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Imperialism

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A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically.

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Social Darwinism

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The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.

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Berlin Conference

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A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules for the colonization of Africa

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Menelik II

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emperor of Ethiopia (1889),played Italians, French, British against each other-built large arsenal of modern weapons purchased from France and Russia, 1889,signed treaty with Italy-after, discovered differences between wording of treaty in Ethiopian language and Italian,Declared war in 1896-Battle of Adowa

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geopolotics

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foreign policy based on consideration of strategic location/products of lands

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Sepoy Mutiny

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an 1857 rebellion of Hindu and Muslim soldiers against the British in India

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Jewel in the Crown

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the British colony of India--- so called because of its importance in the British empire, both as a supplier of raw materials and as a market for British trade goods

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King Mongkut

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helped Siam modernized -Siam started schools, reformed legal system, reorganized government -Built railroads + telegraph systems + ended slavery

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Emilio Aguinaldo

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leader of Filipino nationalists, claimed U.S. had promised immediate independence after Spanish-American War ended

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annexation

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adding a region to the territory of an existing political unit

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opium war

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War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories. The victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China. (p. 684)

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Extraterritorial rights

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An exemption of foreign residents from the laws of a country.

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sphere of influence

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A foreign region in which a nation has control over trade and other economic activities.

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Open door policy

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proposed China's doors be open to merchants of all nations, the policy protected U.S. trading rights in China and China's freedom from colonization

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Boxer Rebellion

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1900 revolt in China aimed at ending foreign influence in the country

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Treaty of Kanagawa

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1854 treaty between Japan and the US. Japan agreed to open two ports to American ships

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Meiji era

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the period of Japanese history from 1867 to 1912, during which the country was ruled by Emperor Mutsuhito.

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Spanish American War

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In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence

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Benito Juarez

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Native American from Oaxaca, first full blooded man to become ruler of Latin American country, lawyer + governor of Oaxaca-not military leader,1850, voluntary exile during Santa Ana's rule-returned to power in 1858 - elected president in 1860

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Pancho Villa

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Military leader that seized lands of wealthy and redistributed to the poor, Robin hood

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Emiliano Zampata

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military leader form central southern Mexico, raised army against diaz, followers go by land or liberty, murdered 1919

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Militarism

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a policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war

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central powers

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in WWI, nations of Germany and Austria-Hungary, along other nations that fought on their side

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allies

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nations of Great Britain, France, Russia and everyone who fought on their side and soviet Union+U.S.

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western front

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region of northern France where the forces of the Allies and the Central powers battled each other

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Schlieffen Plan

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Germany's military plan at the Outbreak of WWI, according to Which German troops would rapidly defeat France and then move east to attack Russia

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Trench warfare

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form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the Battlefield

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Eastern Front

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region along Germany-Russian border where russians and Serbs battled Germans, Austrians, and Turks

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Total War

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conflict in which the participating countries devote all their resources to the war effort

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rationing

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limiting the amounts of goods people can buy, often imposed by governments during wartime when goods in short supply

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Propaganda

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information or material spread to advance a cause or damage to an opponent's case

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Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

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use of submarines to sink without warning any ship found in an enemy's waters

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armistice

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agreement to stop fighting

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fourteen points

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series of proposals in Which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving lasting peace after WWI

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Self Determination

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freedom where people get to decide what form of government they want to live in

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treaty of versailles

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peace treaty signed by Germany and the Allied powers after WWI

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league of nations

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international association formed after WWI with the goal of keeping peace among nations

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Bolsheviks

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group of revolutionary Russian Marxists who took control of Russia's government in November 1917

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Communist Party

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political party practicing ideas of Karl Marx and Lenin, originally the Russian Bolshevik party

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Totalitarianism

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government control over every aspect of public and private life

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Great Purge

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campaign of terror in Soviet Union where Joseph Stalin sought to eliminate all Communist Party members and other citizens who threatened his power

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Command Economy

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conomic system where the government makes all economic decisions

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Five year plan

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plans outlined by Joseph Stalin in 1928 for the development of the Soviet Union's economy

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collective farm

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large government controlled farm formed by combining many small farms

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Long March

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6,000-mile journey made in 1934-1935 by Chinese communists fleeing from Jiang Jieshi's nationalist forces

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Civil Disobedience

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deliberate and public refusal to obey a law considered unjust

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Salt March

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peaceful protest against the Salt Acts in India which Mohandas Gandhi led his followers on a 240-mile walk to the sea where they made their own salt from evaporated seawater

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Weimar Republic

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republic that was established in Germany in 1919 and ended in 1933

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Great Depression

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severe economic slump that followed the collapse of the U.S stock market in 1929

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Fascism

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political movement that promotes an extreme form of nationalism, a denial of individual rights, and a dictatorial one party rule

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Nazism

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fascist policies of the National Socialist German Workers party based on totalitarianism, a belief in racial superiority, and state control of industry

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Mein Kampf

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"My Struggle"- a book by Adolf Hitler during imprisonment in 1923 in which he set forth his beliefs and goals for Germany

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Lebensraum

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"living space"-the additional territory that Germany needed because it was overcrowded according to Hitler

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Appeasement

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making of concessions to an aggressor in order to avoid war

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Munich Conference

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meeting of representatives from Britain, France, Italy, Germany in which Britain and France agreed to allow Nazi Germany to annex part of Czech in return for Hitler's pledge to respect Czech's new borders

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Axis Powers

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nations of Germany, Italy, and Japan which formed an alliance in 1936 during World War II

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Isolationism

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policy of avoiding political or military involvement with other countries

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Third Reich

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Third German Empire established by Hitler in 1930s

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nonaggression pact

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agreement in which nations promise not to attack one another

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Blitzkrieg

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"lightening war"- form of warfare in which surprise attacks with fast-moving airplanes are followed by massive attacks with infantry forces

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Battle of Britain

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series of battles between German and British air forces, fought over Britain in 1940

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Battle of Midway

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1942 sea an air battle of WWII where American forces defeated Japanese forces in central pacific

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Aryan

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germanic people who formed "master race" to the Nazis

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Holocaust

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mass slaughter of Jews and other civilians carried out by Nazi government of Germany before and during WWII

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Kristallnacht

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"night of broken glass"- November 9, 1938 when Nazi storm troopers attacked Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues throughout Germany

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Final Solution

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Hitler's program of systematically killing the entire Jewish people

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Battle of Stalingrad

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battle of WWII where German forces were defeated in their attempt to capture the city of Stalingrad in the Soviet Union, 1942-1943

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D-day

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June 6, 1944 day where Allies began their invasion of the European mainland during World War II

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Battle of the Bulge

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battle where Allied forces turned back the last major German offensive of World War II, 1944-1945

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Kamikaze

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during World War II Japanese suicide pilots trained to sink Allied ships by crashing bomb-filled planes into them

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Nuremberg Trials

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series of court proceedings held in Nuremberg, Germany, after World War II where Nazi leaders were tried for aggression, violations of the rules of the war, and crimes against humanity

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Demilitarization

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a reduction in the country's ability to wage war, achieved by disbanding its armed forces and prohibiting it from acquiring weapons

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Democratization

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process of creating a government elected by the people

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United Nations

answer

organization intended to protect members against aggression, based in New York

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Iron Curtain

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represented Europe's division into democratic Western Europe + Communist Eastern Europe

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Containment

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blocked Soviet influence + stopped expansion of communism

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Truman Doctrine

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Truman's support for countries that rejected communism

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Marshall Plan

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provided food, machinery, + other materials to rebuild Western Europe

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Cold War

answer

struggle over political differences by means short of military action or war- Between US + USSR

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NATO

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North Atlantic Treaty Organization-defensive military alliance

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Warsaw Pact

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included Soviet Union, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania-Alliance formed by Soviet Union

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Commune

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Larger collective farms

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Red Guards

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militia units during the cultural revolution

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Cultural Revolution

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major uprising- Goal: establish a society of peasants + workers that were all equal

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Ho Chi Minh

answer

Vietnamese nationalist, turned to Communists for help-Indochinese communist party led revolts + strikes against French, Ho sentenced to death

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Vietcong

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Communist guerillas

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Khmer Rouge

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Communist rebels, set up brutal Communist government under leadership of Pol Pot

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Third World

answer

eveloping nations, newly independent who were not aligned with either superpower

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Nonaligned nations

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"third force" of independent countries

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Fidel Castro

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Young lawyer- led revolution over Cuban resentment-Castro= harsh dictator: suspended elections, jailed or executed opponents + tightly controlled press

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Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini

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Leader of religious opposition (Ayatollahs)

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Détente

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policy of lessening Cold War tensions

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Congress Party

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India's national political party

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Muslim League

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Founded in 1906 in India-protected Muslim interest

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Partition

answer

division of India into separate Hindu + Muslim nations

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Jawaharlal Nehru

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India's first prime minister as independent nation

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Ferdinand Marcos

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elected president of Philippines in 1965- country suffered under his rule-imposed authoritarian regime + stole millions of dollars from public treasury

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Corazón Aquino

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challenged Marcos, Aquino won but Marcos refused to acknowledge victory- under presidency, Philippine government ratified new constitution

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Aung San Suu kyi

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daughter of Aung Sun- became active in newly formed naional league of Democracy placed under hous arrest for 6 years by government

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Sukarno

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led effort to establish independent Indonesia-August 1945 proclaimed Indonesia's independence and named himself president

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Suharto

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seized power for himself and began bloodbath in which 500,000-1,000,00 indonesians were killed, officially named president in 1967, turned Indonesia into Police State and imposed frequent periods of martial law

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Negritude movement

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movement to celebrate African culture, heritage + values

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Kwame Nkrumah

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leader of large nonviolent movement, worked to liberate Gold Coast from British-organized strikes, + boycotts and often imprisoned but efforts successful

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Jomo Kenyatta

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leader of Kenyan nationalists-worked hard to unite country's various ethnic and language groups

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Mobuto Sese Seko

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army officer-ruled country and renamed Zaire, maintained control through combination of force, one party rule, gifts to supporters

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PLO

answer

Palestine Liberation Organization-pushed for formation of Palestinian state-Guerilla groups dominated organization + insisted armed struggle only way to achieve goal

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Yasir Arafat

answer

chairman of PLO

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Camp David Accords

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ended 30 years of hostility between Egypt + Israel- became first signed agreement between Israel + Arab country

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Intifada

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"Uprising"

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Oslo Peace Accords

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AKA Declaration of Principles-surprise agreement

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Mujahideen

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holy warriors, Afghan rebels

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PRI

answer

institutional revolutionary party of Mexico

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Martial Law

answer

temporary rule by military authorities over a civilian population, usually imposed in times of war or civil unrest

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Apartheid

answer

South African policy of complete legal separation of the races including the banning of all social contacts between blacks and whites

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Glasnost

answer

Soviet policy of openness to the free flow of ideas and information, introduced in 1985 by Mikhail Gorbachev

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Perestroika

answer

restructuring of the Soviet economy to permit more local decision-making, begun by Gorbachev

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CIS

answer

Commonwealth of Independent States-loose association of former Soviet republics that were formed after the breakup of the Soviet Union

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Shock Therapy

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economic program implemented in Russia by Boris Yeltsin-involving an abrupt shift from a command economy to a free market economy

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Solidarity

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Polish labor union that during the 1980s became the main force of opposition to the Communist party rule in Poland

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Reunification

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bringing together again of things that have been separated like the reuniting of East Germany and West Germany in 1990

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Ethnic Cleansing

answer

policy of murder and other acts of brutality by which Serbs hoped to eliminate Bosnia's Muslim population after the breakup of Yugoslavia

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Four Modernizations

answer

set of goals adopted by Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping in late 20th century involving progress in agriculture, industry, defense, science and technology

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Tiananmen Square

answer

huge public space in Beijing in 1989, the site of a student uprising in support of democratic reforms

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Developed nation

answer

nation with all the facilities needed for the advanced production of manufactured goods

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Emerging nation

answer

nation in which the process of industrialization is not yet complete

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Global Economy

answer

all the financial interactions involving people, businesses, and governments that cross international borders

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Free Trade

answer

commerce between nations without economic restrictions or barriers

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Ozone Layer

answer

layer of Earth's upper atmosphere which protects living things from the sun's damaging ultraviolet rays

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Sustainable growth

answer

economic development that meets people's needs but preserves the environment and conserves resources for future generations

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Green Revolution

answer

20th century attempt to increase food resources worldwide, involving the use of fertilizers and pesticides and the development of disease resistant crops

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Proliferation

answer

growth or spread-especially the spread of nuclear weapons to nations that do not currently have them

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Political dissent

answer

difference of opinion over political issues

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Universal Declaration of Human Rights

answer

1948 statement where the United Nations declared that all human beings have rights to life, liberty, and security

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Gender Inequality

answer

difference between men and women in terms of wealth and status

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Refugees

answer

person who leaves his or her country to move to another to find safety

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Terrorism

answer

he use of force or threats to frighten people or governments to change their policies

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Cyberterrorism

answer

politically motivated attacks on information systems

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Department of Homeland Security

answer

U.S federal agency created in 2002 to coordinate national efforts against terrorism

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USA Patriot Act

answer

antiterrorism bill of 2001 that strengthened governmental rights to detain foreigners suspected of terrorism and prosecute terrorist crimes

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