question

In the most basic sense, every idea, mood, memory, and behavior that an individual has ever experienced is a _____ phenomenon.

answer

biological

question

The theory that linked our mental abilities to bumps on the skull was _____.

answer

phrenology

question

Although phrenology's popularity faded, this theory focused attention on the _____ _____ _____.

answer

localization of function

question

Researchers who study the links between biology and behavior are working from the _____ _____.

answer

biological psychology

question

We are made up of smaller and smaller _____; we are also part of larger _____. Thus, we are _____ systems.

answer

subsystems; systems; biopsychosocial

question

Someone working from the biological perspective would be more likely to study a. how you learn to express emotions. b. how to help people overcome emotional disorders. c. life-span changes in the expression of emotion. d. the chemical changes that accompany emotions.

answer

d. the chemical changes that accompany emotions.

question

Which of the following was a major problem with phrenology? a. It was "ahead of its time" and no one believed it could be true. b. The brain is not neatly organized into structures that correspond to our categories of behavior. c. The brains of humans and animals are much less similar than the theory implied. d. All of these were problems with phrenology.

answer

b. The brain is not neatly organized into structures that correspond to our categories of behavior.

question

Our body's neural system is built from billions of nerve cells, or _____.

answer

neurons

question

The extensions of a neuron that receive messages from other neurons are the _____.

answer

dendrites

question

The extension of a neuron that transmits information to other neurons is the _____.

answer

axon

question

Some axon's are insulated by a fatty tissue called the _____ _____, which helps speed the neuron's impulses.

answer

myelin sheath

question

The neural impulse, or _____ _____, is a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon.

answer

action potential

question

The fluid interior of a resting axon caries mostly _____ charged ions, while the fluid outside has mostly _____ charged ion.

answer

negatively; positively

question

The polarization of resting axons is called the _____ _____.

answer

resting potential

question

The cell membrane is _____ _____.

answer

selectively permeable

question

An action potential occurs when the first part of the axon opens its gates and _____ charged ions rush in, causing that part of the neuron to become ______.

answer

positively; depolarized

question

During the resting pause following an action potential, called the ______ _____, the neuron pumps ______ charged ions back outside the cell.

answer

refractory period; positively

question

To trigger a neural impulse, _____ signals minus _____ signals must exceed a certain intensity called the _____.

answer

excitatory; inhibitory; threshold

question

Increasing a stimulus above the threshold _____ _____ increase the neural impulse's intensity. This phenomenon is called an _____-_____-_____ response.

answer

will not; all in one

question

The strength of a stimulus _____ _____ affect the intensity of a neural impulse.

answer

does not

question

A strong stimulus _____ trigger more neurons to fire.

answer

can

question

The junction between two neurons is called a _____, and the gap is called the _____ _____.

answer

synapse; synaptic gap

question

The synaptic gap was discovered by _____.

answer

Sherrington

question

The chemical messengers that convey information across the gaps between neutrons are called _____. These chemicals bind to receptor sites and unlock tiny channels, allowing electrically charged _____ to enter the neuron.

answer

neurotransmitters; atoms

question

Neurotransmitters influence neurons either by _____ or _____ their readiness to fire.

answer

exciting; inhibiting

question

Excess neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by sending neuron in a process called _____.

answer

reuptake

question

Outline the sequence of reactions that occur when a neural impulse is generated and transmitted from one neuron to another.

answer

1. Electrical impulses (action potentials) travel down a neuron's axis until they reach the synapse. 2. Action potentials reach the axon terminal. stimulating the release of neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters cross the gap and bind to receptors on receiving neurons allowing charged atom to enter and excite or prohibit action. 3. Excess neurotransmitters absorbed by sending neuron.

question

A neurotransmitter that is important in muscle contraction is called _____; it is important in learning and memory.

answer

acetylcholine

question

Naturally occurring opiate-like neurotransmitters that are present in the brain are called _____.

answer

endorphines

question

When the brain is flooded with drugs such as _____ or _____, it may stop producing these neurotransmitters.

answer

heroin; morphine

question

Drugs that produce their effects by mimicking neurotransmitters are called _____.

answer

agonists

question

Drugs that block neurotransmitters' functioning by occupying their _____ _____ are called _____.

answer

receptor site; antagonists

question

Although certain _____ drugs create a temporary "high" by mimicking the endorphins, the poison _____ produces paralysis by blocking the activity of the neurotransmitter ACh.

answer

opiate; Curare

question

Several shy neurons send an inhibitory message to neighboring neuron Joni. At the same time, a larger group of party-going neurons sends Joni excitatory messages. What will Joni do? a. fire, assuming that her threshold has been reached b. not fire, even if her threshold has been reached c. enter a refractory period d. become hyperpolarized

answer

a. fire, assuming that her threshold has been reached

question

I am a relatively fast-acting chemical messenger that influences muscle action, learning, and memory. What am I? a. dopamine b. a hormone c. acetylcholine d. glutamate

answer

c. acetylcholine

question

Since Malcolm has been taking a drug prescribed by his doctor, he no longer enjoys the little pleasures of life, such as eating and drinking. His doctor explains that this is because the drug a. triggers release of dopamine. b. inhibits release of dopamine. c. triggers release of ACh. d. inhibits release of ACh.

answer

b. inhibits release of dopamine.

question

Lolita is feeling depressed for no particular reason. It is possible that she has an undersupply of _____.

answer

serotonin

question

Punjab had lunch at the local Chinese restaurant. Afterward, he suffered a migraine, most likely, caused by an _____ _____ _____.

answer

oversupply of glutamate

question

Taken altogether, the neurons of the body form the ______ ______.

answer

nervous system

question

The brain and spinal cord form the _____ nervous system.

answer

central

question

The neurons that link the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body form the _____ nervous system.

answer

peripheral

question

Axons are bundled into electrical cables called _____, which link the CNS with muscles, glands, and sense organs.

answer

nerves

question

Information arriving in the brain and spinal cord from the body's tissues and sensory receptors travels in _____ neurons

answer

sensory

question

Instructions from the brain and spinal cord are sent to the body's tissues via _____ neurons.

answer

motor

question

The neurons that enable internal communication within the brain and spinal cord are called _____.

answer

interneurons

question

The division of the peripheral nervous system that enables voluntary control of the skeletal muscles is the _____ nervous system.

answer

somatic

question

Involuntary, self-regulating responses-those of the glands and muscles of internal organs-are controlled by the _____ nervous system.

answer

autonomic

question

The body is made ready for action by the _____ division of the autonomic nervous system.

answer

sympathetic

question

The _____ division of he autonomic nervous system produces relaxation.

answer

parasympathetic

question

The brain's neurons cluster into work groups called _____ _____.

answer

neural networks

question

Automatic responses to stimuli, called _____, illustrate the work of the _____ _____.

answer

reflexes; spinal chord

question

Simple pathways such as reflexes are involved in the _____-_____ response and in the _____ reflex.

answer

knee jerk; pain

question

Describe and explain the sequence of physical reactions that occur in the body as an emergency is confronted then passes.

answer

Heartbeat accelerates, blood pressure rises, slow digestion, raise blood sugar and cool with perspiration. Then your heartbeat decreases, lowering your blood sugar and turning other levels back to normal.

question

Beginning with the sensory receptors in the skin, trace the course of a spinal reflex as a person reflexively jerks his or her hand away from an unexpectedly hot burner on a stove.

answer

Neural activity travels (sensory neurons) to spinal cord interneurons. Motor neurons leading to the muscles in your arm cause your hand to jerk back via the simple pain reflex pathway running through your spinal cord and right back out.

question

You are sitting at your desk at home, studying for an exam. No one else is home, but you hear creaking floorboards. You sneak downstairs, only to discover your parents have returned home early. Describe and explain the sequence of physical reactions that occurred in your body as you felt fear and then relief.

answer

My heart races. Body heats from raised levels causing sweat. Stomach clenches up as digestion slows. Then my heart decreases and sweat starts cooling and breathing returns to normal while your body relaxes.

Module 4: Neural and Hormonal Systems – Flashcards

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