question

According to the text, learning involves ________.

answer

a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.

question

Conditioning is the process of __________.

answer

learning associations

question

Last year, Dr. Moritano cleaned Natacha's skin with rubbing alcohol prior to administering each of a series of painful rabies vaccination shots. Which of the following processes accounts for the fact that Natacha currently becomes fearful every time she smells rubbing alcohol?

answer

classical conditioning

question

Months after she was raped, Courtney's heart pounds with fear merely at the sight of the pale where she was attacked. The location of her attack is most likely a _______ for Courtney's anxiety.

answer

conditioned stimulus

question

Which of the following is an unconditioned response?

answer

sweating in hot weather

question

Blinking in response to a puff of air directed to your eye is a __________.

answer

UR

question

A child's learned fear at the sight of a hypodermic needle is a ______________.

answer

conditioned response

question

Rats easily learn to associate nausea-producing radiation treatments with __________.

answer

novel tastes

question

Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food o them. For the dogs, the sight of this person was a ____________.

answer

conditioned stimulus

question

To assess whether Mrs. Webster had Alzheimer's disease, researchers conditioned her to blink in response to a sound that signaled the delivery of a puff of air directed toward her face. In this application of classical conditioning, the sound was a

answer

CS

question

Monica's psychotherapist reminds her so much of her own father that she has many of the same mixed emotional reactions to him that she has to her own dad. Her reactions to her therapist best illustrate the importance of ___________.

answer

generalization

question

Learning is best defined as ___________.

answer

a relatively permanent change in the behavior of an organism due to experience.

question

After watching coverage of the Olympics on television recently, Lynn and Susan have been staging their own "summer games." Which of the following best accounts for their behavior?

answer

observational learning

question

Learning by imitating others' behaviors is called __________ learning. The researcher best known for studying this type of learning is _____________.

answer

observational; Bandura

question

Mirror neurons are found in the brain's __________ and are believed to be the neural basis for ____________.

answer

frontal lobe; observational learning

question

The reduced imitative yawing displayed by people with autism is most directly related to their reduced levels of _________.

answer

mirror neuron activity

question

Rhesus macaque monkeys are more likely to reconcile after a fight if they grow up with forgiving older macaque monkeys. This best illustrates the impact of ____________.

answer

observational learning

question

In promoting observational learning, the most effective models are those that we perceive as ___________.

answer

having any of these characteristics. (similar to ourselves, respected and admired, and successful)

question

Skinner is to shaping as Bandura is to ___________.

answer

modeling

question

We find it harder to frown when viewing a smile than when viewing a frown. This can most clearly be attributed to _____________.

answer

mirror neurons

question

Alex learned to babysit and care for young children effectively by observing the many ways his mother carefully nurtured his own younger siblings. This best illustrates the value of observational learning for promoting ____________.

answer

prosocial behavior

question

Mrs. Ramirez often tells her children that it is important to buckle their seat belts while riding in the car, but she rarely does so herself. Her children will probably learn to ______________.

answer

tell others it is important to use seat belts but rarely use them themselves.

question

Regarding the impact of watching television violence on children, most researchers believe that ___________.

answer

watching violence on television leads to aggressive behavior.

question

Voluntary behaviors that produce rewarding or punishing consequences are called _________.

answer

operant behaviors

question

Laurie's thumbsucking has become habitual because she feels less anxious when she sucks her thumb. This best illustrates the process of ____________.

answer

operant conditioning

question

An event that increases the frequency of the behavior that it follows is a _____________.

answer

reinforcer

question

Any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response is called a _________.

answer

positive reinforcer

question

Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response is called a ______________.

answer

negative reinforcer

question

A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a ______________.

answer

specified number of response have been made.

question

On the first day of class, Professor Wallace tells her geography students that pop quizzes will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester. Clearly, studying for Professor Wallace's surprise quizzes will be reinforced on a ________ schedule.

answer

variable-interval

question

The desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment involves ___________.

answer

extrinsic motivation

question

Revoking the driver's license of a reckless driver is intended to serve as a __________.

answer

negative punishment

question

Paul and Michael sell magazine subscriptions by telephone. Paul is paid $1.00 for every five calls he makes, while Michael is paid $1.00 for every subscription he sells, regardless of the number of calls he makes. Paul's telephoning is reinforced on a ________ schedule, whereas Michael's is reinforced on a ________ schedule.

answer

fixed-ratio; variable-ratio

question

Mason, a stockbroker, runs two miles every day after work because it reduces his level of stress. Mason's running habit is maintained by a ________ reinforcer.

answer

negative

question

To quickly teach dog to roll over on command, you would be best advised to use ____________.

answer

immediate reinforcers rather than delayed reinforcers.

question

Learning that certain events occur together.

answer

associative learning

question

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.

answer

latent learning

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