Multicultural Counseling - Flashcards

Q: attitudes/beliefs component - awareness

an understanding of one\'s own cultural conditioning that affects the personal beliefs, values, and attitudes of a culturally diverse population

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cultural universality

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universality focus on disorders and their consequent treatments and minimize cultural factors

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cultural relativism

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focus on the culture and on how the disorder is manifested and treated within it

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Tripartite framework for understanding multiple dimensions of identity

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race, culture, and other group dimensions may influence identity, values, beliefs, behaviors, and the perception of reality

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Individual level

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all individuals are, in some respects, like no other individuals, uniqueness, includes genetic endowment and non-shared experiences

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Group level

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all individuals are, in some respects, like some other individuals, similarities and differences, i.e. gender, race, age, and ethnicity

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Universal level

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all individuals are, in some respects, like all other individuals, homo sapiens, ability to use symbols , self-awareness, biological and physical similarities, common life experiences

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multicultural counseling and therapy

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helping role and process that uses modalities and defines goals consistent with the life experiences and cultural values of clients, recognizes client identities to include individual, group, and universal dimensions, advocates the use of universal and culture specific strategies and roles in the healing process, and balances the importance of individualism and collectivism in the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of client and client systems

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cultural competent professional

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actively in the process of becoming aware of his or her own assumptions about human behavior, values, biases, preconceived notions, personal limitations also actively attempts to understand the worldview of his/her culturally different client and is in the process of actively developing and practicing appropriate relevant, and sensitive intervention strategies, and skills in working with his/her culturally different client

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cultural competence

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ability to engage in actions or create conditions that maximize the optimal development of client and client systems

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attitudes/beliefs component - awareness

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an understanding of one's own cultural conditioning that affects the personal beliefs, values, and attitudes of a culturally diverse population

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knowledge component

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understanding and knowledge of the worldviews of culturally diverse individuals and groups

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skills component

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an ability to determine and use culturally appropriate intervention strategies when working with different groups in our society

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multidimensional model for developing cultural competence

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integrates three important features with effective multicultural counseling including group specific worldviews, components of cultural competence, and foci of therapeutic interventions

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group specific worldviews

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need to consider specific cultural group worldviews associated with race, gender, and sexual orientation

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components of cultural competence

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division of awareness, knowledge, and skills to define cultural competence

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Foci or therapeutic interventions

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must not confine perspectives to just individual treatment , but must be able to intervene effectively at the professional, organizational, and societal levels

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individual

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professionals must deal with their own biases, prejudices, and misinformation/lack of information regarding culturally diverse groups in our society

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professional

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if professional standards and codes of ethics in mental health practice are culture bound, then they must be changed to reflect a multicultural worldview

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organizational

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if organizational policies and practices deny equal access and opportunity for different groups or oppress them then they should become the targets for change

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societal

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social policies including racial profiling, misinformation in educational materials, and inequities in health care, are detrimental to the mental and physical health of minority groups and therefore should be updated

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sociodemographic and diverse backgrounds

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inclusive and encompass race, culture, gender, religious affiliation, sexual orientation, elderly, women, and disability

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clinical competence

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does not acknowledge racial, cultural, and gender differences sufficiently to be helpful

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cultural competence is superordinate to.....

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clinical competence

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graying of the workforce

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dramatic increase in the elderly population attributed to aging baby boomer generation, declining fertility rates, and increased longevity

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feminization of the workforce

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more women, single and married, are playing a larger and more significant role in society

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changing complexion of the workforce or diversification of the United States

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rapid increase in racial/ethnic minorities due to immigration rates and differential birth rates

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ethnocentric bias

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some professionals believe that minorities are inherently pathological and that therapy involves a simple modification of traditional White models

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etic

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universal application of concepts and goals

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emic

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culture-specific views of concepts and goals

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cultural encapsulation Wrenn 1962

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substitution of modal stereotypes for the real world, disregarding cultural variations in a dogmatic adherence to some universal notion of truth, and use of technique-oriented definition of counseling process

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abormality

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behaviors that occur less frequently - does not take into account differences in time, community standards, or cultural values

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Black Rage

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in order to survive in a White racist society have developed a highly functional survival mechanism to protect them against possible physical and psychological harm

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"white social silence"

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reinforces a negative view of African Americans among the public by focusing on unstable Black families only

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intrinsic factors that explain problems encountered by minorities

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racial inferiority and incompatible value systems instead of failure of society

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scientific racism

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historical use of science in the investigation of racial differences seems to be linked with White supremacist notions

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genetically deficient model

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portrayal of people of color in literature has generally taken the form of portraying them as deficient in certain undesirable attributes

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culturally deficient model

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social scientists placed heavy reliance on environmental factors that portrayed them as culturally disadvantaged, deficient, or deprived instead of a biological condition that caused differences

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cultural deprivation

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used to indicate that many groups perform poorly on tests or exhibit deviant characteristics because they lack many of the advantages of middle class culture

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culturally deprived

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lacking a cultural background

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culturally diverse model

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person blame focus, emphasis on minority pathology, and a use of White middle class definitions of desirable and undesirable behavior

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culturally diverse

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recognize the legitimacy of alternative lifestyles, the value of differences, advantages of being bicultural

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bicultural

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capable of functioning in two different cultural environments

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Tuskegee experiment

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experiment carried out from 1932 to 1972 by US public health service in which over 600 Alabama Black men were used as guinea pigs to determine what would happen to the body if syphilus were left untreated

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unintentional racism

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unaware of the harmful consequences of their behavior

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ethnocentric monoculturalism

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values, assumptions, and beliefs of a society are structured in such a way as to serve only one narrom segment of the population; cultural encapsulation plus cultural racism

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five components of ethnocentric monoculturalism

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belief in superiority of others, belief in inferiority of others, power to impose standards, manifestation in institutions, and the invisible veil

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white privilege

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invisible knapsack of unearned assets that can be used to cash in each day for advantages not given to those that do not fit this mold

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institutional racism

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set of policies, priorities and accepted normative patterns designed to subjugate, oppress, and force dependence of individuals and groups on a larger society by sanctioning unequal goals, unequal status, and unequal access to goods and services

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invisible veil

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what people's values and beliefs or worldviews represent that operates outside the level of conscious awareness

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cultural assimilation

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expectation by the people in power that all immigrants and people outside the dominant group will give up their ethnic and cultural values and will adopt the values and norms of the dominant society

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mild dissociation

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African Americans may separate their true selves from their roles as "Negroes" - true self is revealed to fellow Blacks, while the dissociated self is revealed to meet the expectations of prejudiced Whites

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playing it cool

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intended to prevent Whites from knowing what the minority person is thinking or feeling and to express feelings and behaviors in such a way as to prevent offending or threatening Whites

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Uncle Tom Syndrome

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used by minorities to appear docile, nonassertive, and happy golucky to prevent oppression from the white population

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inter-personal influence process

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counselor uses social power to influence the client's attitudes and behaviors - therapist's effectiveness tends to depend on the client's perception of his or her expertness, trustworthiness, and attractiveness

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problem solving set

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client is concerned about obtaining correct information that has adaptive value in the real world

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consistency set

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people who change an opinion, belief, or behavior in such a way as to make it consistent with other opinions, beliefs, or behaviors - due this to reduce the dissonance

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economic state

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person is influenced because of the perceived rewards and punishments that the source is able to deliver - person performs a behavior or states a belief in order to gain rewards and avoid punishments

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authority set

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some individuals are thought to have a particular position that gives them a legitimate right to prescribe attitudes or behaviors

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credibilty

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constellation of characteristics that makes certain individuals appear worthy of belief, capable, entitled to confidence, reliable and trustworthiness

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expertness

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ability variable that depends on how well informed, capable, or intelligent others percieve the counselor

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trustworthiness

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dependent on the degree to which people perceive the communicator as motivated to make invalid assertions

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microaggressions

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brief, everyday exchanges that send "denigrating messages" to a target group such as people of color, women, and gays - subtle in nature, can be manifested in verbal, nonverbal, visual, or behavioral realm

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overt sexism

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blatant, unequal, and unfair treatment of women

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covert sexism

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unequal and harmful treatment of women that is conducted in a hidden manner

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subtle sexism

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unequal and unfair treatment of women that is not recognized by many people because it is perceived to be normative and therefore does not appear unusual

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aversive racism

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manifested in individuals who consciously assert egalitarian values, but unconsciously hold anti-minority feelings - sympathize with victims of past injustice, support principles of racial equality, and regard themselves as nonprejudiced but possess negative feelings and beliefs about historically disadvantaged groups that may be unconscious

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antigay harassment

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verbal or physical behavior that injures, interferes with, or intimidates lesbian women, gay men, and bisexual individuals

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old-fashioned homonegativity

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antigay sentiment that is based on religious or moral condemnations

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modern homonegativity

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belief that prejudice against LGB persons no longer exists and that this group contributes to its own marginalization by overemphasizing sexual orientation

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microaggressions

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bried and commonplace daily verbal or behavioral indignities, whether intentional or unintentional, that communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative racial slights and insults that potentially have a harmful or unpleasant psychological impact on the target person or group

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microassault

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type of microaggression that is blatant, verbal, nonverbal or an environmental attack intended to convey discriminatory and biased sentiments

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microinsult

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type of microaggression that are unintentional behaviors or verbal comments that convey rudeness or insensitivity or demean a person's racial heritage identity, gender identity, or sexual orientation identity

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microinvalidation

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type of microaggression that are verbal comments or behaviors that exclude, negate, or dismiss the psychological thoughts, feelings, or experiential reality of the target group - unintentional and usually outside of the person's awareness

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alien in their own land

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when asian americans and latino americans are assumed to be foreign born

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ascription of intelligence

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assigning intelligence to a person of color or a woman based on their race/gender

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color blindness

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statements that indicate a white person does not want to acknowledge race

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criminality/assumption of criminal status

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a person of color is presumed to be dangerous, a criminal, or a deviant based on their race

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use of sexist/heterosexist language

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terms that exclude or degrade women and LGB persons

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denial of individual racism/sexism/heterosexism

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a statement made when bias is denied

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myth of meritocracy

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statements which assert that race or gender does not play a role in life successes

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pathologiing cultural values/communication styles

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the notion that the values and communication styles of the dominant/white culture are ideal

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second class citizen

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occurs when a target group member receives differential treatment from the power group

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traditional gender role prejudicing and stereotyping

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occurs when expectation of traditional roles or stereotypes are conveyed

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sexual objectification

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occurs when women are treated like objects at men's disposal

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assumption of abnormality

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occurs when it is implied that there is something wrong with being LGB

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dilemna 1 or microaggressions: clash of racial identities

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individuals in power positions do not consider themselves capable of discrimination based on race, gender, or sexual orientation because they believe themselves free of bias - perceptions held by the dominant group differ significantly from marginalized groups in our society

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dilemna 2 or microaggressions: invisibility of unintentional expression of bias

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that the microaggression is essentially invisible to the perpetrator creates a psycological dilemna for victims that can leave them frustrated, feeling powerless, and even questioning their own sanity

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dilemna 3 of microaggressions: perceived minimal harm of microaggressions

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when perpetrators are confronted about microaggressions, they accuse the victim of overreacting or being hypersensitive, or touchy

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dileman 4 of microaggressions: catch-22 of responding to microaggressions

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when a microaggression occurs, the recipient is often placed in an unenviable position of having to decide what to do

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hypersensitive

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sensitive about sexual orientation, race, gender etc. as if there is no valid reason she should be

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overly emotional

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gender stereotype about women implying that they are emotional and by association irrational when it comes to making sense of real issues

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empowering and validating the self

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a process of interrupting the racism by calling it what it is and staying true to one's thoughts and feelings - the an incident is related to racism as they thought

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expertness

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an ability component that is a function of how much knowledge, training, experience and skills clinicians possess with repsect to the populations being treated

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trustworthiness

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a motivational component that encompasses trust, honesty, and genuiness of a therapist

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YAVIS

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young, attractive, verbal, intelligent, and successful. this preference tends to discriminate against people from different minority groups or those of lower socioeconomic classes

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QUOID

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quiet, ugly, old, indigent, and dissimilar culturally

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culture

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consists of all those things that people have learned to do, believe, value, and enjoy. totality of the ideals, beliefs, skills, tools, customs, and institutions into which each member of society is born

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marginal person

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refer's to a person's inability to form dual ethnic identification because of bicultural membership

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cultural deficit models

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tend to view culturally diverse groups as possessing dysfunctional values and belief systems that are often handicaps to be overcome, be ashamed of, and avoid

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minority standard time

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the tendency of poor people to have a low regard for punctuality

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stereotypes

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rigid preconceptions we hold about all people who are members of a particular group, whether it be defined along racial, religious, sexual, or other lines

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proxemics

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refers to perception and use of personal and interpersonal space

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kinesics

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refers to bodily movements including facial expression, characteristics of movement, gestures, and eye contact

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paralanguage

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refers to other vocal cues that individuals use to communicate including loudness of voice, pauses, silences, hesitations, rate, and inflections.

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high context communication

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anchored by the physical context (situation) or internalized in the person, relies heavily on nonverbals and group identification/understanding shared by those communicating

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low context communication

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place a greater reliance on the verbal part of the message, more opportunistic, more individual rather than group oriented, and emphasize rules of law and procedure (includes U.S.)

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restricted codes

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observed in families where words and sentences collapse and are shortened without loss of meaning (H.C.

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elaborated codes

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where many words are used to communicate the same content, are seen in classrooms, diplomacy, and law (L.C.)

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rapping

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originally a dialogue between a man and a woman in which the intent was to win over the admiration of the woman - likened to a mating call

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woofing

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exchange of threats and challenges to fight

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playing the dozens

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highest form of verbal warfare and impromptu speaking

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dozens

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used by slave owners to refer to persons with disabilities - were considered damaged goods and therefore would have been sold with eleven other "damaged" slaves

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personalismo

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personal orientation of the Hispanic family

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machismo

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used in many Latino cultures to indicate maleness, virility, and the man's role as provider and protector of the family - superior sexually

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marianismo

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derived form the cult of Virgin Mary - women are seen as morally and spiritually superior and capable of enduring greater suffering - women are expected to keep themselves sexually pure and to be self-sacrificing in favor of their children and especially the husband - she is caretaker of the family and homemaker

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communications approach

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based on the assumption that family problems are communication difficulties

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structural approach

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considers communication to be important, but emphasizes the interlocking roles of family members

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ethnic minority reality

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refers to the racism and poverty that dominate the lives of minorities

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biculturalism

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refers to the fact that minorities in the U.S. inherit two cultural traditions

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ethnic differences in minority status

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refer to the life experiences and adjustments that occur as a result of minority status in the U.S.

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people-nature relationship

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traditional western thinking believes in mastery and control over nature, the four other ethnic groups view people as harmonious with nature

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multicultural family counseling: a conceptual model

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this model allows us to understand the worldviews of culturally diverse families by contrasting the value orientations of the four main groups

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time dimension

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how differnt societies, cultures, and people view time exerts a pervasive influence on their lives U.S. future Asian and Hispanis Americans past-present American Indians and Black Americans present

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relational dimension

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individualistic - definition of family tends to be linked to a biological necessity or nuclear family - U.S. only collateral or lineal - encompasses various concepts of the extended family - all others

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activity dimension

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action (doing) environment vs. being - in becoming mode of activity

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action(doing) orientation

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must master and control nature, must do things about a situation, and take pragmatic and utilitarian view of life - equates worth to achievement -U.S., Blacka nd Asian Americans

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being-in-becoming orientation

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here and now - equates worth to belonging - American Indians and Hispanic Americans

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nature of people dimension

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U.S. and Black Americans neutral Asian and Hispanic Americans and American Indians Good

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culture bound syndromes

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recurrent, locality specific patterns of aberrant behavior and troubling exprience that may or may not be linked to a diagnostic category. limited to specific societies or cultured areas and are localized, folk, diagnostic categories that frame coherent meanings for certain repetitive, patterned, and troubling sets of experiences and observations

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universal shamanic tradition

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encompasses the centuries old recognition of healers within a community

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shaman

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refers to people often called witches, witch doctors, wizards, medicine men or women, sorcerers and magic men or women

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indigenous healing

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helping beliefs and practices that originate within the culture or society

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espiritismo (spiritism)

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a world where spirits can have major impacts on the people residing in the physical world

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espiritistas (mediums)

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culturally sanctioned indigenous healers who possess special faculties allowing them to intervene positively or negatively on behalf of their clients

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spirituality

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the animating force in life, represented by such images as breath, wind, vigor, and courage. Spirituality is the infusion and drawing out of spirit in one's life. encompasses the religious, spiritual, and transpersonal. one's capacity for creativity, growth, and the development of a values system

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spiritual hunger

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a strong need to reintegrate spiritual or religious themes into one's life

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Black identity development models

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pre-encounter, encounter, immersion-emersion, internalization, and internalization-commitment

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pre-encounter

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characterized by individual (African Americans) who consciously or unconsciously devalue their Blackness and concurrently value White values and ways. There is a strong desire to assimilate and acculturate into White society

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encounter

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the indiviudal encounters a profound crisis or event that challenges his or her previous mode of thinking and behaving and second the Black person begins to reinterpret the world, resulting in a shift in worldviews

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internalization

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characteried by inner security as conflicts between the old and new identities are resolved. Global anti-white feelings subside as the person becomes more flexible, more tolerant,a nd more bicultural/multicultural

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internalization-commitment

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speaks to the commitment that such indiviudals have toward social change, social justice, and civil rights. It is expressed not only in words, but also in actions that reflect the essence of their lives

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immersion-emersion

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the person withdraws from the dominant culture and becomes immersed in African American culture. Black pride begins to develop, but internalization of positive attitudes toward one's own Blackness is minimal. In the emersion stage, feelings of guilt and anger begin to dissipate with an increasing sense of pride

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evolution from pre-encounter to internaliation stages

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reflects a movement from psychological dysfunction to psychological health

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race salience

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the degree to which race is an important and integral part of a person's approach to life

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pre-encounter assimilation

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low salience for race and a neutral valence toward Blackness

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pre-encounter anti-Blacks

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describes those who hate blacks and hate being black (high negative salience)

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internalization

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combination of 4th and 5th stages Black self-acceptance and can be manifested in three types of identities 1. Black nationalist (high black positive race salience) 2. biculturalist (blackness and fused sense of americanness) 3. multiculturalist (multiple identity formation, including race, gender, sexual orientation, etc)

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Asian American Identity Development Models

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traditionalist, marginal person, and Asian American developed by Sue and Sue

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traditionalist

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a person who internalizes conventional Chinese customs and values, resists acculturation forces, and believes in the "old ways"

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marginal person

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a person who attempts to assimilate and acculturate into white society, rejects traditional chinese ways, internalizes society's negativism toward minority groups, and may develop racial self hatred

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Asian American

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a person who is in the process of forming a positive identity, who is ethnically and politically aware, and who becomes increasingly bicultural

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Kitano's model for Japanese American role behaviors

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positive positive, negative-positive, positive-negative, and negative-negative

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positive-positive

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in which the person identifies with both Japanese and White cultures without role conflicts

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negative-positive

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in which there is a rejection of white culture and acceptance of Japanese American culture with accompanying role conflicts

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positive-negative

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in which the person accepts white culture and rejects Japanese culture, with concomitant role conflict

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negative-negative

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in which one rejects both

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J. Kim with Japanese American women

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ethnic awareness, white identification, awakening to social political consciousness, redirection, and incorporation

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ethnic awareness stage

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begins at 3-4, when the child's family members serve as the significant ethnic group model. positive or neutral attitudes towards one's own ethnic origin are formed depending on the amount of ethnic exposure conveyed by the care takers

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white identification stage

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begins when children enter school where peers and the surroundings become powerful forces in conveying racial prejudice that negatively impacts their self esteem and identity. realization of differentness leads to self blame and a desire to escape racial heritage and identify with white society

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awakening to social political consciousness

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mean with adoption of a new perspective, often correlated with increased political awareness. civil rights and women's movements my precipitate this new awakening. result is an abandoning of identification with white society and a consequent understanding of oppression and oppressed groups.

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redirection stage

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reconnection or renewed connection with one's Asian American heritage and culture. realization that white oppression is the culprit for the negative experiences of youth. anger against white racism may become a defining theme with concomitant increases of Asian American self-pride and group pride

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incorporation stage

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highest form of identity evolution. encompasses the development of a positive and comfortable identity as Asian American and consequent respect for other cultural/racial heritages. identification for or against white culture is no longer an important issue

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latino/hispanic american identity development models

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causal, cognitive, consequence, working through, and successful resolution

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causal stage

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messages or injunctions from the environment or significant others either affirm, ignore, negate, or denigrate the ethnic heritage of the person. affirmation about one's ethnic identity is lacking and the person my experience traumatic or humiliating experiences related to ethnicity. failure to identify with latino culture

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cognitive stage

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as a result of negative/distorted messages, three erroneous belief systems about chicano/latino heritage become incorporated into mental sets 1. ethnic group membership is associated with poverty and prejudice 2. assimilation to white society is the only means of escape 3. assimilation is the only possible road to success

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consequence stage

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fragmentation of ethnic identity becomes very noticeable and evident. person feels ashamed and is embarrassed by ethnic markers such as name, accent, skin color, cultural customs, and so on. unwanted self image leads to estrangement and rejection of one's chicano/latino heritage

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working through stage

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person becomes increasingly unable to cope with the psychological distress of ethnic identity conflict. person can no longer be a pretender by identifying with an alien ethnic identity. person is propelled to reclaim and reintegrate disowned ethnic identity fragments. ethnic consciousness increases

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successful resolution stage

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exemplified by greater acceptance of one's culture and ethnicity. improvement in self-esteem and a sense that ethnic identity represents a positive and success-promoting resource

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racial/cultural identity development model

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conformity, dissonance and appreciating, resistance and immersion, introspection, and integrative awareness

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conformity

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similar to individuals in pre-encounter stage, minority individuals are distinguished by unequivocal preference for dominant cultural values over their own

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dissonance stage

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no matter how much one attempts to deny his or her own racial/cultural heritage, an individual will encounter information or experiences that are inconsistent with culturally held beliefs, attitudes, and values

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resistance and immersion stage

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minority person tends to endorse minority-held views completely and to reject the dominant values of society and culture

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introspection stage

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individual begins to discover that this level of intensity of feelings (anger directed toward white society) is psychologically draining and does not permit one to really devote more crucial energies to understanding themselves or to their own racial cultural group. minority individual experiences feelings of discontent and discomfort with group views that may be quite rigid in resistance/immersion stage. to please group individual is asked to submerge individual autonomy and thought in favor of group good

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integrative awareness

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individuals have developed an inner sense of security and now can own and appreciate unique aspects of their culture as well as those in U.S. culture. belief that there are acceptable and unacceptable aspects in all cultures and that it is important for person to examine and accept/reject those aspects of culture that are not desirable

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internal control

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refers to people's belief that reinforcements are contingent on their own actions and that they can shape their own fate

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external control

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refers to peoples beliefs that reinforcing events occur independently of their actions and that the future is determined more by chance and luck

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hardiman white racial identity developmental model

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naivete, acceptance, resistance, redefinition, and internalization

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naivete stage

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lack of social consciousness - characteristic of early childhood, when we are born into this world innocent, open and unaware of racism and the importance of race

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acceptance stage

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marked by a conscious belief in the democratic ideal: that everyone has an equal opportunity to succeed in a free society and that those who fail must bear the responsibility for their failure

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resistance stage

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a painful, conflicting, and uncomfortable transition because this is where the white person's denial system begins to crumble because of a monumental event or a series of events that not only challenge but also shatter the individual's denial system

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redefinition stage

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new ways of defining one's social group and one's membership in that group become important

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internalization stage

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the result of forming a new social and personal identity

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helms white racial identity model

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six statuses: contact, disintegration, reintegration, pseudoindependence, immersion/emersion, autonomy

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contact status

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people are oblivious to and unaware of racism, believe that everyone has an equal chance for success, lack and understanding of prejudice and discrimination, have minimal experiences with persons of color, and may profess to be colorblind

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disintegration status

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obliviousness breaks down and the white person becomes conflicted over irresolvable racial moral dilemmas. statements such as my grandfather is really prejudiced, but I try not to be

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reintegration status

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characterized as a regression in which the pendulum swings back to most basic beliefs of white superiority and minority inferiority

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pseudoindependence status

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second phase which involves defining an nonracist white identity - awareness of other visible racial/ethnic minorities, the unfairmess of their treatment, and discomfort with racist identity may lead person to identify with plight of persons of color - well intentioned person at this status may suffer from unknowingly perpetuate racism by helping minorities adjust to prevailing white standards, choice of minority individuals is based on how similar they are to him or her

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immersion/emersion status

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person searches for an understanding of the personal meaning of racism and the ways in which one benefits from white privilege. increasing willingness to confront one's own biases, to redefine whiteness on an affective level

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autonomy status

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increasing awareness of one's own whiteness, reduced feelings of guilt, acceptance of one's role in perpetuating racism and renewed determination to abandon white entitlement

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information processing strategies

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helm's model- defenses or protective strategies white people use to avoid or assuage anxiety and discomfort around the issue of race

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Rowe's types or statuses

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unachieved or achieved: creation of dissonance, personal attributes and subsequent environmental conditions encountered by person

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unachieved

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avoidant, dependent, and dissonant

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achieved

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dominative, conflictive, reactive, and integrative

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white racial identity development

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naivete, conformity, dissonance, resistance and immersion, introspective, integrative awareness, commitment to antiracist action

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naivete phase

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relatively neutral with respect to racial/cultural differences, lasts during first 3 years of life and is marked by naive curiosity about race

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conformity phase

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white person's attitudes and beliefs are very ethnocentric. minimal awareness of self as racial being and a strong belief in the universality of values and norms governing behavior

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dissonance phase

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white person is forced to deal with inconsistencies that have been compartmentalized or encounters information at odds with denial - person is forced to acknowledge whiteness at some level, to examine own cultural values, and see conflict between upholding humanistic nonracist values and their contradictory behavior

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resistance and immersion phase

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white person who progressed to this stage will begin to question and challenge his or her own racism

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introspective phase

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compromise of having swung from an extreme condition of unconditional acceptance of white identity to a rejection of whiteness

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integrative awareness phase

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understanding the self as a racial/cultural being, being aware of sociopolitical influences regarding racism, appreciating racial/cultural diversity, and becoming more committed toward eradicating oppression

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commitment to antiracist action phase

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characterized by social action and there is likely to be a consequent change in behavior, and an increased commitment toward eradicating oppression

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social justice

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vision of society in which distribution of resources is equitable and all members are physically and psychologically safe and secure

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social justice counseling/therapy

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active philosophy and approach aimed at producing conditions that allow for equal access and opportunity, reducing or eliminating disparities in education, health care, employment, and other areas that lower quality of life for affected populations

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locus of responsibility

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dimension measures degree of responsibility or blame placed on the individual or system

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IC/IR

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worldview that individuals believe that they are masters of their fate and that their actions do affect the outcomes and attribute their current status and life conditions to their own unique attributes, success is due to one's own efforts, and the lack of success is attributed to one's shortcomings or inadequacies U.S society and white middle class individuals

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EC/IR

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accept dominant culture's definition for self-responsibility but to have very little real control over how they are defined by others marginal individuals deny the existence of racism, believe that the plight of their people is due to laziness

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EC/ER

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a person high in self blame and external control feels that there is very little one can do in the face of such severe external obstacles as prejudice and discrimination having given up or attempt to placate those in power

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IC/ER

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believe that they are able to shape events in their own life if given a chance pride in one's racial/cultural identity is most likely to be accepted

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micro

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individuals, families, and groups

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mezo

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communities and organizations

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macro

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social structures, ideologies, and policies

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culturally competent mental health agencies

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cultural destructiveness, cultural incapacity, cultural blindness, cultural precompetence, cultural competence, and cultural proficiency

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cultural destructivenss

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programs that have participated in culture/race based oppression, forced assimilation, or even genocide represent this stratum (tuskegee)

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cultural incapacity

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organizations that may not be intentionally culturally destructive, but they may lack the capacity to help minority clients or communities because the system remains extremely biased toward the racial/cultural superiority of the dominant group

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cultural blindness

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agencies provide services with the express philosophy that all people are the same, and the belief that helping methods used by the dominant culture are universally applicable

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cultural precompetence

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agencies at this stage have at least looked at the artifacts and values of the organization to recognize their weaknesses in serving diverse groups and developing a multicultural staff

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cultural competence

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agencies at this stage show continuing self assessment regarding culture, careful attention to the dynamics of difference, continuous expansion of cultural knowledge and resources, and a variety of adaptations to service models in order to better meet the needs of culturally diverse populations

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cultural proficiency

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highest goals of multicultural development. organizations very uncommon, given that both the organizational culture and individuals within it are operating at high levels of multicultural competence, having overcome many layers of racism, prejudice, discrimination, and ignorance

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divide and conquer

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as long as people of color fight among themselves, they can't form alliances to confront the establishment

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