MMG 301 Exam 4 (Final) – Flashcards
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Unlock answers| Adherence |
Colonization of bacterial cells and host cells at a localized site
Adided by factors that are specific to cells of certain tissues: most epithelial |
| Adherence Proteins |
| Bind bacteria to specific host receptors |
| Glycocalyx |
| Aids adherence and biofilm formation |
| Fimbriae and Pili |
| Bind to specific receptors on host cells |
| Lipoteichoic Acid |
| Aid in attachment |
| Invasion |
Entry of the pathogen through the epithelium
Usually occurs through breaks or lesions of the mucosa or skin |
| Colonization and Growth |
| Multiplication and growth of microbes after entry into host tissues that have a suitable environment with proper nutrients: pH, trace minerals, temperature |
| Virulence |
A measure of the ability of an organism to cause disease
Usually determined in animal models |
| Virulence Factor |
A pathogen-produced substance that promotes the establishment and maintenance of disease
Usually a protein, enzyme, adherence factor, or toxin |
| ID50 |
| Infective dose that makes 50% of the population sick |
| LD50 |
| Lethal dose that kills 50% of the population |
| Hyaluronidase |
Breaks down hyaluronic acid in connective tissue
Enzyme that aid invasion/protect bacteria from the immune system |
| Collagenase |
Breaks down collagen in connective tissue
Enzyme that aids invasion/protect bacteria from immune system |
| Coagulase |
Works by causing blood to clot
Prevents access by host immune cells
Enzyme that aids invasion/protect bacteria from the immune system |
| Streptokinase |
Destroys fibrin of blood clots
Enzyme that aids invasion/protect bacteria from immune system |
| Elastase |
Breaks down host cell membrane
Enzyme that aids invasion/protect bacteria from immune system |
| Hemolysins |
Lysis of red blood cells
Also lyse other cell types |
| Staphylcoccus ?-toxin |
Proteins bind to host cell membrane creating a two-way pore
Host cell dies due to loss of cell contents and loss of proton gradient |
| Exotoxins |
Bacterially-produced toxins (proteins or enzymes) that are released from the bacterial cell into the surrounding environment
AKA extracellular toxins |
| A-B Toxin |
Consist of 2 subunits
B binds to host surface
A crosses into cell |
| Enterotoxins |
| Exotoxins that affect the small intestine |
| Botox |
Treatment of Clostridium botulinum: blocks ACh release resulting in flaccid paralysis
|
| Limulus amoebocyte assay |
Assay for endotoxins
Blood cells are extremely sensitive to endotoxins which cause cells to lyse |
| Endogenous Pyrogens |
| Endotoxin stimulates the hose to release to regulate temp |
| Epidemiology |
| The study of the prevalence, incidence, and transmission of diease in human populations |
| Prevalence |
| Fraction or percent of a given populatioin that has a disease |
| Outbreak |
| Sudden increase in cases above normal low levels |
| Incidence |
| Number of cases of a disease within a population |
| Endemic |
| Diease is present at low, constant level |
| Epidemic |
| Disease at higher than normal rate |
| Pandemic |
| Disease spread across continents |
| Common Source Epidemic |
Occurs from a single source
Food/Water |
| Mortality |
Deaths due to disease Total Population of Individuals |
| Morbidity |
Incidence of a disease (fatal/non-fatal) Total population of Individuals |
| Carrier |
| Individuals with asymptomatic or subclinical infections (usually chronic) that can expose others to infectious diseases |
| Reservoirs |
Places or populations where infectious disease is maintained between outbreaks
Can be inanimate or a living organism |
| R0 |
Basic Reproductive Number/Rate
Number of infected individuals that one infected individual generates |
| Zoonosis |
| Disease that occur primarily in animals but can be transmitted to humans |
| Vectors |
Live agents of transmission
Insects, rodents, ticks, fleas, etc |
| Fomites |
Transmission by inanimate, contaminated objects
Ex: toys, bedding, etc |
| Vehicles |
Transmission by nonliving source of pathogens that infect many individuals
Most often food or water |
| Index Case |
First occurrence of a disease in a population
Person having first case also known as "patient zero" |
| Sequelae |
| Follow-up disease |
| Superantigen |
| Elicits a hyper-immune repsonse leading to tissue destruction; 30% fatality rate |
| Pneumonia |
| Invasive lung infections |
| DPT Vaccine |
| Diptheria/Tetanus/Pertussis Vaccines |
| Pseudomembrance |
| Lesion from inflammatory response to localized infections - can restrict the airway |
| Tubercule |
Hypersensitivity immune response forms around infection sites creating nodules
|
| Macrophage |
| Ameboid immune cells - "eat" pathogens |
| Antigenic Shift |
| Segmented RNA genome allows shuffling and mutations of two major antigensthat are on the surface of the virus envelope |
| Ziehl-Neelsen Stain Procedure |
| Acid-Fast Stain |
| Meninges |
| Membrane around spinal cord and brain |
| Direct-Contact Transmission |
| Diseases spread between person to person |
| Abscess |
Englocsed formation of pus-fluid exudate
Acne |
| Otidis Media |
| Inner ear infection |
| Pyogenic |
| Pus-producing |
| Hepatitis |
| General term for inflammation of the liver |
| Opportunistic Pathogen |
An organism that is pathogenic only under certain conditions, but nonpathogenic under normal conditions
A usually harmless microorganism that becomes pathogenic under favorable conditions; often a member of the normal microbial flora |
| Cirrhosis |
| Scarring of liver |
| Chancre |
| Painless ulceratin formed during primary stage of Syphilis |
| Diplococcus |
| Pair of cocci |
| Spirochete |
| Long, helically coiled cells |
| Accidental Hosts |
Organism that harbors or nourishes the other organism (parasite)
Humans are accidental hosts in a zoonotic disease |
| Polymircobial Disease |
| Infections in animals or humans that are induced by multiple bacteria, viruses, fungal, or parasitic organisms, or combinations of these |
| Negri Bodies |
| Inclusion bodies found in the cytoplasm of certain nerve cells containing rabies |
| Aflatoxins |
| Toxic and many are carcinogens |
| GRAS |
Generally Recognized as Safe chemical preservatives by the FDA
Don't cause any notable effects on food |
| Pascalization |
Most all bacteria killed, spres are not killed, requires 50,000-100,000 lbs/sq. in
AKA "Cold Pasteurization" |
| Enterohemorrhagic |
| Cause intestinal bleeding |
| Verotoxin |
Shiga-like toxin
Toxin generated by some strains of E. coli
Results in intestinal hemorrhaging and kidney failure |
| Psychrotolerant |
| Optimal growth at low temps |
| Sludge |
| Solids out of waste water |
| Activated Sludge |
| A mass of aerated precipitated sewage added to untreated sewage to bring about purification decomposition by microorganisms |
| Indicator Microbes |
| Detect fecal wastes in potable and recreational water |
| Fecal Coliforms |
Gram (-) non-sporulating facultative anaerobic rods from the intestine of warm-blooded
Currently most common method of testing for water safety |
| Rotavirus |
| The most common cause of gastroenteritis in children |
| Innate Immunity |
Non-specific
Involves mechanism that work against all potential microbial pathogens
Does NOT rely on previous exposure to a pathogen |
| Adaptive Immunity |
Specific or acquired
The ability to recognize and destroy specific pathogens or their toxic products that results from prior exposure to that pathogen |
| Antigen |
| Any molecule or portion of a molecule that stimulates a response in immune system |
| Phagocyte |
| Amoeba-like cells that play important roles in innate and adaptive immunity |
| Leukocyte |
| All white blood cells |
| Neutrophil |
| The most numerous white cells |
| Macrophage |
| White blood cell that targets foreign material |
| Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns |
| Structures that are part of the cell of many commonly encountered pathogens |
| Memory Cells |
| Remain in bloodstream to provide secondary antibody response to subsequent re-exposure to the same pathogen |
| Pattern Recognition Molecules |
| Recognize encountered pathogens |
| T-Cell Receptors |
T-cell single specific antigen binds here
|
| Natural Immunity |
| Results from exposure to a pathogen |
| Active Immunity |
Vaccination produces a response that provides immunity
For some cases, additional subsequent booster vaccinations provide for longer immunity |
| Passive Immunity |
| No response of the immune system is involved |
| Artifical Immunity |
| Involves human intervention |
| Epithelium |
| Protective barrier |
| Humoral Immunity |
| Antibody-mediated immunity |
| Toxid |
| Exotoxins that have been chemically inactivated but are still antigenic |
| Bacteremia |
| Presence of antibodies to a pathogen |
| Septicemia |
| Severe bacteremia |
| Bacteriuria |
Presence of abnormal pathogens in urine
|
| Purulent |
| Contains pus |
| Selective Medium |
| Contains substance that inhibit growth of certain types of bacteria |
| Differential Medium |
| Includes compounds that allows visualization of certain biochemical pathways and products |
| BSL |
| Biosafety Level |
| Kirby-Bauer test |
Disk diffusion assay
Pure culture spread on plate Disks containing different anitbiotics are place on plate |
| Polyclonal Antibodies |
| Many types of antibodies to many antigens are produced by many B-cells |
| Hybridoma |
A single antibody-producing B-cell fused with an immortal cell line
Produces a single antibody |
| Serology |
| Study of diagnostic in vitro antigen-antibody reactions |
| Epitope |
| Antibodies recognize this and bind to them on proteins |
| Hemagglutination |
Agglutination in blood typing
Uses antigens that are attached to large particles or whole cells to produce visible clumping and aggregation |
| Serotyping |
| Agglutination in bacterial cells |
| Neutralization |
| Biological activity of antigen is blocked |
| Fluorescent Antibodies |
| Chemically modified purified antibodies that recognize specific antigens |
| Direct and Indirect ELISA |
| Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays used to detect antigens or antibodies in clinical specimens |
| Western Blot |
| Transferring proteins from gel to a membrane after protein gel electrophoresis |
| Membrane Filter Assay |
| Clinical samples are treated to release genomic DNA, denature, and then hybridize with a probe tagged with a reporter molecule |
| Oligonucleotide Probe |
| Used to "capture" and rapidly detect pathogen DNA in complex clinical samples |
| Dipstick Assay |
| Uses probe capture; probe has one end of the sequence that hybridizes with the target DNA of the pathogen, and other end is used for subsequent capture and measurement |
