Muscular System Study Guide & Notes – Flashcards
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What are muscles composed of many fibers that are arranged in bundles called?
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fascicles
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What are individual muscles separated by?
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fascia
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What does the fascia extend out to form?
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tendon
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What does tendon connect muscle to?
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bone
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What is the outermost layer, surrounds the entire muscle?
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epimysium
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What separates and surrounds fascicles (bundles of muscle fibers)?
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perimysium
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What surrounds each individual muscle fiber?
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endomysium
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Place these terms in order from superficial to deep: perimysium, epimysium, endomysium
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epimysium, perimysium, endomysium
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What is the muscle fiber membrane?
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sarcolemma
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What is the inner material surrounding fibers like cytoplasm?
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sarcoplasm
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What is individual muscle, made of myofilaments?
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myofibrils
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Place the following words in order from largest to smallest: fascicle, myofilament (actin or myosin), muscle fiber, sarcomere, myofibril.
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Fascicle, muscle fiber, myofibril, myofilament, sarcomere
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List the functions of the muscular system.
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producing movement, maintaining posture, stabilizing joints, generating heat
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What are thick filament fibers in myofibrils?
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myosin
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What are thin filament fibers in myofibrils?
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actin
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What proteins give muscle its striations (striped) appearance?
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myosin and actin
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The A band contains what proteins?
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myosin
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The I band contains what proteins?
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actin
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What are thin filaments attached directly to the Z lines?
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I band
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What are thick filaments that overlap with the thin filaments?
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A band
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What is the name for when myosin binds to actin, and pulls it inward?
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contraction
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What gets smaller during contraction?
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H zone
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What is the theory of the contraction of a muscle that occurs as the thin filament slides past the thick filaments?
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sliding filament theory
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What two proteins are located in the actin filament?
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troponin and tropomyosin
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What do troponin and tropomyosin act as for myosin?
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binding sites
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What has heads that reach out of the filament and can attach to a binding site on the actin to form a cross bridge?
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myosin
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What carries oxygen in red blood cells to muscle?
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hemoglobin
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What stores oxygen in muscles?
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myoglobin
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What is it called when oxygen is present?
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aerobic respiration
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What is it called when oxygen is not present?
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anaerobic respiration
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When low to moderate intensity, slow-twitch (mile) occurs, and produces 36 ATP, and exhales CO2?
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aerobic
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When high intensity, fast-twitch (sprint) occurs, and produces 2 ATP, and lactic acid accumulates?
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anaerobic
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What is minimal strength required to cause a contraction?
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threshold stimulus
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What ion is necessary for a muscle contraction to occur?
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calcium ion
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What releases enough calcium ions to activate a cross-bridge from myosin to actin?
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sarcoplasmic reticulum
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What is the time between stimulus & contraction?
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latent period
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What is the time when the H zone is shortened while muscle fibers pull together?
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period of contraction
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What is the time when pulling force in the muscle fiber relaxes?
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period of relaxation
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What twitch is anaerobic, higher threshold, less satellite cells, increased recruitment, more damage to the muscle, fatigue resistant, always oxidative, red fibers, most myoglobin, good blood supply?
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fast
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What twitch is aerobic, happens easier, more satellite cells, less actin and myosin, fatigable, less myoglobin, white fibers, poor blood supply?
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slow
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What is it called when fibers either contract or do not (do not partially contract)?
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all-or-non response
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What is called when a muscle is contracted but cannot fully relax before the next contraction?
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partial tetany
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What is called when a contraction is so rapid that there is no longer even partial relaxation?
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complete tetanic contraction
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What must be given directly after exposure to the bacteria to avoid the body contracting tetanus bacteria?
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tetanus shot
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What is the motor neuron + muscle fiber?
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motor unit
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What is the increase in the amount of motor units contracting?
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recruitment
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What is it called when muscles sustain some contraction even when at rest?
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muscle tone
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What is it called when muscles enlarge due to working out or certain disorders?
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muscle hypertrophy
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What is it called when muscles become small and weak due to disease?
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muscle atrophy
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What is it called when muscle loses ability to contract after prolonged exercise or strain?
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muscle fatigue
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What is a sustained involuntary contraction?
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muscle cramp
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If there is not enough oxygen, what will accumulate in muscles that creates soreness?
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lactic acid
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What is the movement of a bone away from the midline of the body?
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abduction
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What is the movement of a bone towards the midline of the body?
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adduction
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What is the movement of a bone around its longitude axis?
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rotation
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What is the movement that decreases the angle of the joint and brings two bones closer together?
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flexion
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What is the movement that increases the angle of the joint and creates distance between two bones or parts of the body?
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extension
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What is the moving of toes closer to the shin?
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dorsiflexion
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What is the moving of toes away from the shin?
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plantarflexion
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What is "turning backward" in reference to the radius around the ulna (radius and ulna are parallel)?
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supination
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What is "turning forward" in reference to the radius around the ulna (radius rotates over ulna)?
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pronation
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What is the movement of first and second finger together?
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opposition
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What is the turning of the sole medially?
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inversion
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What is the turning of the sole laterally?
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eversion
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When does the musculoskeletal mass double by?
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end of puberty
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Both cardiac and skeletal muscles adapt to regular exercise. Explain what exercise does for cardiac muscles.
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more efficient at pumping blood
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Both cardiac and skeletal muscles adapt to regular exercise. Explain what exercise does for skeletal muscles.
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posture and strength
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What are satellite cells?
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facilitate growth, maintenance, and repair of damaged skeletal muscle tissue
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Where are satellite cells located?
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outer surface of muscle fiber, only have one nucleus
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Explain the process of how satellite cells work?
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They are usually dormant but become active when there is trauma such as resistance training
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What is the process of more satellite cells, used more often throughout day?
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slow-twitch
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What requires more tension to stimulate satellite cells, recruitment activates more motor units (activates more satellite cells)?
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fast-twitch
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What does research suggest more exercise does to satellite cells?
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increases satellite cells
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What are growth factors that work in conjunction with each other to grow?
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insulin-like growth factor, growth hormone, cortisol, testosterone
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What is the inflammation or irritation of a tendon?
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tendonitis
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What is it called when a muscle is strained beyond its limits, tearing fibers?
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muscle strain
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What is a x-linked, genetic disorder that progressively wastes muscle, most commonly found in boys and diagnosed around ages 3 to 4?
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Duchene muscular dystrophy
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