Module I Basic Sciences Dental Anesthesia Assistant National Certification Exam – Flashcards
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Central Nervous System
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-brain -spinal column
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Peripheral Nervous System
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-sensory nerves -motor nerves
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Cranial nerves important for OMS
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-trigeminal nerve (5th) -facial nerve (7th) -vagus nerve (10th)
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Trigeminal nerve
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-sensory/motor -Ophthalmic -Maxillary -Mandibular
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Facial nerve
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-motor nerves for facial expression
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Spinal nerves
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-motor/sensory nerves that leave various tracts throughout the body
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Autonomic Nervous System
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-sympathetic -parasympathetic
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Sympathetic Nervous System
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-fight/flight -speeds things up -vasoconstriction -increases hr -MAINTAINS BP
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
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-rest/digest -slows things down -vagus nerve (slows hr and cardiac output) -increases digestion -increase saliva/pharyngeal production
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baroreceptors
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-regulates bp with positional changes
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Sympathetic (Adrenergic)
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-alpha (vasoconstriction) -beta 1/ beta 2
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Beta 1
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-heart -increase hr and strength of contraction
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Beta 2
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-lungs -bronchodilation
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atria
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-receive blood
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right atrium
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-receives blood from body peripheral circulation -oxygen poor
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left atrium
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-receives blood from lungs via pulmonary vein -oxygen rich
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ventricles
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-receive blood from atria
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right ventricle
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-deoxygenated blood to lungs
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left ventricle
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-sends oxygenated blood to the body -pumps harder, thicker walls
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Right atrium recieves blood from these oxygen depleted sources
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-superior vena cava -inferior vena cava -coronary sinus
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Pulmonary vein
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-Oxygen rich blood
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arteries
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-away from heart -thicker walls -elastic for constriction and dilation
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vein
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-leading to the heart -deoxygenated blood back to heart
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ischemia
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-weakened heart -decreased oxygen supply -angina pectoris (chest pain)
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myocardial infarction
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-heart attack -death of tissue, lack of blood
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diastolic
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-both atria contraction simultaneously force blood into both ventricles -RELAXED
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systolic
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-ventricles contract forcing blood to lungs or peripheral circulation
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cardiac cycle
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-heart rate -60-100 bpm -100 tachycardia
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Cardioacceleratory center (CAC)
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-located in medulla -sympathetic fibers travels down spinal cord to SA node -release of NOREPINEPHRINE -Increases hr and contractions
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Cardioinhibitory center (CIC)
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-located in medulla -parasympathetic fibers (vagus nerve) -release ACETYLCHOLINE (take a seat and relax) -decreases hr and contractions
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Sinoatrial node (SA)
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-located in right atrium -acts as pacemaker -sinus rhythm
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Atrioventricular node (AV)
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-impulse to bundle of HIS which stimulates R/L ventricles to contract
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Purkinje fibers
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-fibers that spreads the impulse over the ventricles to pump blood
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stroke volume
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-amt of blood pumped from left ventricle and right ventricle -60 ml (30ml = 1 oz)
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cardiac output
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-amt of blood pumped out of the left ventricle in 1 mins
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hypoxia
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-lack of oxygen
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P wave
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-atrial depolarization
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QRS complex
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-ventricular depolarization/contractions
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T wave
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-ventricular repolarization
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pterygoid plexus
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-behind maxilla on the lateral ptyergoid muscle -hematoma when anesthetized with PSA injection
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blood vessels of the arm/hand for venipuncture
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-cephalic -basilic -median cubital -dorsal venous plexus
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cephalic
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-lateral forearm
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basilic
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-medial forearm
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median cubital
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-bridge between cephalic and basilic
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dorsal venous plexus
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-smaller -can cause phlebitis
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hyperpnea
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-rapid breathing
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dyspnea
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-difficulty breathing
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apnea
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-absence of breathing
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upper airway
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-sinuses -pharynx -trachea
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pharynx
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-nasopharynx -oropharynx -laryngopharynx (larynx-voice box)
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cricothyrotomy/coniotomy
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-procedure which involves passage of large needle into trachea
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alveoli
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-exchange of oxygen for CO2
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inspiration
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-Active -increase size of chest -diaphragm -negative pressure
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expiration
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-Passive -decrease size of chest -abdominal muscles -positive pressure
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external respiration
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-oxygen enters the body
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internal respiration
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-oxygen enters blood -CO2 leaves and returns to the blood
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Air
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-contains 21% oxygen
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anemia
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-reduced hemoglobin -decreased oxygen carrying capacity of RBC's
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carbon dioxide
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-waste product from cells and carried to lungs by the veins
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arterial blood
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-increased amt of oxygen than CO2
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venous blood
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-decreased amt of oxygen than CO2
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oxygen capacity
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-mx amt of oxygen it can carry
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oxygen saturation
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-oxygen carried with oxygen capacity
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arterial saturation
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-> 95%
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tidal volume
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--500 cc amt of air inhaled and exhaled -350 cc reaches alveoli and exchanges CO2->O2 -150 cc does not reach alveoli which makes CPR successful
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respiration
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-normal 12-16 /min -controlled by medulla -highly sensitive to changes of CO2 and/or pH in the blood
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peripheral sensors
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-carotid -aortic (controls respiration and respond to low O2 levels in bloody by increased respirations)
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pancreas
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-makes insulin and glucagon
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insulin
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-regulates and stores sugar to keep blood glucose leveled
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Type I DM
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-severe deficiency of insulin
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Type II DM
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-mild to moderate deficiency in insulin
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Adrenal glands
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-sit on top of kidneys -secrete corticosteroids
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medulla
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-secretes epinephrine/norepinephrine
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cortex
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-vital to electrolyte balance (mineralcorticoids) and carbohydrate metabolism (glucocorticoids)
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thyroid
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-secretes thyroxin and other hormones to regulate basal metabolic rate
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hyperthyroidism
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-too much released -Grave's disease
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hypothyroidism
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-too little released -myxedema -goiter (lack of iodine)
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immune system
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-humoral system -cell mediated system
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humoral system
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-B cells -antibodies -IgA (saliva, tears, secretions)
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cell mediated system
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-T lymphocytes -viral production -immunity
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liver
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-protein/lipid synthesis -biotransformation -detoxification -storage of vitamins A, D, E, K, B12
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kidneys
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-maintain volume/composition of body fluids -filtrate and excrete
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pulse oximeter
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-measures the level of oxygenated hemoglobin compared with total hemoglobin at the site of the probe -measures pulse rate, perfusion at the probe and ventilation -NORMAL > 96% -lag time 20-40 secs due to pt movement or dark nail polish
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capnograph
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-measures the level of exhaled CO2 -displays wave form -measured as end tidal CO2 -increased CO2= decreased ventilation (airway obstruction/respiratory depression)
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chronic bronchitis
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-increased production -daily cough -prone to laryngo or bronchospams -must monitor ventilation
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emphysema
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-decreased O2 into lungs -loss of elasticity, leads to dyspnea -weaked alveoli -less surface area to exchange O2->CO2
