question

which term refers to all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating?

answer

cognition

question

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, and people is a(n)

answer

concept

question

A prototype is a

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best example of a particular category

question

In the process of classifying objects, people are especially likely to make use of

answer

prototypes

question

with which of the following statements will people typically agree most quickly?

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A robin is a bird

question

After identifying an ethnically blended face as Asian rather than as Caucasian, Belgian students recalled the face as more closely resembling their ______ of an Asian face.

answer

prototype

question

Eva had difficulty recognizing that sea horse was a fish because it did not resemble her fish.

answer

prototype

question

People are likely to take less time to recognize a women as a nurse than a man as a nurse because a woman more closely resembles their nurse

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prototype

question

Kevin did not know whether the locker room was located down the short hallway to his right or down the long hallway to his left. Crossing his fingers, he decided to try the short hallway. His problem- strategy best illustrates

answer

trial and error

question

An algorithm is a

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methodical step-by-step procedure for solving problems

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A chess-playing computer program that routinely calculates all possible outcomes of all possible game moves best illustrates problem solving by means of

answer

an algorithm

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Simple thinking strategies that allow us to solve problems and make judgments efficiently are called

answer

heuristics

question

The use of heuristics rather than algorithms is most likely to

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save time in arriving at solutions to problems

question

As he attempted to spell the word receive, Tim reminded himself "I before e except after c." Tim's self-reminder best illustrates the use of

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a heuristic

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After spending two hours trying to solve an engineering problem, Amira finally gave up. As she was trying to fall asleep that night, a solution to the problem popped into her head. Amira's experience best illustrates

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insight

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The confirmation bias refers to the tendency to

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overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments

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Because she believes that boys are naughtier than girls, Mrs. Zumpano, second-grade teacher, watches boys more closely than she watches girls for any signs of misbehavior. Mrs. Zumpano's surveillance strategy best illustrates

answer

confirmation bias

question

Business managers are often overly confident of their own hiring ability because they are more likely to monitor the successes of people they hired than achievements of those they rejected. This best illustrates that overconfidence may be facilitated by

answer

confirmation bias

question

Scientists are trained carefully observe and record any research outcomes that are inconsistent with their hypotheses. This practice most directly serves to reduce

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confirmation bias

question

The inability to see a problem from a new perspective is called

answer

a fixation

question

Some people are unable to arrange six matches to form four equilateral triangles because they fail to consider a three-dimensional arrangement. This best illustrates the effects of________ on problem solving

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fixation

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In contrast to our explicit conscious reasoning, our seemingly effortless and automatic feelings or thoughts are called

answer

intuitions

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Our tendency to judge the likelihood of an event on the basis of how readily we can remember instances of its occurrence is called

answer

the availability heuristic

question

Stockbrokers often believe that their own expertise will enable them to select stocks that will outperform the market average. This belief best illustrate

answer

overconfidence

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When Larina started college, she was certain that she would never smoke marijuana. By the end of her freshman year, however, Larina had used this drug on three different occasion. Larina's experience best illustrates

answer

overconfidence

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Weather forecasters typically avoid overconfidence when making weather predictions because they

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promptly receive clear feedback on their accuracy.

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An unwillingness to give up our beliefs even when the evidence proves us wrong is called

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belief perseverance.

question

Research findings suggest that the best advice to give people who want to avoid believe perseverance is

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Consider the opposite

question

The value of making a good first impression when you begin work for a new employer is best underscored by the research on

answer

belief perseverance.

question

In writing survey questions, political pollsters who want to gather evidence of people's support for particular viewpoints are especially likely to understand the impact of

answer

framing

question

Wording a question or presenting an issue in such a way that it evokes a desired judgment is called

answer

framing

question

On Monday, the meteorologist forecast s 20 percent chance of rain, so Sheryl took her umbrella to work, On Friday, he reported an 80 percent chance that it would not rain, so Sheryl left her umbrella a home. Sheryl's behavior illustrates the effect of

answer

framing

question

A $100 coat marked down from $150 can seem like a better deal than the same coat priced regularly at $100. This best illustrates the importance of

answer

framing

question

People are very likely to decide to be organ donors when the default option on their renewable drivers license forms is yes but they can choose to drop out. They are much less likely to decide to be an organ donors if the default option on their license forms is no but they can choose to opt in. This best illustrates the effects of

answer

framing

question

Although intuition can at times hinder rationality, it is often adaptive because it facilitates

answer

quick decisions

question

If a stranger looks like someone who previously harmed or threatened us in some way, we may- without consciously recalling the earlier experience-react warily, This illustrates that our reactions to others may be influenced by

answer

Intuition

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The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas is called

answer

creativity

question

Expanding the number of possible solutions to a problem illustrates

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divergent thinking

question

A person who can imagine many alternative uses of a paper clip best illustrates

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divergent thinking

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Intrinsic motivation is thought to be an important component of

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creativity

question

Kristina, a high school English teacher, is a eager to promote creativity in her writing class students. Which of the following reminders is likely to do the most to accomplish her goal?

answer

"You can produce interesting insights through your writing."

question

Experts would most likely agree that intelligence is a(n)

answer

mental ability to learn from experience.

question

25 year old Alexandra is mentally handicapped and can neither read nor write. However, after hearing lengthy, unfamiliar, and complex musical selections just once, she can reproduce them precisely on the piano. It is likely that Alexandra is

answer

someone with savant syndrome

question

The characteristics of savant syndrome most directly suggest that intelligence is

answer

a diverse set of distinct abilities.

question

In 8 to 10 seconds, memory whiz Kim Peek could read and remember the contents of a book page. Yet, he had little capacity for understanding abstract concepts. Kim's mental capacities best illustrate

answer

savant syndrome

question

Howard Gardner identified a total of______intelligences

answer

8

question

Robert Sternberg distinguished among analytical, practical, and____________ intelligence.

answer

creative

question

The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas is called

answer

creativity

question

Generating multiple possible answers to a problem illustrates

answer

Divergent thinking

question

Intrinsic motivation is thought to be an important component of

answer

creativity

question

When Professor McGuire asks hr students to answer questions in class, she can quickly tell from their facial expressions whether they are happy to participate. Professor McGuire's perceptual skill best illustrates

answer

emotional intelligence

question

The ability to delay immediate pleasures in pursuit of long-range rewards is most clearly a characteristics of

answer

emotional intelligence

question

Although Nicole scored well above average on an academic aptitude test, she frequently loses her temper and and needlessly antagonizes even her best friends. Her behavior best illustrates a low level of

answer

emotional intelligence

question

The concept of emotional intelligence is most likely to be criticized for

answer

extending the definition of intelligence to an overly broad range of skills.

question

Psychologists use_____ to assess individuals mental aptitudes and compare them with those of others

answer

intelligence tests

question

Binet and Simon designed a test of intellectual abilities in order to

answer

identify children likely to have difficulty learning in regular school classes.

question

To determine whether a child's intellectual development was fast or slow, Binet and Simon assessed the child's

answer

mental age

question

To assess mental age, Binet and Simon measured children's

answer

reasoning skills

question

Five-year old Wilbur performs on an intelligence test at a level characteristic of an average 4 year old. Wilbur's mental age is

answer

4

question

For the original of the Stanford-Binet, IQ was defined as

answer

mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100

question

The WAIS consists of separate______subtests

answer

verbal and performance

question

Object assembly, picture arrangement, and block design are three performance substest of the

answer

WAIS

question

If a test is standardized, this means that

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a person's test performance can be compared with that of a representative pretested group

question

The distribution of intelligence test scores in the general population forms a bell-shaped pattern. This pattern is called a

answer

normal curve

question

About______ percent of WAIS scores fall between 85 and 115

answer

68

question

The normal curve would represent the distribution of

answer

American women in terms of their physical heights

question

If test yields consistent results every time it is used, it has a high degree of

answer

reliability

question

Melinda completed the Computer Programming Aptitude Test when she applied for a position with Beta Electronics. Six months later, she took the same test when she applied for a position with another company. The fact that her scores were almost identical on the two occasions suggested that the test has a high degree of

answer

reliability

question

A test that measures or predicts what it is supposed to is said to have a high degree of

answer

validity

question

If a test assesses a representative sample of the behavior it is intended to assess, the test is said to have

answer

content validity

question

If a road test for a driver's licenses adequately samples the tasks a driver routinely faces, the test is said to have

answer

content validity

question

Your psychology professor has announced that the next test will assess your understanding of sensation and perception. When you receive the test, however, you find that very few questions actually relate to these topics. In this instance, you would be most concerned about the________of the test.

answer

content validity

question

Psychologists would calculate the relationship between intelligence test scores and school grades in order to asses the _______ of the intelligence test.

answer

predictive validity

question

An intelligence test score of 70 or below and difficulty adapting to the normal demands of life is most clearly an indication of

answer

intellectual disability

question

Mr. and Mrs. Linkletter are parents of a child with an intellectual disability. It is most likely that their child

answer

will have difficulty adapting to the normal demands of independent adult life

question

Individual with Down Syndrome

answer

are born with an extra chromosome

question

Over the past 50 or so years, children with an intellectual disability have increasingly been likely to

answer

be mainstreamed into regular school classrooms.

question

the similarity between the intelligence test scores of identical twins raised apart is

answer

greater than that between ordinary siblings reared together

question

Which of the following observations provides the best evidence that intelligence test scores are influenced by heredity?

answer

Identical twins reared separately are more similar in their intelligence scores than fraternal twins reared together.

question

Mr. and Mrs. Goldberg can best predict their newborn daughter's future intellectual aptitude by

answer

obtaining information about their own levels of intelligence.

question

Babies in an Iranian orphanage suffered delayed intellectual development due to

answer

a deprived environment.

question

The importance of environmental influences on intelligence is provided by evidence that ? See other side

answer

the intellectual development of neglected children in impoverished environments is often retarded.

question

Sweden and Iceland exhibit little of the gender gap in mathematical abilities found in Turkey and Korea. This best illustrates that mental abilities are

answer

socially influenced.

question

research on differences in intelligence indicates that

answer

racial groups differ in their average intelligence test scores

question

The intelligence test scores of today's better-fed population ________ the scores of the 1930s population.

answer

are higher than

question

everyone would agree that intelligence tests are "biased" in the sense that

answer

test performance is influenced by cultural experiences

question

Experts who defend intelligence tests against the charge of being culturally biased and discriminatory would be most likely to highlight the ________ of intelligence tests.

answer

predictive validity

question

Intelligence tests have effectively reduced discrimination in the sens that they have

answer

provided an objective measure of teaching effectiveness in different public school systems.

question

Motivation is defined by psychologists as

answer

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior toward a goal

question

Psychologists have used four perspectives in their efforts to explain motivation. These include an emphasis on instincts, optimum arousal, a hierarchy of motives, and

answer

drive reduction

question

A complex, unlearned, and fixed pattern of behavior common to all members of a species is called a(n) _____.

answer

instinct

question

An instinctive behavior is one that is

answer

Designed to reduce drives

question

It is characteristic of bears to hibernate. This behavior is an example of

answer

instinct

question

Mr. Porter believes that aggression is an unlearned behavior characteristic of all children. He obviously believes that aggression is a(n):

answer

instinct

question

A need refers to:

answer

a physiological state that usually triggers motivational arousal.

question

Homeostasis, which is the goal of drive reduction, is defined as body's tendency to maintain a constant internal state

answer

the body's tendency to maintain a constant internal state

question

For a hungry person, the consumption of food serves to:

answer

maintain homeostasis.

question

which theory would be most helpful for explaining why people are motivated to watch horror movies?

answer

arousal theory

question

Which theory would be most likely to predict that rats are motivated to explore precisely those areas of an experimental maze where they receive mild electric shocks?

answer

arousal theory

question

The arousal theory of motivation would be most useful for understanding the aversive effects of

answer

boredom

question

The most basic or lowest-level need in Maslow's hierarchy of human motives includes the need for

answer

Religious fulfillment

question

Maslow referred to the needs for purpose and meaning that lie beyond the self as

answer

self-transcendence needs

question

According to Maslow, our need for ____must be met before we are preoccupied with satisfying our need for _____.

answer

adequate clothing;self-esteem

question

On the basis of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, one would be LEAST likely to predict that a

answer

prisoner might choose to die rather than betray his or her country.

question

Financial satisfaction is more strongly predictive of subjective well-being in poor nations than in wealthy ones. This fact would most clearly be anticipated by:

answer

hierarchy of needs theory

question

People become obsessed with water when thirsty and obsessed with food when hungry. This illustrates that activated motives

answer

dominate consciousness.

question

Research on physiological basis of hunger has indicated that:

answer

hunger continues in humans whose cancerous stomachs has been removed

question

In addition to producing anorexic, the hypothalamus monitors levels of the body's other appetite hormones:

answer

hypothalamus

question

a set point is

answer

the specific body weight maintained automatically by most adults over long periods of time.

question

an explanation of motivation in terms of homeostasis is best illustrated by the concept of

answer

set point

question

The level of serotonin in the brain is

answer

increased by a diet high in carbohydrates

question

Anorexia nervosa is typically characterized by

answer

an excessive fear of becoming fat

question

About 8 months ago, 14 year old Shelley went on a drastic weight -loss diet that caused her to drop from 110 to 80 pounds. Although she is now dangerously underweight and under-nourished, she continues to think she looks fat. Her frustrated father recently forced her to eat peanut butter sandwich, but Shelley immediately went to the bathroom and threw it all up. Shelley most clearly suffers from

answer

anorexia nervosa

question

The onset of________ often begins after a dieter has broken diet restrictions and gorged.

answer

Bulimia nervosa

question

22 year old Tawana is slightly overweight and loves to eat, particularly snack food and rich desserts. Fearful of becoming overweight, she frequently takes a laxative following episodes of binge eating. Tawana most clearly suffers from

answer

bulimia nervosa

question

The health risks associated with obesity are generally the greatest for those who carry their excess weight around their

answer

bellies

question

Just passing by a person who sneezes and coughs heightens our perceptions of various health risks. This best illustrates the impact of

answer

The availability heuristic

question

Researchers has linked women's obesity to their risk of late-life

answer

Alzheimer's disease

question

Dean overestimates the proportion of family chores for which he takes sole responsibility because it's easier for him to recall what he has done than to recall what other family member have done. This best illustrates the impact of

answer

The availability heuristic

question

When people's images on a video monitor are widened to make them look fatter, observers perceive them as

answer

less sincere and less friendly

question

A televised image of a starving child had a greater impact on Mr. White's perception of the extensiveness of world hunger than did a statistical chart summarizing the tremendous scope of the problem. This suggests that his assessment of the world hunger problem is influenced by

answer

the availability heuristic

question

In one experiment, professional actors played the role of either normal-weight or overweight job applicants. Research participants willingness to hire the applicants revealed

answer

greater discrimination against overweight women than against overweight men

question

By encouraging people to imagine their homes being destroyed by winds from a hurricane, insurance salespeople are especially successful at selling large homeowners' policies. They are most clearly exploiting the influence of

answer

the availability heuristic

question

Which of the following best accounts for people's greater fear of commercial air flights than of driving an automobile?

answer

perceived control

question

The indelible memories of the 9/11 terrorist tragedy unduly inflated many people's estimates of the risks associated with air travel. This best illustrates the importance of

answer

the availability heuristic

question

we fear to little those events that will claim lives

answer

undramatically

question

The overconfidence phenomenon refers to the tendency to

answer

underestimate the extent to which our beliefs and judgments are erroneous

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