More Geology Flashcards (Borrowed)

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When sea level rises, the ocean may invade a river valley, producing a nearshore body of water of mixed and variable salinity termed a(n)
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estuary
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earths surface with water
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70%
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not depostional feature
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sea stack
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waves get energy from
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wind
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horizontal distance between crests
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wave length
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path of water particle movemt at sea is
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circular
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If you found ancient rocks in Antarctica that had formed in an organic reef, what could you suggest?
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that the climate has changed and that Antarctica has moved
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Which of the following statements is NOT a good description of ocean waves?
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Water particles in waves move along at the same velocity as the wave.
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Longshore drift moves water and sediment
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along the beach in a zig-zag path
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Which of the following is the most likely trend in the evolution of coastal features?
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sea cave, sea arch, sea stack, sea cliff
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An atoll normally
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evolves from a fringe or barrier reef
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major force of tides is...
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the gravitational force of the moon
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seawater consists how much salt?
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3.5%
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As the velocity of flow decreases,
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flow tends to become more laminar the maximum flow velocity decreases suspended sediment starts to be deposited
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The lowest elevation to which a stream can downcut is the
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base level
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most gradaully
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creep
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The immediate cause of incidents of mass movement is
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graviation
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The principal difference between a lahar and a mudflow is the
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former mass contains pyroclastic debris from a volcanic eruption
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curved surface
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slump
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Strictly speaking, which of the following types of mass movement is a landslide
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rock slide
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Which of the following factors decreases the risk of mass movemen
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adding vegetation to the side of a hill
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Which of the following increases the risk of mass movement?
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flooding the sediment with water beyond saturation
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Which of the following processes removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
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photosynthesis
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Which of the following processes may be responsible for short-term cooling, yet in the long term favor warm, greenhouse climate
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volcanism
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The difference in average temperatures between the poles and the equator during most of the Mesozoic era was _____ that seen today
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less than
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Which of the following is an important long-term (acting over spans of tens of millions of years) factor in global climate chang
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atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide
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All changes within the Earth system are unidirectional and cannot be reversed
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False
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Which of the following processes releases carbon dioxide to the atmosphere
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volcanism
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One explanation for the hole in the ozone layer is that is has been brought about by human emissions o
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chloro CFCs
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An increase through time in the proportion of heavy oxygen (O-18) in a sequence of carbonate sediments implies
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Earth was becoming cooler over time
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There is a correlation in Earth history between warm periods and
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relatively large amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
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Uplifted areas are subjected to erosion at the surface; this provides an example of
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negative feedback
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Which of the following processes releases carbon dioxide to the atmosphere
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volcanism
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There is a correlation in Earth history between warm periods and
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relatively large amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
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During most of the Mesozoic, the Earth wa
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warmer than it was now
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Sediments deposited directly by glaciers as they melt are termed
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till
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When sea level rises, causing the ocean to fill a glacially carved valley, a _____ result
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fjord
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Valleys carved by glaciers tend to be shaped like the letter _____, whereas valleys carved by water tend to shaped like the lette
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U,V
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A lake that forms within a bowl-shaped depression formed by a mountain glacier is termed a(n
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tarn
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During glacial epoch, global sea level is
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lower because water is stored on the continents
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Ice is a substance with a high albedo, which means it
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reflects most of the light that falls upon it
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The current interglacial interval began a little more than _____ years ago
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10,000
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An important long-term factor determining whether glacial ice will form on the continents has likely been the proportion of which gas in the atmosphere
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carbon dioxide
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Lake Bonneville was the predecessor o
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Salt Lake
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Sediments deposited directly by glaciers as they melt are characterized by
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very poor sorting
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Large continental glaciers are found today
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Greenland and Antarctica
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Cirques and horns are features associated with
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mountain glaciation
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The first scientist to theorize the past presence of glaciers in Europe was
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Louis Agaissiz
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At the present, glaciers cover about _____ of the surface of the continents
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10%
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In general, the dominant erosional landforms in desert regions are developed by
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running water
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Ventifacts are a product of
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abrasion
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Wind transports material by
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rolling saltation sliding suspension
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The type of dune formed by winds blowing from at least three directions is a
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star
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To qualify as a desert, a region must be
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arid, with less than 25 cm annual precipitation and very low relative humidity
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As compared to humid climates, rates of chemical weathering in deserts are
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slower
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Saltation of sand involves
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grains hopping into the air, traveling for a short distance, and returning to the ground
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Which statement does NOT apply? Desertification occur
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only in small areas at most affecting in Africa
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Which of the following is eolian in origin
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loess
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A lag deposit, or desert pavement, is a concentration of
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gravel-size particles left behind as wind selectively moves sand and dust from the surfa
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The migration of sand dunes results from
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erosion of sand on the windward side and deposition on the slip face.
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Globaly most deserts are found?
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above 66 degrees north and south latitude (near the poles). near 30 degrees north and 30 degrees south latitude (subtropics).
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Pumping vast quantities of water locally
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lowers the local water table, forming a cone-shaped depression
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Water flowing from hot springs
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contains more dissolved minerals than does water flowing from cool springs
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The zone below the water table is the zone of
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saturation
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Groundwater erodes by
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solution
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Which of the following statements is NOT a good description of ocean wave
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Water particles in waves move along at the same velocity as the wave
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Longshore drift moves water and sediment
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along beach in zig zag path
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Which of the following is the most likely trend in the evolution of coastal features
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sea cave, sea arch, sea stack, sea cliff
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An atoll normall
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evolves from a fringe or barrier reef
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The major force in the generation of tides is
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the gravitational attraction of the Moo
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What percentage of seawater, on average, consists of dissolved salt ions
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3.5%
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If you found ancient rocks in Antarctica that had formed in an organic reef, what could you suggest?
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that the climate has changed and that Antarctica has moved
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The path of movement of a water particle in a wave at sea is
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circular
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The horizontal distance between two successive waves' crests is called
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wave lengthq
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Ordinary ocean waves derive their energy from
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winds
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hich of the following is NOT a depositional feature
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sea stack
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Approximately what percentage of the Earth's surface is covered with water?
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70%
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When sea level rises, the ocean may invade a river valley, producing a nearshore body of water of mixed and variable salinity termed a(n)
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estauary
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water cycle
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cycling of water between oceans, land, atmosphere and mantle
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watershed
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area where rain is collected to form the river
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tributaries
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small river or stream that flows in to a larger river or stream; a branch of the river
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distributaries
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A river channel branching out from the main river and not rejoining it.
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dendritic
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looks like a bunch of branches
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radial
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looks like a circle
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rectangular
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looks like boxes
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trellis
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horizontel lines
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stream flow
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refers to the flow of water within a channal- with DEFINABLE channel banks, wich is part of a stream channel network
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discharge
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the flow of water past a given point in the river. varies with time and weather
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gradient
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the property possessed by a line or surface that departs from the horizontal
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