscripts"

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Mass ordinary

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central service in many christian denominations; re-inactment of last super; elements of mass never change and are constant are "ordinary"

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mass ordinary parts

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Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Angus Dei, Ite missa est

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Alfonso el Sabio--Songs to the Virgin Mary

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ruled the kingdom of Castile and Leon

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Alfonso el Sabio--Songs to the Virgin Mary-double reed shawn

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double reed instrument; nasal sound; widely used in N africa;Middle East, but not W.Eu; modern day closest to oboe

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Alfonso el Sabio--Songs to the Virgin Mary--heterophony

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both instruments play same melody in time, but one is more embellished

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Medieval Instrument: viele

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~violin, but wider, flatter; penetrating sound; could accompany song and dance

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Medieval Instrument: tambourine

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percussion; combines drum and rattling; aka timbrel

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Medieval Instrument: Bagpipe

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ancient; bladder supplies air squeezed through pipes (often made of animal stomachs)

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Medieval Instrument: Shawn

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similar to bagpipes, but shorter and higher pitched

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Medieval Instrument: Drums

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percussion; all shapes/sizes; played with hands/drumsticks

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Medieval Instrument: psaltery

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~dulcimer, plucked string instrument; mentioned in Psalm 150: 3-4

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Medieval Instrument: lute

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most popular instrument in Medieval and Renaissance; plucked string

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Medieval Instrument: portative organ

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rest on lap and play keys with one hand while pumping the air through the pipes with the other

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straight trumpets

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brass; single long tube; no keys or coiling

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Renaissance

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rebirth; influence of classical Greece and Rome; humanism; protestant reformation; printing; importance of dance

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Josquin des Prez--"The Cricket"-profile

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highly acclaimed by those of his time; greatest composer of the renaissance, but much of his life is a mystery; may have written as the Cricket because other composers were using his name

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Josquin des Prez--"The Cricket"-polyphony

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4 voices; music written to mimic a cricket; catchy clever rhythms; music imitates text; uses ternary form

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Josquin des Prez--"The Cricket"-word painting

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music imitates words--music sounds like crickets and sings the song of the crickets

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Josquin des Prez--"The Cricket"-SATB texture

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soprano, alto, tenor, bass

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Josquin des Prez--"The Cricket"-ternary form

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consists of 3 parts ABA; begins with A, B provides contrast, ends with A

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weelkes

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lived during shakespeare; influenced by italian poetry and music; bachelors in music from oxford; comfosed for church

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weelkes--since robin hood-madrigal

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kemp was the actor in which this piece was modeled after; danced for nine days on a journey (morrish dance) musical setting of a single strophe

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weelkes--since robin hood-3 voice polyphony

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all three contribute equally; move in more or less the same rhythm, creating a declamatory style of singing; makes text easier to understand

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weelkes--since robin hood-changing meters

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musical was unusual because it kept changing from one meter to another

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weelkes--since robin hood-word painting

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used to get the words to be more affective to the audience

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william byrd--sing joyfully

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to be sung in church; words and music seem to be made for each other but marriage isn't always good; long lyrical melodies; rich polyphonic textures

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william byrd--sing joyfully-6 voice anthem/motet sacred music

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hard to compose for; meant to be sung without instrumental accompaniment

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william byrd--sing joyfully-a cappella choral music

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more than one singer to a part; without instrumental accompaniment

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william byrd--sing joyfully-imitative polyphony

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imitative counterpoint; one voice by itself and other answer

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susato moorish dance

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group dance with stock characters that include a hobby jorse and maid marian; the dancers (all male) wore small bells on their claves

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renaissance dance music

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really the only way for men and women to interact through touch

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renaissance dance music-consorts of instruments

answer

recorders, drumhorns, sackbuts, shawms, viols, lutes, keyboards (harpsichords), "virginals"

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renaissance dance music-binary form

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the most common form for dance movements consisting of two sections (each repeated during performance) -moorish dance

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baroque era

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ornate art, orchitecture-ornamentation; express a single emotion; promotes power and authority; opera ontario

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castrati

answer

castrated young boys to keep tenors

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purcell--dido and aeneas-general plot

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dido the queen of carthage, aneas a trojan prince, blenda didos maid servant, aneas is a refuge from troy falled to the greeks fulfilling a promise to the God's-go to the italian penn, was destined for rome, land in carthage, widowed queen dido fall in love, pledges to abandon mission from Gods, a witch disguised as mercury orders his leave, he leaves dido she dies but sings long laminate at end

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purcell--dido and aeneas-overture

answer

beginning- (French-signaled to the audience that play is beginning) alternates from long and short notes, fast sections that are staccato=imitation of all voices

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purcell--dido and aeneas-aria

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air and melody

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purcell-dido and aeneas-chorus

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reinforces advice that is given by belina that troy and carthage should join forces with dido an aneas

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purcell--dido and aeneas-ground bass aria

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more elaborate pattern in bass

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purcell--dido and aeneas-recitative

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way of delivering texts quickly in singing style (i.e. QUEEN bohemian rhapsody)

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purcell profile

answer

musician by family; opera were looked down upon; ahead of his time; first english opera 1st production in 1689 at school for girls

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vivaldi-four seasons "winter"

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uninstrumental work-program music

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vivaldi-four seasons "winter"--ritornello principle

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strings shaking as if cold

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vivaldi profile

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"red priest" because of his hair; director of music at venice's ospedale della pieta (hospice of compassion)-large girls orphanage; prolific; 350 solo concertos; 45 double concertos; master of melodic invention and formal novelty, almost every concerto contained unusual twist

question

brach brandenburg--concerto no 2-mvmt 3 concerto grosso

answer

flute, oboe, violin, trumpet (soli); big concerto with multiple soloists

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bach brandenburg--concerto no 2-ritonello principle

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sections for soloists alternate with full orchestra

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bach brandenburg--concerto no 2-fugal texture

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central theme introduced and imitated by subsequent voices

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handle hornpipe

answer

lively dance in triplemeter; often associted with sailors; befits work to be played on boat

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handle hornpipe-suite

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series of 2 dozen individual dance movements

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handle hornpipe-binary form

answer

work in this form is in two sections, both repeated ( |: :|)

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handle hornpipe-modulation

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change of key within course of movement

question

handle profile

answer

traveled throughout Europe, composed operas and oratorios

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bach cantata-"wachet auf"

answer

"awake a voice that calls to us"; written for 27th sunday after trinity in 1731; matt 25: 1-13; parable of wise and foolish virgins who attend a wedding; wise prepared, foolish aren't and must leave to buy oil and miss the arrival of the bridegroom--translates to who will be prepared for the coming of christ

question

bach cantata-choral

answer

AAB form; simplest form; syllabic setting with 4 part harmony, words are last stanza of hymn, but melody is identical to one used in opening movement; phrase A sung twice; B sung once begins high and moves downward then up to reach highest point of melody

question

bach cantata-chorus

answer

based on ritornellos, dotted rhythms (LONG short LONG short) pace of march, reference of pomp of royalty, melody sung by soprano; weaves elaborate counterpoint underneath melody

question

handel messiah--"he that dwelleth" recitative

answer

minimal accompaniment

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handel messiah-aria "though shalt break them"

answer

homophonic

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handel messiah--basso continue

answer

intro more extended aria

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handle messiah-ritonells

answer

ensemble and the soloist alternate, spins a few short phrases in an extended aria by repeating words several times and writing long melismas on certain key words

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handle messiah-word painting

answer

those being broken and dashed in text are heathen unbelievers, captures violence of text with back and forth shaking of violins

question

handle "hallelujah"-aria

answer

intro the chorus; text jumps from old testament to new; words are compilation of different versus from revelations

question

handle hallelujah-homophony/monophony

answer

allows the solo singer to project his words/emphasizes God's power (for the lord God omnipotent reigneth"

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handle hallelujah-imitative polyphony

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text combined with other texts

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handle hallelujah-sequences

answer

4 large sections; each verse receives own melody

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baroque instruments

answer

harpsichord, violins, cellos, transverse flutes, recorders, valveless trumpets, oboes, bassoons

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a cappella

answer

sung without instrumental accompaniment

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acoustics

answer

science of sound: how it is produced, transmitted and received

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amplitude

answer

size of sound wave; determines volume

question

anthem

answer

english sacred choral work

question

aria

answer

italian for air or melidy; any lyrical movement or piece for solo voice usually with some kind of instrumental accompaniment

question

bar form

answer

melodic form in which the opening phrase is sung twice and contrasting phrase follows (AAB); song form

question

basso continuo

answer

"continuous bass" small ensemble widely used in music of baroque era; plays throughout work and provides underlying bass line and harmonies; consists of two instruments: one that sustains notes and one that plays chords

question

binary form

answer

music structure consisting of two repeated halves (AABB)

question

cadence

answer

point of arrival signaling the end of musical unit

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cadenza

answer

in concerto; elaborate improvisation by the soloist on themes heard earlier in the movement with no accompaniment from the orchestra; occurs near the end of the recapitulation

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cantata

answer

type of vocal genre typically sung during service of worship "that which is sung"

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chamber music

answer

instrumental music for small ensemble with only one player to each part

question

choral music

answer

vocal music with more than one singer to a part

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chorale

answer

hymn tune

question

chord

answer

three of more notes played at sang moment

question

chorus

answer

ensemble with multiple singers to a part: "chorus is also name for the musical number or movement sung by this ensemble; baroque opera-chorus comments on action and emotions unfolding on stage

question

concerto

answer

instrumental genre for a solist (or sometimes more than one soloist) and a larger ensemble)

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concerto grosso

answer

italian for "big concerto"; concerto with multiple soloists

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conjunct motion

answer

melodic motion of pitch by step

question

consonance

answer

sound of notes together that our ears find naturally right; relative concept that can change over long periods of time

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cornetto

answer

wind instrument of middle ages and renaissance, forerunner of the trumpet

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counterpoint

answer

style of writing in which every voice is a melody and all voices work together; latin word "contrapuntal" or note against note; basic to polyphonic texture

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courtly love

answer

code of behavior on medieval courts in which the knight worshiped a lady from afar

question

da capo

answer

italian for "from the head"; direction to go back and play from the very beginning of a piece

question

da capo aria

answer

aria that opens with two contrasting sections, A and B; at the end of the B section, the singer and orchestra return to the beginning of the A section, following the direction in the score of "da capo"; when the singer performs this a section a second time, he or she embellishes it heavily

question

disjunct motion

answer

melodic motion of pitches by leap

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dissonance

answer

sound of notes that clash; either harmonically or melodically; not not belong together; relative concept; dissonant in one era is later perceived consonant

question

dotted rhythm

answer

consistent alternation between long and short notes

question

drone bass

answer

single long note held underneath the melodic line

question

duple b

answer

underlying pattern of rhythm in which each unit (measure) consists of one accented (strong) beat followed by one unaccented (weak) beat (1-2)(1-2) etc; some muliple of two such as four or eight; unit of four beats per measure, every other beat is strongest

question

dynamics

answer

volume of sound, determined by size (amplitude) of sound wave

question

episode

answer

in a fugue; passage in which the subject is not present

question

form

answer

structure of musical work the way in which its individual units are put together

question

french overture

answer

overture common in french baroque opera, usually consisting of slow introduction with dotted rhythms, followed by a fast section frequently employing imitation

question

frequency

answer

number of sound waves in one second

question

fugal explosion

answer

opening selection of fugue in which all the voices enter with the main subject

question

fugue

answer

polyphonic work based on a central theme and employing imitation

question

genre

answer

category of a work, determined by a combination of its performance medium and its social function

question

gregorian chant

answer

monophonic vocal music in medieval church; designed to project religious texts; alleged to have been written mostly by pope gregory 1 in late 16th C

question

ground bass

answer

aka osinato in bass part

question

half step

answer

smallest dist btwn two adjacent notes on piano

question

harmony

answer

sound created by multiple voices playing or singing together

question

heterophonic texture

answer

simultaneous playing or singing of two or more versions of a melody

question

homophonic texture

answer

musical texture in which melody is performed with a supporting accompaniment

question

humanism

answer

early-renaissance intellectual and cultural movement that explored human interests and values through the pursuit of science, philosphy, literature, painting, sculpture, music, particularly vocal music

question

imitation

answer

shortened form of the term "imitative counterpoint" the same theme introduced by different instruments or voices in succession

question

imitative counterpoint

answer

particular type of counterpoint in which one voice introduces a new theme and is answered by other voices that enter in succession shortly afterward, even as the first voice continues to sing or play

question

interval

answer

the distance between two pitches

question

key

answer

central note and mode on which a melody is based

question

madrigal

answer

musical setting of text in single strophe (stanza)

question

major mode

answer

type of scale produced by singing do re me fa so la ti do or by playing the white of the piano; bright and happy

question

manual

answer

keyboard of an organ

question

measure

answer

rhythmic unit, indicated by bar lines in notated music, presents one complete statement of the meter

question

melisma

answer

syllable of text sung to many notes

question

melismatic

answer

style of setting a text to music so that there is more than one note per syllable

question

melody

answer

single line of notes heard in succession as a coherent unit

question

meter (of music)

answer

underlying pattern of beats that maintains itself consistently throughout a work

question

middle entires

answer

in a fugue, later entries of the subject, after the exposition

question

minor mode

answer

type of scale produced by playing the white keys on the piano between A and A in which half steps occur between notes 2 and 3 and notes 5 and 6 but often with the seventh note raised so that half a step also occurs between notes 7 and 8; sound of the minor mode is often described as dark or sad

question

monophonic texture

answer

musical texture consisting of single melodic line

question

motet

answer

in the renaissance; sacred choral work for the roman catholic church

question

octave

answer

interval btwn two pitches of the same name; frequency of high pitch is twice that of the lower pitch

question

opera

answer

drama snug from beginning to end

question

opera seria

answer

"serious opera" italian baroque opera on a serious subject, typically consisting of alternating recitative and da capo arias

question

oratorio

answer

work musically similar to an opera but not staged, and usually in a sacred topic

question

ostinato

answer

short pattern of notes repeated over and over

question

overture

answer

purely instrumental opening movement that introduces longer work, often for voices

question

percussion instrument

answer

instrument that produces sound when it is struck

question

phrase

answer

brief musical statement

question

pitch

answer

position of a sound on a range from very low to very high, determined by the frequency of it's sound waves

question

plainchant

answer

monophonic vocal music in the medieval church designed to project religious texts

question

polyphonic texture (polyphony)

answer

musical texture consisting of multiple lines of equal importance

question

recitative

answer

style of signing that lies somewhere between lyrical song and speech; also, operatic number that is sung in this style

question

recorder

answer

wind instrument widely used until ca. 1750, similar to flue but blown from one end rather than the side

question

refrain

answer

same words with the same basic melody recurring at regular intervals over the course of a work

question

register

answer

ranger of a pitch or series of pitches, usually described as a high middle or low

question

responsorial chant

answer

type of plainchant which a soloists passage is followed by a response from the chorus

question

rhythm

answer

ordering of music through time

question

ritornello

answer

little return; name for the statement and return of the full ensemble, in a work alternating between the orchestra and soloist

question

ritornello principle

answer

formal design of alternating ritornello and solo sections

question

sackbut

answer

wind instrument of renaissance, forerunner of the modern trombone

question

scale

answer

series of notes the provide the essential pitch building blocks of a melody

question

sequence

answer

short musical motive that repeats at successively higher or lower pitches

question

sonata

answer

instrumental genre; a work that is played as opposed to sung

question

string instrument

answer

produces sound when taunt string is plucked or stroked with a bow

question

strophe

answer

verse of poetry or the music corresponding to that verse

question

subject

answer

central theme of fugue

question

suite

answer

series of individual dance movements, typically a variety of types such as minutes, gavottes, gigues, variety of characters such as fast v. slow, lively v. stately, duple v triple

question

syllabic

answer

style setting a text to music so that there is one note per syllable

question

ternary form

answer

form consisting of 3 parts labeled ABA

question

timbre

answer

character or quality or sound

question

tonic

answer

note that establishes a key, based on its distinctive relationship with a particular set of harmonies or other notes in the underlying scale; also the chord based on the first scale degree

question

trio conata

answer

work for two high ranged instruments and basso continuo

question

trio sonata texture

answer

texture consisting of three main voices: two in the soprano range and one in the bass

question

triple meter

answer

underlying pattern of rhythm in which each unit (measure) consists of one accented beat followed by two unaccented beats (1-2-3) (1-2-3)

question

tutti

answer

all; full ensemble

question

whole step

answer

two half steps

question

wind instrument

answer

instrument that produces sound when air passes through it

question

word painting

answer

music that imitates, describes, or conjures images of the text being sung

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