Module 4: Neural and Hormonal Systems – Flashcards

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In the most basic sense, every idea, mood, memory, and behavior that an individual has ever experienced is a _____ phenomenon.
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biological
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The theory that linked our mental abilities to bumps on the skull was _____.
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phrenology
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Although phrenology's popularity faded, this theory focused attention on the _____ _____ _____.
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localization of function
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Researchers who study the links between biology and behavior are working from the _____ _____.
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biological psychology
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We are made up of smaller and smaller _____; we are also part of larger _____. Thus, we are _____ systems.
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subsystems; systems; biopsychosocial
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Someone working from the biological perspective would be more likely to study a. how you learn to express emotions. b. how to help people overcome emotional disorders. c. life-span changes in the expression of emotion. d. the chemical changes that accompany emotions.
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d. the chemical changes that accompany emotions.
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Which of the following was a major problem with phrenology? a. It was "ahead of its time" and no one believed it could be true. b. The brain is not neatly organized into structures that correspond to our categories of behavior. c. The brains of humans and animals are much less similar than the theory implied. d. All of these were problems with phrenology.
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b. The brain is not neatly organized into structures that correspond to our categories of behavior.
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Our body's neural system is built from billions of nerve cells, or _____.
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neurons
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The extensions of a neuron that receive messages from other neurons are the _____.
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dendrites
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The extension of a neuron that transmits information to other neurons is the _____.
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axon
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Some axon's are insulated by a fatty tissue called the _____ _____, which helps speed the neuron's impulses.
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myelin sheath
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The neural impulse, or _____ _____, is a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon.
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action potential
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The fluid interior of a resting axon caries mostly _____ charged ions, while the fluid outside has mostly _____ charged ion.
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negatively; positively
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The polarization of resting axons is called the _____ _____.
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resting potential
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The cell membrane is _____ _____.
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selectively permeable
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An action potential occurs when the first part of the axon opens its gates and _____ charged ions rush in, causing that part of the neuron to become ______.
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positively; depolarized
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During the resting pause following an action potential, called the ______ _____, the neuron pumps ______ charged ions back outside the cell.
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refractory period; positively
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To trigger a neural impulse, _____ signals minus _____ signals must exceed a certain intensity called the _____.
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excitatory; inhibitory; threshold
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Increasing a stimulus above the threshold _____ _____ increase the neural impulse's intensity. This phenomenon is called an _____-_____-_____ response.
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will not; all in one
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The strength of a stimulus _____ _____ affect the intensity of a neural impulse.
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does not
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A strong stimulus _____ trigger more neurons to fire.
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can
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The junction between two neurons is called a _____, and the gap is called the _____ _____.
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synapse; synaptic gap
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The synaptic gap was discovered by _____.
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Sherrington
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The chemical messengers that convey information across the gaps between neutrons are called _____. These chemicals bind to receptor sites and unlock tiny channels, allowing electrically charged _____ to enter the neuron.
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neurotransmitters; atoms
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Neurotransmitters influence neurons either by _____ or _____ their readiness to fire.
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exciting; inhibiting
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Excess neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by sending neuron in a process called _____.
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reuptake
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Outline the sequence of reactions that occur when a neural impulse is generated and transmitted from one neuron to another.
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1. Electrical impulses (action potentials) travel down a neuron's axis until they reach the synapse. 2. Action potentials reach the axon terminal. stimulating the release of neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters cross the gap and bind to receptors on receiving neurons allowing charged atom to enter and excite or prohibit action. 3. Excess neurotransmitters absorbed by sending neuron.
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A neurotransmitter that is important in muscle contraction is called _____; it is important in learning and memory.
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acetylcholine
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Naturally occurring opiate-like neurotransmitters that are present in the brain are called _____.
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endorphines
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When the brain is flooded with drugs such as _____ or _____, it may stop producing these neurotransmitters.
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heroin; morphine
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Drugs that produce their effects by mimicking neurotransmitters are called _____.
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agonists
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Drugs that block neurotransmitters' functioning by occupying their _____ _____ are called _____.
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receptor site; antagonists
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Although certain _____ drugs create a temporary "high" by mimicking the endorphins, the poison _____ produces paralysis by blocking the activity of the neurotransmitter ACh.
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opiate; Curare
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Several shy neurons send an inhibitory message to neighboring neuron Joni. At the same time, a larger group of party-going neurons sends Joni excitatory messages. What will Joni do? a. fire, assuming that her threshold has been reached b. not fire, even if her threshold has been reached c. enter a refractory period d. become hyperpolarized
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a. fire, assuming that her threshold has been reached
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I am a relatively fast-acting chemical messenger that influences muscle action, learning, and memory. What am I? a. dopamine b. a hormone c. acetylcholine d. glutamate
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c. acetylcholine
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Since Malcolm has been taking a drug prescribed by his doctor, he no longer enjoys the little pleasures of life, such as eating and drinking. His doctor explains that this is because the drug a. triggers release of dopamine. b. inhibits release of dopamine. c. triggers release of ACh. d. inhibits release of ACh.
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b. inhibits release of dopamine.
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Lolita is feeling depressed for no particular reason. It is possible that she has an undersupply of _____.
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serotonin
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Punjab had lunch at the local Chinese restaurant. Afterward, he suffered a migraine, most likely, caused by an _____ _____ _____.
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oversupply of glutamate
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Taken altogether, the neurons of the body form the ______ ______.
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nervous system
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The brain and spinal cord form the _____ nervous system.
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central
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The neurons that link the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body form the _____ nervous system.
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peripheral
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Axons are bundled into electrical cables called _____, which link the CNS with muscles, glands, and sense organs.
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nerves
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Information arriving in the brain and spinal cord from the body's tissues and sensory receptors travels in _____ neurons
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sensory
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Instructions from the brain and spinal cord are sent to the body's tissues via _____ neurons.
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motor
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The neurons that enable internal communication within the brain and spinal cord are called _____.
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interneurons
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The division of the peripheral nervous system that enables voluntary control of the skeletal muscles is the _____ nervous system.
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somatic
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Involuntary, self-regulating responses-those of the glands and muscles of internal organs-are controlled by the _____ nervous system.
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autonomic
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The body is made ready for action by the _____ division of the autonomic nervous system.
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sympathetic
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The _____ division of he autonomic nervous system produces relaxation.
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parasympathetic
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The brain's neurons cluster into work groups called _____ _____.
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neural networks
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Automatic responses to stimuli, called _____, illustrate the work of the _____ _____.
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reflexes; spinal chord
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Simple pathways such as reflexes are involved in the _____-_____ response and in the _____ reflex.
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knee jerk; pain
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Describe and explain the sequence of physical reactions that occur in the body as an emergency is confronted then passes.
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Heartbeat accelerates, blood pressure rises, slow digestion, raise blood sugar and cool with perspiration. Then your heartbeat decreases, lowering your blood sugar and turning other levels back to normal.
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Beginning with the sensory receptors in the skin, trace the course of a spinal reflex as a person reflexively jerks his or her hand away from an unexpectedly hot burner on a stove.
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Neural activity travels (sensory neurons) to spinal cord interneurons. Motor neurons leading to the muscles in your arm cause your hand to jerk back via the simple pain reflex pathway running through your spinal cord and right back out.
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You are sitting at your desk at home, studying for an exam. No one else is home, but you hear creaking floorboards. You sneak downstairs, only to discover your parents have returned home early. Describe and explain the sequence of physical reactions that occurred in your body as you felt fear and then relief.
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My heart races. Body heats from raised levels causing sweat. Stomach clenches up as digestion slows. Then my heart decreases and sweat starts cooling and breathing returns to normal while your body relaxes.
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