Music & Civ- unit 2 – Flashcards

*abess at a convent
*Ordo virtutum (Play of the Virtues)- the morality play
*nuns do all of the singing- the devil is played by a priest who is not allowed to sing, but instead talks
*she lived from 1098-1179
*she wrote 70 poems and 9 books

its music developed over 2,500 years ago in the city-states around the Mediterranean, especially Athens.

The only music preserved in written form from ancient times- the basis for Mass in Christian Culture
*monophonic, no metrical beat
*intended for mass song and not concert performances
*has no: major/minor scales, metrical rhythm, dramatic quality, harmonies
*sung in Latin until 1963
*form ABA

Gregorian chants dedicated to specific days on the calendar year

sung/ said at nearly every mass
*order: kyrie, gloria, credo, sanctus, agnus dei

the final judgement mass- the “Requiem” used for funerals
*mass for the dead does not contain the “gloria” segment

used to educate many about christianity- very similar to the musical pattern of the Gregorian Chant

early Greek- discovered the basic acoustical ratios of musical sound
*discovered the ratios, 2:1 (octaves) and 3:2 (5th)

An important ancient Greek philosopher who strongly advocated music as essential for an educated person

Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, and Agnus Dei

1100-1450- marked by continued progress away from the otherworldly outlook that was so strong during the preceding hundreds of years
*chivalry- ended up being more of a thought than an action
*founding of universities, great cathedrals built, literary/ art achievements made
*The Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri

highly organized and systematic philosophy leading to the development of the “Summa Theologica”
*The Summary of Theology- written by Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)

*made by Giotto di Bondone
*part of a polyptych
*flat 2- dimensional look
*outline in 3/4 position- elegant gothic shape
*hands/ face not very lifelike
*not very realistic in the aspects of the human body
*Byzantine or eastern European art- shown through golden background

the name for the early polyphonic music- AD 1000
*this in strict parallel motion is not polyphony
*at some times it seemed like one long note
*developed into complex form by Léonin (1150-1201) & (1160-1236)
*6 long-short note patterns by the 13th century
*rhythm based on the rhythmic modes often found in poetry

lowest line in the: Pérotin’s “Alleluia, Diffusa est gratia”
*sounds the low line and sustains the pitches
*pre-existing melody used as the basis for a polyphonic vocal work

The constant repetition of certain rhythm patterns, much like poetic meters.

no bar lines- used ligatures instead

pitches an octave, 4th, and 5th apart were determined to be consonant (not 3rd)

*important at the Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris
*Magnum liber organi (great book of polyphony)- Leonin’s book
*Perotin- wrote in 3/4 parts (keeping the tenor line very long and sustained)
*Leonin wrote in 2 parts
*these men and their colleagues wrote about 1,000 pieces, known as the “Notre Dame school”
*1-3 voices sing counterpoint to the chant

means that the subject has obtained a master’s degree

sacred composition of four voices, sung in the courts rather than in the churches
*based on a phrase of the Gregorian Chant
*the lower line used a phrase from a chant

one voice part sings a few notes and switches to the other part, and the parts all end up on the original part to complete the melodic phrase

the use of identical rhythms with different melodies-observed only by regarding the notation. they cannot be heard

“Quant et moi” best known isorhythmic motet composer in the 14th century- used hockets as well
*born about 1300 near Rheims, France

dominated by troubadours, 4,000 poems, 1,600 melodies have been preserved from this time period
*troubadours usually had people who performed for them
*the mandola may have been used to accompany some of the performers
*monophonic performances

trobairitz (female troubadour) “A chantar”
1200s

France -trouvères
Germany-minnesingers

an instrumental dance during the middle ages- 12th century

wrote choral pieces with the same text in all of the parts so that they could be better understood by the listeners
*avoided harsh dissonances
*sounded notes 3rds and 6th apart

1100-1450
*secular music was less known than the music of worship because much less of it was recorded/written down

began in Paris
*medieval polyphony- principal/ organal voice

major- c
minor-a
dorian- d
lydian- f
mixolydian- g
phrygian- e

*fall of the roman empire-1400
*early 476- 1000
*high 1000-1300
*late 1300-1400ish
*holy roman empire 800AD-1806

England 1215

1300s, about 1/3 of the population died

*gothic architecture
*flying buttresses enabled the height
*gargoyles-water drainage system

*Hildegarde
*medieval polyphony- leonin and perotin
*motet-french and latin
*machaut 1300s- motet
_Latin cantus firmus
_french 2 vernacular lines (secular)

metric, triple rhythm
instrumental-functional music, put to a use

in spain, made about the virgin mary, used for entertainment purposes

open chords built on 4ths and 5ths

1485
no 3rds to the chords
built on 4ths and 5ths

1336-1453

1440-1521
1450 development of the bassline

1545-1563

Martin Luther
Germany
*1517 posted his 95 issues with the Catholic church
*chorale
*vernacular
*congregational
*monophonic

King Henry the 8th
King Henry wanted a divorce and the church would not let him, so he made his own church

John Calvin
*biblical texts
*metrical psalms
*monophonic

Pope Morecllus Mass
1567 Palestrina
Palestrina (1526-1594)

polyphonic choral work set to something other than the Ordinary of the mass
*points of imitation
*Latin text- used for chants in religious services
*refined reverence
*based on phrase of Gregorian Chant

important part of the renaissance thinking

A free, secular, imitative work for voices.

most popular instrument of the Renaissance

1450-1600

A style of singing that covers its text expressively, usually in an economical and direct way
*favored for many reasons-they are able to change
between speech and song
*invented by Jacopo Peri
*more defined beat

As used today, scale patterns containing seven pitches other than major or minor.

The specific pitch around which a piece of music is centered

Changing the tonal center as the music progresses, usually without a break

The Baroque practice of attempting to project states of feeling and ideas in music.

A system of tuning, in which the intervals are adjusted to divide the octave into twelve equal parts.
*Pythagorean comma was compensated for in this

Abrupt changes in levels of loudness. (harpsichord)

A shorthand system of numbers and accidentals used by keyboard players in Baroque music for indicating chords

A keyboard player performing the music indicated by the figured bass.

A bass line for keyboard and other instruments in which the player is given only a succession of single notes and other symbols from which to fill out the remainder of the harmony. Also, the instruments that play the continuo part

*1600-1750, ornamented
*Handel, pipe organ, ceiling painting
*developing a better sense of rhythm- metrical
*harpsichord
*terraced dynamics
*keyboard player indicated the beginning of songs
*modes abandoned for major/minor keys

composers make music only for their employer

1 singer per part, 4-6 singers total, text painting

Italy, sung, Florentine Camerata (brings back Greek tragedy) , in foreign language

1685-1750
1685-1759

homophony-solo singer with accompaniment
*listed above)

*Monteverdi- 1st successful opera composer (Coronation of Poppea)
*ensemble/chorus, make comment
*soprano- leading female voice
*Libretto- text, not written by composer
*orchestra plays background music

Ev’ry valley shall be exalted
Hallelujiah Chorus
George Fredric Handel-German, English oratorio

metrical, song like, based on one emotion
*characteristic of the Opera time period

*small oratorio, done in church
*Bach wrote about 300

M. Luther, monophonic, encorporated in cantata #140

choir on seperate sides of the stage

1st used to mark dynamics
Gabriele
Pachelbel’s Canon in D major

set of pieces that go together, stylized

Corelli’s trio sonata- 4 instruments, 3 parts (2 violins & continuo) *Arcangelo Corelli (1653-1713)

tutti-back to the whole section playing

returning part at the ending of a piece, played tutti-or with everyone joining back in