Modern US History 1- Final Exam Study Guide – Flashcards
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Jamestown
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Englands first permanent colony in america
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Puritans
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English seperalists who built the plymouth and massachusetts bay colonies in america
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Mayflower
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ship the pilgrims used to reach the america near plymouth, massachusetts
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indentured servant
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a person who contracts to come to america to work for a colonist in exchange for their trip
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triangular trade
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three-way trade roue between america, eurape, and africa
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stamp act congress
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delegation of 9 colonies who charged that britain could not tax the colonists without giving colonies representation
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boston massacre
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shooting of protesting colonists by the british army outside the boston customs house
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crispus attucks
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half native-american and half african-american who was the first colonist to die in the boston massacre
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gaspee affair
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british customs ship that siezed and burned by the colonists
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boston tea party
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enraged colonists dumped british tea into the boston harbor in protest of the tea act
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intolerabe acts
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reference by colonists to britains coercive acts and quebec acts
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george washington
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chosen commander oofnthe new continental army
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continental army
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local militia-based army that would proovide defense against british military based aggression
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bunker hill
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early revolutionary battle that gave colonists confidence they could stand up against britain
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thomas jefferson
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drafted a document on colonial independence called, The Decleration Independence
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charles cornwallis
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commander of the british troops in the southern colonies; surrendered at yorktown
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yorktown
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cornwallis surrendered to american troops here on october 19,1781 ending the revolution
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articles of confederation
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loose union of the states under the authority of the congress; first us government
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james madison
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wrote the us constitution to favor a federal system of government
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virginia plan
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proposed plan for the new constitution hich favored the states with large populations
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new jersey plan
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proposed plan to amend the articles of confederation to keep representation equal among states
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roger sherman
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proposed the connecticut compromise, or great compromisefor the new government
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three-fifths compromise
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compromise that allowed slave-holding states to count slaves as 3/5 of a person in calculating the states population for representation
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federalism
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political system in which power is divided between the national and state governments
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seperation of powers
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principle in government where power is divided among all the branches
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checks and balances
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a system in government to prevent any one branch from becoming to powerful
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veto
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power of the president to reject laws passed by the legislature
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amendments
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changes made to the constitution
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bill of rights
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guarantees of fundamental individual rights; first 10 ammendments to the constitution
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enumerated powers
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powers listed in the constitution that belong to the federal government
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reserved powers
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powers not listed in the constitution that are retained tot he states
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concurrent powers
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powers shared by the state and federal governments
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alexander hamilton
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first secretary of the treasury who asked congress to create a national bank
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aliens
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people living in a country who are not citizens
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sedition
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incitement to rebellion
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interposition
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idea that if the federal government did something unconstitutional, the states could stop the illegal action
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nullification
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states that had the right to declare a law passed by the federal government as invalid or unconstitutional
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sacagawea
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shoshone woman who became the guide and interpreter for the lewis and clark expidition
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john marshall
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chief justice off the supreme court who increase the courts power
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impressment
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legalized form of kidnapping that forced people into military service; reason for the war of 1812
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embargo
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government ban on trade with other countries
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tecumseh
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shawnee leader who tried to unite african americans against us expansion
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martin v. hunters lessee
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established the supreme court as the us final court of appeal
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mcculloch v. maryland
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supreme court descision that demonstrated the "necessary and proper" clause
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gibbons v. ogden
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supreme court descision that established the federal government authority takes precedence over the states in interstate commerce
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monroe doctrine
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long-term american policy of trying to prevent european powers from interfering in latin american political affairs
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francis c. lowell
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opened the first textile mills in the us and introduced the country to mass produced cotton cloth
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eli whitney
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inventor of the cotton gin which also poularized interchangeable parts
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samuel morse
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invented the telgraph and a code for sending messages
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tack system
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system in which slaves were given a specific set of jobs every day
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gang system
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systems in which enslaved people s worked in groups that labored from sun up to sun down
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missouri compromise
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aggreement that if missouri was admitted as a slave state then maine would be admitted as a free state to maintain the balance in government representation
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corrupt bargain
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accusation smade by jackson-supportersthat john quincy adams and henry clay made a secret aggrement to win the elction for adamsd and deny jackson the victory; clay would be appoined as secretary of state
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suffrage
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the f=right to vote
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secede
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wiithdraw from the union
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john c. calhoun
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vice president and senator for south carolina who put forth the idea of nullification and secession of=ver slavery
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trail of tears
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the forced march of the remaining cherokee to relocate in oklahoma- thousands died during the march
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abolition
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the immediate ending to slavery
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sojourner truth
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african american former slave who was a leading speaker for the abolitionist movement
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frederick douglas
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african american former slave who was a self-educated and a prominet leader in the abolitionist movement
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william lloyd garrison
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leading abolitionist who founded and edited an abolitionist newspaper called the liberator
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manifest destiny
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idea that god had bestowed the entire continent to the americans to settle
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joseph smith
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mormon leader who was murdered by and angry mob
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stephen f. austin
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led 300 american families to resettle in texas (mexico territory); most successful empresario
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empresario
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american agents who made a deal with mexico to bring american families to settle texas
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benjamin edwards
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led a rebellion in texas to declare the territory a free and independent nation
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santa anna
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mexican president and general who led the assult on texans at the alamo and goliad
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alamo
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abandoned catholic missin in san antonio where texas rebels held up until santa annas forces overran them
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sam houston
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former tennessee governor who became the commander of texas rebel forces in their rebellion against mexico
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william b. travis
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lieutenant colonel in command of the texas rebels at the alamo
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goliad
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small town where mexicos army captured and executed over 300 mexican rebels
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san jacinto
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texan troops under sam houston surprised and routed the mexican army and captured santa anna
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wilmot proviso
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proposal made by david wilmot to exclude slavery from any lands gained from mexico
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secession
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withdrawal from the union
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fugitive slave act
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laws concieved by henry clay that would allow any african american to be captured and accused of being a runaway slave
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underground railroad
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informal system that enabled thousands of african americans to escape slavery
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harriet tubman
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runaway slave who became the most sucessful "conductor" on the underground railroad
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uncle toms cabin
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book written by harriet beecher stowe that changed northern perceptions af african americans and slavery
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kansas-nebraska act
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proposal by stephen douglas to undo th emissouri compromise and create two territories with one allowing slavery and one that would remain free
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dred scott v. sandford
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supreme court ruled against dred scotts lawsuit claiming freedom from slavery by stating that african americans were not citizens and therefore, could not sue in american courts
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john brown
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fervent abolitionist who siezed a federal arsenal at harpers ferry, virginia in a plan to arm local slaves into a rebellion
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abraham lincoln
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republican nominee for the presidential election of 1860 whose platform was that of preservation of the union
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stephen douglas
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democratic nominee for the presidential election of 1860 (against lincoln)
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jefferson davis
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president of the seceding states of the confederate states of america
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habeas corpus
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a persons right not to be imprisoned unless charged and facing trial
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anaconda plan
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union civil war strategy of slowly cutting off the south supplies and resources until surrender
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bull run
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1st major battle of the civil war
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robert e. lee
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commander of confederate forces during the civil war
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emancipation proclamation
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lincolns public announcement of freeing all enslaved persons in states still in rebellion against the union
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vicksburg
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last major confederate stronghold on the mississipi river
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antietam
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bloodiest one-day battle in american history
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gettysburg
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3-day battle that proved to be the turning point in the civil war
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george meade
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union commander at the battle of gettysburg
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william tecumseh sherman
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union general who took control of atlanta before beginning his famous march to the sea
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appomattox
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courthouse site of general lees surrender to general grant ending the civil war
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john wilkes booth
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confederate sympathizer who assassinated president lincoln at fords theatre on april 14, 1865
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reconstruction
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the rebuilding of the south (and the union) after the civil war
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freedmens bureau
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government agency that attempted to feed and clothe refugees in the south using surplus army supplies
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14th ammendment
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constitutional ammendment to override black codes and granting citizenship to all persons born in the us
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15th ammendment
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constitutional amendment that allowed freedmen to take part in governing the south
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carpetbaggers
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name given to northerners who moved to the south after the civil war and supported republican politics
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scalawags
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name given to southerners wbo supported republicans and reconstruction of the south
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tenant farms
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a farmer who works land owned by another and pays rent in either cash or crops
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sharecroppers
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farmer who works the land of for an owner who proviedes equipment and seed in exchange for a share in the crop
