motor learning final exam study guide - Flashcards

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Measure of the subjects

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variable error

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Average of all the unsigned scores for each subject

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absolute error

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Average of all the scores for each subject

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constant error

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Absolute value of the average of all the scores for each subject

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absolute constant error

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Completing a bench press

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discrete skill

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Paddling a canoe

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continous

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Shooting a basketball free throw

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discrete

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making a sandwich

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serial

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performing the swimming part of a triathlon

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continuous

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Environmental sensory information from a variety of sources is analyzed.

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stimulus identification

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The components of stimuli are assembled.

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stimulus identification

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The motor system is organized to make the desired movement.

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movement programming

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A transition process between sensory input and motor output is required

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. response selection

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A motor program is retrieved and organized.

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movement programming

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This memory is responsible for storing vast amounts of sensory information only long enough for some of it to be abstracted and further processed.

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short term memory store

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A temporary holding place for information. Rehearsal is required in

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short term memory

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Contains very well-learned information that has been collected over a lifetime.

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long term memory

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the delay in a person's reaction to the second of two closely spaced stimuli.

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psychological refractory period

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varied mapping condition

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A situation in which a given stimulus sometimes leads to one response and sometimes to another response.

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inattention blindess

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A situation illustrated when a very simple, goal-directed visual search, such as looking for a specific friend in a crowd, seems to absorb our attention, making us unable to identify other friends walking by.

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A situation that illustrates that even some "unattended" features of sensory processing are processed in parallel with other "attended" information in the very early stages of sensory processing.

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cocktail party effect

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Processing that is thought to be slow, attention demanding, serially organized, and volitional.

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controlled

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Processing that is relatively effortful.

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controlled

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Processing that is thought to be fast, not attention demanding organized in parallel, and involuntary.

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automatic

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Processing that is thought to be a result of a lot of practice.

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automatic

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Processing that can be effective for closed skills but can also cause problems for open skills, such as when an opponent changes something at the last moment.

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automatic

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Skills are different from movements because:

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they have an environmental goal

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When it comes to talking on the phone while driving, research suggests that hands-free talking __________ in comparison to handheld talking.

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interferes equally with driving

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theory suggests that there is a stored pattern of movement instead of a specific movement. It allows flexibility in modifying the generalized program to produce various patterns to meet the demands of the task.

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generalized motor program

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Practicing in a particular environment often leads to better performance

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in that specific environment

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________occurs if feedback is given too often.

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dependency

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a motor program underlies a class of movements.

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generalized motor program

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an infinite number of programs must be stored

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simple motor program

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Which equation is Fitts' equation? a. AW = [Log2(a + b)] 2M/T b. AW = a + b [Log2(2M/T)] c. MT = a + b [Log2(2A/W)] d. MT = a + w [Log2(2A/B)]

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C

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Developed with practice

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skill

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stable and enduring

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ability

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________________ is graphs of average performance for an individual or a group plotted against practice trials; sometimes called a learning curve.

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performance curve

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a. Learners learn to exploit the passive dynamics of the body. Movements become maximally skilled in terms of effectiveness and efficiency. -

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bernstein

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Associated with expert performance. Perceptual anticipation is high, and the system needs to organize fewer programs. Decreased attention is demanded by perceptual and motor processes, freeing learners to engage in higher-order cognitive activities simultaneously.

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fitts

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Some speculate that providing the learner with control over their learning environment enhances motivation through satisfying the need for ________

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autonomy

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Feedback provided at high relative frequencies in early practice and then gradually reduced as skill develops -

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faded

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Augmented information about the success of an action in achieving the environmental goal -

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Knowledge of result

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When discussing information processing, ___________ is the information a person receives for processing.

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input

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Information stored in which memory system is thought to be broad and vast

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long term

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___ describes processing that is quick, done in parallel, and is involuntary. It does not demand attention, is more prominent during the later stages of learning, and takes lots of practice.

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automatic processing

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All of the following regarding closed-loop control are accurate except The system involves error correction without the use of feedback The system consists of error detection The system has correction processes to maintain the desired goal The system is used to control slow, deliberate movements

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The system involves error correction without the use of feedback

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________ refer(s) to stable and enduring traits that are genetically determined and underlie a person's skilled performance

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abilities

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____ is thought of as building new, more stable, more precise, and/or longer-operating motor programs.

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practice

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In Bernstein's final stage of learning, movement becomes maximally skilled in terms of __________.

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effectiveness and efficiency

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__ refers to the degree to which a simulator mimics the criterion task.

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fidelity

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____ is sensory information that comes from producing movements; the information may come from outside of the body (exteroception) or within the body (proprioception).

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inherent or instrinsic feedback

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The ________ hypothesis states that contextual interference in random practice causes people to appreciate the distinctiveness of different tasks.

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elaboration

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attention remaining for a secondary task is __________ when the primary task is more complex.

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reduced

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Evidence suggests that during a Stroop task, the color of the ink and the word spelled by the ink are initially processed __________.

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in parallel

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Automatic processing is thought to be the result of _________

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a lot of practice

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automaticity is most effective in which type of skills?

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closed

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When an expert reverts from a(n) __________ to a(n) __________ focus of attention, the consequences to performance can be negative and result in "choking."

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internal; external

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The inverted-U principle examines the relationship between _________

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arousal and performance

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In a double-stimulation paradigm, the performer is asked to respond to _____

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both stimuli

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Exteroception provides information to the processing system about _________

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the state of the environment

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Dorsal vision is used to make __________ in already programmed actions.

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minor adjustments

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The M1 feedback loop is at a low level in the spinal cord and does not involve __________.

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voluntary control

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Feedforward information represents __________.

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anticipitory sensory consequences

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For a quick pointing movement made with the arm while standing, the first muscles to activate are the __________.

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lower back and legs

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__________ is a surgical procedure in which a bundle of nerves is severed and results in the prevention of nerve impulses reaching the spinal cord; animal experiments using this surgery provide evidence for motor programs.

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deafferentation

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________ theory suggests that there is a stored pattern of movement instead of a specific movement. It allows flexibility in modifying the generalized program to produce various patterns to meet the demands of the task.

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generalized motor program

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Fitts' Law tells us all of the following except MT decreases as movement amplitude increases MT increases as the target width decreases MT increases as the aiming accruracy requirements increases The principles of Fitts' Law are variety of body parts used

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MT decreases as movement amplitude increases

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While a novice moves her head in the same direction as the putter, an expert moves her head _________ during a golf putt to deal with the "head problem."

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the opposite direction of the putter

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Fitts' Law states that __________ is linearly related to index of difficulty (ID).

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movement time

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The differences in people's performance that are caused by differences in stable and enduring abilities are

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individual differences

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The term __________ describes proficiencies that can be modified by practice and are essentially countless in number.

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skills

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All of the following are important distinctions of abilities except

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developed with practice

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An early view that a single global ability is the basis for all motor behavior (now viewed as incorrect)

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generalied motor ability hypothesis

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A view that several specific independent motor abilities are the basis for every type of motor performance is

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specifity hypothesis

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The method of measuring the strength of a relationship between people's performance scores on two tasks is

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correlation

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Selecting someone for a high-performance team because he or she performs well as a novice is problematic because

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the relative importance of various underlying abilities can change as a learner progresses from beginner to expert.

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The study of __________ involves two distinct emphases: abilities and prediction.

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individual difference

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it cannot account for novel movements

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simple motor program

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an infinite number of programs must be stored.

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simple motor program

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A schema is a mechanism responsible for selecting parameters

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generalized motor program

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a motor program underlies a class of movements.

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generalized motor program

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riding a bicycle on a busy street

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closed loop

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mixing cake batter

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closed loop

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throwing a dart

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open loop

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a kick in karate

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open loop

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t or false: open loop does not have feedback

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true

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open skills

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unpredictable (team sport)

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closed skills

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predictable (drilling hole in wood)

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Increasing speed by reducing movement time can decrease spatial and timing error

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very forceful movement

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When amplitude increases, more force is required, contributing to spatial inaccuracy.

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moderately forceful

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An inverted-U relationship exists between spatial accuracy and force requirements, with the lowest accuracy at moderate levels of force.

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very forceful

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Rapid movement contributes to inaccuracy of a movement because more force generates more variability, which causes the movement to deviate from the intended trajectory.

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moderately forceful

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Estimate how well an applicant will perform the task in the future based on the strength of the applicant's current abilities.

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true

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Train applicants to perform the task, and hire those who succeed.

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false

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discrete skills

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easy defined beginning and end, such as throwing a ball, turn on light switch

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serial skills

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group of discrete skills strung together to make a new, more complicated action (shift gears in car, bake, fielding)

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continuous skills

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minutes or hours; arbitrary beginning and end. running

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____is a human-made structure whose purpose is to explain how various phenomena occur.

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theory

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What is a skill?

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a. Skills involve achieving some well-defined environmental goal in these ways: i. Maximizing the certainty of goal achievement ii. Minimizing the physical and mental energy costs of performance iii. Minimizing the time used

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Stages of Information Processing a. There are three stages through which information must pass on the way from input to output. b. Stages are nonoverlapping (processing in two different stages cannot occur at the same time) these are

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stimulus identification response selection movement program

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_ is a measure of the accumulated durations of the three stages of processing.

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reaction time

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one way in which learners cope with long RT delays.

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anticipation

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What is Attention?.

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a. Attention is a resource (or pool of slightly different resources) that is available and that can be used for various purposes. b. The ways in which attentional resources are allocated define how we use attention. c. A way to think of attention is related to the limitations in doing two things at the same time

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A number of automobile accidents seem linked to this phenomenon (e.g., "looked-but-failed-to-see" accidents).

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inattention blindness

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The Probe-Task Technique

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a. A researcher would have the subject perform one task, called the primary task. At some strategic point in the performance of the primary task, the researcher would probe the attention demanded in the main task by presenting a secondary task. b. Use the RT to the probe as a measure of the attention demanded by the primary task.

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Perceptual Narrowing

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a. It is the tendency for the perceptual field to shrink under stress with high arousal.

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a. Provides information to the processing system about the state of the environment in which one's body exists b. Inherent feedback c. Information sources such as vision and audition

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Exteroception

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a. Provides information about the state of the body itself b. Inherent Feedback c. Information sources such as vestibular apparatus, joint receptors, muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, and cutaneous receptors d. The central nervous system is thought to use a complex combination of the inputs from these various receptors as a basis for body awareness e. Perception of a movement's trajectory can be affected by how the movement is produced (actively or passively)

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Proprioception

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closed loop has four distinct parts: i. An executive for decision making about errors ii. An effector system for carrying out the decisions iii. A comparator against which the anticipated feedback is compared to actual feedback to define an error iv. An error signal, which is the information acted on by the executive

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Closed-Loop Control Systems

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provides information about the "what" in motor control. b. It is sensitive only to events in central vision

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Ventral Stream Processing

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a law states that MT is constant whenever the ratio of the movement amplitude (A) to target width (W) remains constant. c. In addition, Fitts found that the MT increased as the ratio of A to W increased by either making A larger, making W smaller, or both. d. MT = a + b [Log2(2A/W)] e. Where a and b are constants (the y-intercept and slope, respectively) and A and W are defined as before. f. The term Log2 (2A/W) is referred to as the index of difficulty (ID). g. Fitts' Law says that MT is linearly related to the index of difficulty.

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fitts law

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----- suggests that for various combinations of movement amplitude and MT that have a constant ratio (a constant average velocity), the aiming errors are about the same. b. Increases in movement distance and decreases in MT can be traded off with each other to maintain movement accuracy in rapid tasks.

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Linear Speed-Accuracy Trade-Off

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a. Experimental approach .

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is a method of understanding behavior emphasizing common principles among people and through the use of experiments

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b. Differential approach

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is a method of understanding behavior by focusing on individual differences and abilities.

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___ is a fundamental characteristic that tends to underlie particular skills; is largely inherited genetically and is not modifiable by practice.

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an ability

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__ is the process of using people's abilities to estimate their probable success in various occupations or sports.

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a prediction

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___ transfer of learning from one task or setting to another that is very similar. .

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near transfer

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__transfer of learning from one task to another very different task or setting

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far transfer

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