question

What are some important milestones in psychology's early development?

answer

...

question

how did psychology continue to develop from the 1920's through today?

answer

Psychology continued in the 1920's when psychologists like Watson and later Skinner dismissed the idea of introspection. They believed psychology had to be based on "observable behaviour", because science was rooted in observation. Since we are not able to observe sensation, feeling or thought, we are only able to observe is action/ reaction. The debate continued into the 1960's where many believed that psychology was drive by two forces behaviour and Freudian psychology. Due to conflicting ideologies, this led to a cognitive revolution, which led it back to the field of mental processes by doing this it brought it back to the field of science and understanding the mental processes made them more legitimate topics of science.

question

what is psychology's historic big issue?

answer

historically, psychologies issues is whether human traits are present at birth, or do they develop through experience. But Plato, assumed we inherit character and intelligence and that certain ideas are inborn. Aristotle on the other hand says, there is nothing in the mind that does not first come in from the external world through the sense.

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what are psychology's levels of analysis and related perspectives?

answer

having a tiered level of analysis explain from a biological to a psychological to social cultural fro analyzing any given phenomenon. Adopting this perspective complements the idea that "everything is related to everything else". By integrating a biopsychosocial approach, it offers amore complete picture of any given behaviour or mental process.

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behaviorism

answer

view that psychology should be an objective science, and that studies behaviour without reference to mental process. most only agree with the first

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humanistic psychology

answer

significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of health people

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cognitive neuroscience

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the inter-disciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking memory and language)

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psychology

answer

the science of behaviour and mental processes

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nature-nurture issue

answer

nurture works on what nature endows the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's science sees traits and behaviors a raising from the interaction of nature and nurture

question

natural selection

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this is the process by which nature selects from change variations the traits that best enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment

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levels of analysis

answer

the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-culture, for analyzing any given phenomenon

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bio-psychosocial approach

answer

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social cultural levels of analysis

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basic research

answer

pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

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applied research

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scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

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counseling psychology

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a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living often related to school, work, or marriage, and in achieving greater well-being

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clinical psychology

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studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders, but usually does not provide medical therapy.

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psychiatry

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branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders

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positive psychology

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scientific study of human functioning with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

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community psychology

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works to create social and physical environments that are health for all

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testing effect

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repeated self testing and rehearsal of previously studied material

question

SQ3R

answer

Survey, question, read, retrieve, review

question

what are psychology's main subfields?

answer

describe and explaining behavior and the mind underlying it

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how can psychological principles help you learn and remember?

answer

through cognitive psychology, we can understand the way people perceive, process, and remember information.

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The _________ __________ describes the enhanced memory that results from repeated retrieval (as in self testing) rather than from simple rereading of new information.

answer

testing effect

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biological psychologists

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explore links between brain and mind

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development psychologists

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studying our changing abilities from womb to tomb

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cognitive psychologists

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experiment with how we perceive, think, and solve problems

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personality psychologist

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investigating our persistent traits

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social psychologists

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explore how we view and affect one another

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industrial-organizational psychologists

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use psychology's concepts and methods in workplace to help organizations and companies select and train employees, boost morale and productivity, design products and implement systems.

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neuroscience perspective

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studies brain circuits, and looks at cause and effect

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evolutionary perspective

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analyze's how an emotion may facilitate the survival of our ancestors' gene

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behaviour genetics perspective

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heredity and experience influence our individual differences in temperament

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psychodynamic perspective

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how behavior springs from unconsious drives and conflicts

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behavior

answer

how we learn observable responses

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cognitive

answer

how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information

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social-cultural

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how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures

question

what advantage do we gain by using biopsychosocial approach in studying psychological events

answer

by incorporating different levels of analysis, the biopsychosocial approach can provide a more complete view than any one perspective could offer

question

What is contemporary psychology's position on the nature- nurture debate

answer

psychological events often stem from the interaction of nature and nurture, rather than from either of them acting alone

question

Rene Descartes

answer

believed that some ideas were innate

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Charles Darwin

answer

natural selection shapes behaviours as well as bodies; explained species variation by proposing the process of evolution, which works through the principle of natural selection;

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nature-nurture experiment

answer

works best on identical twins, because they have same genes, they are ideal participants in studies designed to shed light on hereditary and environmental influences on intelligence, personality and other traits- shows importance of both nature and nurture

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mental processes

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are the internal, subjective experiences we infer from behaviour, sensations, perceptions, dreams, thought, beliefs, and feelings

question

from the 1920's through the 1960s the two major forces in psychology

answer

behavior and freudian

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how did the cognitive revolution affect the field of psychology

answer

it recaptured the field's early interest in mental processes and made them legitimate topics for scientific study

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Freudian Psychology

answer

emphasized the ways our unconscious thought processes and our emotional responses to childhood experiences affect our behavior

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Sigmund Freud

answer

personality, and views on unconscious sexual conflicts and the mind's defences against its own wishes and impulses

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Skinner

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rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape behavior

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Carl rogers

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wanted to look at how environment can nurture or limit growth potential, and the importance of having our needs for love and acceptance satisfied

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John Watson

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believed that psychology was the scientific study of observable behavior

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Rosaline Rayner

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looked at science of behaviour, and demonstrated conditioned responses on Little Albert

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Margaret Floy Washburn

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wrote The Animal Mind; first female psychologist

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William James

answer

The Psychology of Principles, focused on introspective examination of the stream of consciousness and of emotion

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Mary Whiton Calkins

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mentored by William James, who is a memory researcher and firs president of APA

question

What event defined the start of the scientific pschology

answer

Scientific psychology began in Germany in 1879 when Wilhelm Wundt opened the first psychology laboratory

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Why did introspection fail as a method for understanding how the mind works?

answer

Peoples self reports varied, depending on experience and the person's intelligence and verbal ability

question

This is used in introspection to defined what the mind makes up

answer

structuralism

question

this focuses on how mental processes enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish

answer

functionalism

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Edward Bradford Titchener

answer

Focused on inner sensation, images, and feelings; minds structure; asked people to report elements of their experience when they looked at a rose or smelled a scent;

question

the science of mental life

answer

James, Wundt, and Titchener

question

biological influences

answer

natural selection of adaptive traits; genetic predisposition responding to environment; brain mechanisms; hormonal influences

question

psychological influences

answer

learned fears and other learned expectations; emotional response; cognitive processing and perceptual interpretations;

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social- cultural influences

answer

presence of others; cultural, societal, and family expectations; peer and other group influences; compelling models (such as in the media);

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greek naturalist and philosopher

answer

Aristotle

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am(2)p(2)le

answer

artistotle, memory, motivation perception, personality learning emotion

question

first psychological laboratory 1879

answer

Wilhelm Wundt

question

student of Wilhelm Wundt

answer

Edward Thiechener

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Thichener

answer

introduced school of structuralism

question

basic elements of using mind

answer

introspection

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introspection method

answer

unreliable

question

William James

answer

philosopher- psychologist

question

William James believed thinking developments

answer

adaptive

question

William james

answer

functionalist

question

functionalist

answer

focused on how mental and behavioral processes enable the organisms to adapt and survive

question

First woman to receive a Ph.D

answer

Maragaret Floy Washburn

question

Second APA president

answer

Margaret Floy Wasburn

question

psychology was redefined in 1920's to 1960

answer

John Watson and B.F. Skinner

question

John Watson and B.F. Skinner

answer

redefined psychology as the science of observable behaviour

question

Freudian psychology

answer

emphasized the ways our unconscious though process and our emotional responses to childhood experiences effect our behaviour

question

freudian psychology and behaviourism

answer

mechanistic

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Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

answer

humanistic psychology

question

humanistic perspective

answer

emphasized growth potential and healthy people

question

1960's

answer

cognitive revolution

question

Meyers

answer

defines psychology as the scientific study of behaviour and mental processes

question

behaviours

answer

actions that can be recorded and observed

question

mental processes

answer

internal subjective experiences we infer from behaviour

question

scientific psychology

answer

asking and answering questions

question

Wilhelm Wundt

answer

does not believe in behaviour

question

Introspection as a research tool, is a technique based on

answer

self examination of mental processes

question

Wilhelm Wundt

answer

based his research on the scientific method

question

Wilhelm Wundt

answer

concerned with self examination of covert thought, feelings and other mental processes.

question

Dharma's term paper on the history of American psychology notes

answer

psychology began as the science of mental life; from the 1920's to the 1960's psychology was defined as the scientific study of observable behaviour; contemporary psychologists study both overt behaviour and covert thoughts;

question

During his presentation on history of psychology, Sanjay notes that Darwin's theory led most directly to the development of the school of

answer

functionalism

question

James

answer

functionalism

question

Titchener

answer

structuralism

question

psychology as an interdisciplinary

answer

biology and philosophy

question

Ivan Pavlov

answer

study of learning

question

Personality theorist

answer

Sigmund Freud

question

Jean Piaget

answer

studied children

question

early psychologist

answer

Ivan Pavlov; Sigmund Freud; Jean Piaget;

question

Number of psychologists

answer

increasing

question

nature and nurture is like

answer

biology and experience

question

Plato

answer

assumed character and intelligence are inherited; nature;

question

Aristotle

answer

all knowledge comes from sensory experience; nurture;

question

John Locke

answer

believed that most knowledge comes through senses; nurture;

question

Rene Descartes

answer

believed that some ideas are innate; nature;

question

philosophical views of John Locke are to those of Rene Descartes

answer

nurture and nature;

question

each person is a complex ________ that is part of a larger _______ and at the same time composed of smaller systems

answer

system; social system;

question

Psychologists have _______ levels of _______: _________, ______________, ____________. Together form an integrated ______ approach to the study of behaviour and mental processes.

answer

three; analysis; biological; psychological; social-cultural; biopsychosocial;

question

Psychologists who study how natural selection influences behaviour tendencies are working form the _____ perspective, whereas those concerned with the relative influences of genes and environment on individual differences are working from the _________ perspective.

answer

evolutionary; behaviour genetics

question

Psychologists who study how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, sensory experiences are working from the _______ perspective

answer

neuroscience

question

Psychologists who believe that behaviour springs from unconscious drives and conflicts are working from the ______ perspective.

answer

psychodynamic

question

psychologists who study the mechanisms by which observable responses are acquired and changed are working from the _____ perspective.

answer

behavioral

question

The _________ perspective explores how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information.

answer

cognitive

question

Psychologists who study how thinking and behaviour vary in different situations are working from _______ perspective

answer

social-cultural

question

The different perspectives on the bigs issues _____ one another

answer

complement

question

Neuroscience

answer

Aristotle (perception, emotion), Wundt

question

Evolutionary

answer

Darwin; Freud

question

Behaviour Genetics

answer

Darwin

question

Psychodynamic

answer

Aristotle (personality), Freud

question

Behavioral

answer

Aristotle (learning), Pavlov, Watson, Skinner

question

Cognitive

answer

Aristotle (memory), Wundt (quantifying mental processes), Piaget

question

Social Cultural

answer

Piaget, Rogers Maslow

question

Professor Gutierrez, who believes that human emotions are best understood as being jointly determined by heredity, learning and the individual's social and cultural context, is evidently a proponent of the

answer

biopsychosocialapproach

question

In concluding her report on the "nature-nurture issue in contemporary psychology," Karen notes that

answer

nurture works on what nature endows

question

Dr.Waung investigates how a person's interpretation of a situation affect his or her reaction. Evidently, Dr. Waung is working from the ______ perspective.

answer

cognitive

question

The psychological perspective that places the MOST emphasis on how observable responses are learned is the _____ perspective.

answer

behavioral

question

During a dinner conversation, a friend says that the cognitive and behavioral perspectives are quite similar. You disagree and point out that the cognitive perspective emphasizes ______ whereas the behavioral perspective emphasizes.

answer

conscious processes; observable responses

question

concerning the major psychological perspectives on behaviour, the text author suggest that

answer

the different perspectives often complement one another; together, they provide a fuller understanding of behaviour than provided by any single perspective.

question

Psychologists may be involved in conducting _______, which builds psychology's knowledge base, or _____

answer

basic research; applied research

question

Psychologists who help people cope with problems in living are called ________ psychologists. Psychologist who study, assess, and treat troubled people are called _____ psychologists.

answer

counselling, clinical

question

Medical doctors who provide psychotherapy and treat physical causes of psychological disorders are called ________.

answer

psychiatrists

question

the subfield of ___________ scientifically explores human strengths and human flourishing

answer

positive psychology

question

Psychologists who work to create healthy social and physical environments are called ____.

answer

community psychologists.

question

Terrence wants to talk to a professional to help him cope with some academic challenges he's facing. he will see a ________.

answer

counselling psychologists

question

Dr.Aswad is studying people's enduring inner traits. Dr. Aswad is most likely _____.

answer

personality psychologist

question

In its earliest days psychology was defined as the

answer

science of mental life

question

who would be most likely to agree with the statement, "psychology should investigate only behaviors that can be observed"?

answer

John Watson

question

Today, psychology is defined as the

answer

science of behaviour and mental processes

question

Who introduced the early school of structuralism?

answer

Edward Titchener

question

Who wrote the early textbook Principles of Psychology?

answer

William James

question

Psychologists who study the degree to which genes influence our personality are working from the ______ perspective.

answer

behavior genetics

question

Which of the following exemplifies the issue of the relative importance of nature and nurture our behaviour?

answer

the issue of the relative influence of biology and experience on behavior

question

The seventeenth century philosopher who believed that the mind is blank at birth and that most knowledge comes through sensory experience is

answer

John Locke

question

Which seventeenth century philosopher believed that some ideas are innate?

answer

Rene Descartes

question

Which psychological perspective emphasizes the interaction of the brain and body in behaviour?

answer

neuroscience

question

A psychologist who explores how Asian and North American definitions of attractiveness differ is working from the ______ perspective

answer

social-cultural

question

A psychologist who conducts experiments solely intended to build psychology's knowledge base is engaged in

answer

basic research

question

Psychologists who study, assess, and treat troubled people are called

answer

clinical psychologists

question

Today, psychology is a discipline that

answer

connects with a diversity of other fields

question

In order the sequence of steps in the SQ3R method is

answer

survey, question, read, retrieve, review

question

Psychologists who study how brain activity is linked to memory, perception, and other though processes are called

answer

cognitive neuroscientists

question

The first psychology laboratory was established by _____ in the year_____.

answer

Wundt; 1879

question

Who would be most likely to agree with the statement "Psychology is the science of mental life"?

answer

Wilhelm Wundt

question

Ivan Pavlov

answer

he pioneered the study of learning, focused on observable behavior

question

John Watson

answer

looked at observable behaviour

question

In psychology, behaviour is best defined as

answer

any action we can observe and record

question

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow are most closely associated with

answer

humanistic psychology

question

In defining psychology, the text notes that psychology is accurately described as a

answer

way of asking and answering questions

question

Two historical roots of psychology are the disciplines of

answer

philosophy and biology

question

The Greek philosopher who believed that intelligence was was inherited was

answer

Plato

question

The way we encode, process, store, and retrieve information is the primary concern of the _____ perspective.

answer

cognitive

question

Which of the following individuals is also a physician?

answer

psychiatrist

question

Dr. Jones' research centers on the relationship between changes in our thinking over the life span and changes in moral reasoning. Dr Jones is mostly likely a

answer

development psychologist

question

Which subfield is most directly concerned with studying human behaviour in the workplace?

answer

industrial-organizational psychology

question

Dr. Ernst explains behaviour in terms of different situations. Dr. Ernst is working from the ______ perspective.

answer

social-cultural

question

Which perspective emphasizes the learning of observable responses?

answer

behavioral

question

A psychologist who studies how worker productively might be increased by changing office layout is engaged in _____ research.

answer

applied research

question

A major principle underlying the SQ3R study method is that

answer

people learn and remember material best when they actively process it.

question

The biopsychosocial approach emphasizes the importance of

answer

different levels of analysis in exploring behaviour and mental processes.

question

neuroscience perspective

answer

how the body and brain create emotions, memories and sensations

question

social cultural perspective

answer

how people differ as products of different environments

question

psychiatry

answer

the medical treatment of psychological disorder

question

clinical psychlogy

answer

the study, assessment, and treatment of troubled people

question

behaviour genetics perspective

answer

how much genes and environment contributes to individual differences

question

behavioral perspective

answer

the mechanisms by which observable responses are acquired and changed

question

industrial organizational psychology

answer

behavior in the workplace

question

cognitive perspective

answer

how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information

question

basic research

answer

adds to psychology's knowledge base

question

applied research

answer

the study of practical problems

question

evolutionary perspective

answer

how natural selection favors traits that promote the perpetuation of one's genes

question

psychodynamic perspective

answer

the disguised effects of unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas

question

positive psychology

answer

the scientific study of the strengths and virtues human functioning

question

community psychology

answer

how people interact with their social environment and how social institutions affect individuals and groups

question

behaviourism

answer

the view that psychology should be an objective science that avoids reference to mental processes.

question

cognitive neuroscience

answer

brain activity linked with perception, thinking, memory, and language

question

Psychology's three main levels of analysis often contradict each other

answer

false

question

the primary research tool of the first psychologists was the experiment

answer

false

question

The subject matter of psychology has changed over the history of the field

answer

true

question

every psychological even is simultaneously a biological event

answer

true

question

today, most psychologists work within the behavioural perspective

answer

false

question

the major perspectives in psychology contradict one another

answer

false

question

Repeated self training and rehearsal promotes better retention than rereading

answer

true

question

over learning hinders

answer

false

question

a major goal of psychology is to teach us how to ask important questions and to think critically as we evaluate competing ideas

answer

true

question

the school of structuralism fell from favor in part because the method of introspection was unreliable.

answer

true

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