MMG 301 Exam 4 (Final) – Flashcards

115 test answers

Unlock all answers in this set

Unlock answers 115
question
Adherence
answer

Colonization of bacterial cells and host cells at a localized site

 

Adided by factors that are specific to cells of certain tissues: most epithelial

question
Adherence Proteins
answer
Bind bacteria to specific host receptors
question
Glycocalyx
answer
Aids adherence and biofilm formation
question
Fimbriae and Pili
answer
Bind to specific receptors on host cells
question
Lipoteichoic Acid
answer
Aid in attachment
Unlock the answer
question
Invasion
answer

Entry of the pathogen through the epithelium

 

Usually occurs through breaks or lesions of the mucosa or skin

Unlock the answer
question
Colonization and Growth
answer
Multiplication and growth of microbes after entry into host tissues that have a suitable environment with proper nutrients: pH, trace minerals, temperature
Unlock the answer
question
Virulence
answer

A measure of the ability of an organism to cause disease

 

Usually determined in animal models

Unlock the answer
question
Virulence Factor
answer

A pathogen-produced substance that promotes the establishment and maintenance of disease

 

Usually a protein, enzyme, adherence factor, or toxin

Unlock the answer
question
ID50
answer
Infective dose that makes 50% of the population sick
Unlock the answer
question
LD50
answer
Lethal dose that kills 50% of the population
Unlock the answer
question
Hyaluronidase
answer

Breaks down hyaluronic acid in connective tissue

 

Enzyme that aid invasion/protect bacteria from the immune system

Unlock the answer
question
Collagenase
answer

Breaks down collagen in connective tissue

 

Enzyme that aids invasion/protect bacteria from immune system

Unlock the answer
question
Coagulase
answer

Works by causing blood to clot

 

Prevents access by host immune cells

 

Enzyme that aids invasion/protect bacteria from the immune system

Unlock the answer
question
Streptokinase
answer

Destroys fibrin of blood clots

 

Enzyme that aids invasion/protect bacteria from immune system

Unlock the answer
question
Elastase
answer

Breaks down host cell membrane

 

Enzyme that aids invasion/protect bacteria from immune system

Unlock the answer
question
Hemolysins
answer

Lysis of red blood cells

 

Also lyse other cell types

Unlock the answer
question
Staphylcoccus ?-toxin
answer

Proteins bind to host cell membrane creating a two-way pore

 

Host cell dies due to loss of cell contents and loss of proton gradient

Unlock the answer
question
Exotoxins
answer

Bacterially-produced toxins (proteins or enzymes) that are released from the bacterial cell into the surrounding environment

 

AKA extracellular toxins

Unlock the answer
question
A-B Toxin
answer

Consist of 2 subunits

 

B binds to host surface

 

A crosses into cell

Unlock the answer
question
Enterotoxins
answer
Exotoxins that affect the small intestine
Unlock the answer
question
Botox
answer

Treatment of Clostridium botulinum: blocks ACh release resulting in flaccid paralysis

 

 

 

 

Unlock the answer
question
Limulus amoebocyte assay
answer

Assay for endotoxins

 

Blood cells are extremely sensitive to endotoxins which cause cells to lyse

Unlock the answer
question
Endogenous Pyrogens
answer
Endotoxin stimulates the hose to release to regulate temp
Unlock the answer
question
Epidemiology
answer
The study of the prevalence, incidence, and transmission of diease in human populations
Unlock the answer
question
Prevalence
answer
Fraction or percent of a given populatioin that has a disease
Unlock the answer
question
Outbreak
answer
Sudden increase in cases above normal low levels
Unlock the answer
question
Incidence
answer
Number of cases of a disease within a population
Unlock the answer
question
Endemic
answer
Diease is present at low, constant level
Unlock the answer
question
Epidemic
answer
Disease at higher than normal rate
Unlock the answer
question
Pandemic
answer
Disease spread across continents
Unlock the answer
question
Common Source Epidemic
answer

Occurs from a single source

 

Food/Water

Unlock the answer
question
Mortality
answer

Deaths due to disease


Total Population of Individuals

Unlock the answer
question
Morbidity
answer

Incidence of a disease (fatal/non-fatal)


Total population of Individuals

Unlock the answer
question
Carrier
answer
Individuals with asymptomatic or subclinical infections (usually chronic) that can expose others to infectious diseases
Unlock the answer
question
Reservoirs
answer

Places or populations where infectious disease is maintained between outbreaks

 

Can be inanimate or a living organism

Unlock the answer
question
R0
answer

Basic Reproductive Number/Rate

 

Number of infected individuals that one infected individual generates

Unlock the answer
question
Zoonosis
answer
Disease that occur primarily in animals but can be transmitted to humans
Unlock the answer
question
Vectors
answer

Live agents of transmission

 

Insects, rodents, ticks, fleas, etc

Unlock the answer
question
Fomites
answer

Transmission by inanimate, contaminated objects

 

Ex: toys, bedding, etc

Unlock the answer
question
Vehicles
answer

Transmission by nonliving source of pathogens that infect many individuals

 

Most often food or water

Unlock the answer
question
Index Case
answer

First occurrence of a disease in a population

 

Person having first case also known as "patient zero"

Unlock the answer
question
Sequelae
answer
Follow-up disease
Unlock the answer
question
Superantigen
answer
Elicits a hyper-immune repsonse leading to tissue destruction; 30% fatality rate
Unlock the answer
question
Pneumonia
answer
Invasive lung infections
Unlock the answer
question
DPT Vaccine
answer
Diptheria/Tetanus/Pertussis Vaccines
Unlock the answer
question
Pseudomembrance
answer
Lesion from inflammatory response to localized infections - can restrict the airway
Unlock the answer
question
Tubercule
answer

Hypersensitivity immune response forms around infection sites creating nodules

 

 

Unlock the answer
question
Macrophage
answer
Ameboid immune cells - "eat" pathogens
Unlock the answer
question
Antigenic Shift
answer
Segmented RNA genome allows shuffling and mutations of two major antigensthat are on the surface of the virus envelope
Unlock the answer
question
Ziehl-Neelsen Stain Procedure
answer
Acid-Fast Stain
Unlock the answer
question
Meninges
answer
Membrane around spinal cord and brain
Unlock the answer
question
Direct-Contact Transmission
answer
Diseases spread between person to person
Unlock the answer
question
Abscess
answer

Englocsed formation of pus-fluid exudate

 

Acne

Unlock the answer
question
Otidis Media
answer
Inner ear infection
Unlock the answer
question
Pyogenic
answer
Pus-producing
Unlock the answer
question
Hepatitis
answer
General term for inflammation of the liver
Unlock the answer
question
Opportunistic Pathogen
answer

An organism that is pathogenic only under certain conditions, but nonpathogenic under normal conditions

 

A usually harmless microorganism that becomes pathogenic under favorable conditions; often a member of the normal microbial flora

Unlock the answer
question
Cirrhosis
answer
Scarring of liver
Unlock the answer
question
Chancre
answer
Painless ulceratin formed during primary stage of Syphilis
Unlock the answer
question
Diplococcus
answer
Pair of cocci
Unlock the answer
question
Spirochete
answer
Long, helically coiled cells
Unlock the answer
question
Accidental Hosts
answer

Organism that harbors or nourishes the other organism (parasite)

 

Humans are accidental hosts in a zoonotic disease

Unlock the answer
question
Polymircobial Disease
answer
Infections in animals or humans that are induced by multiple bacteria, viruses, fungal, or parasitic organisms, or combinations of these
Unlock the answer
question
Negri Bodies
answer
Inclusion bodies found in the cytoplasm of certain nerve cells containing rabies
Unlock the answer
question
Aflatoxins
answer
Toxic and many are carcinogens
Unlock the answer
question
GRAS
answer

Generally Recognized as Safe chemical preservatives by the FDA

 

Don't cause any notable effects on food

Unlock the answer
question
Pascalization
answer

Most all bacteria killed, spres are not killed, requires 50,000-100,000 lbs/sq. in

 

AKA "Cold Pasteurization"

Unlock the answer
question
Enterohemorrhagic
answer
Cause intestinal bleeding
Unlock the answer
question
Verotoxin
answer

Shiga-like toxin

 

Toxin generated by some strains of E. coli

 

Results in intestinal hemorrhaging and kidney failure

Unlock the answer
question
Psychrotolerant
answer
Optimal growth at low temps
Unlock the answer
question
Sludge
answer
Solids out of waste water
Unlock the answer
question
Activated Sludge
answer
A mass of aerated precipitated sewage added to untreated sewage to bring about purification decomposition by microorganisms
Unlock the answer
question
Indicator Microbes
answer
Detect fecal wastes in potable and recreational water
Unlock the answer
question
Fecal Coliforms
answer

Gram (-) non-sporulating facultative anaerobic rods from the intestine of warm-blooded

 

Currently most common method of testing for water safety

Unlock the answer
question
Rotavirus
answer
The most common cause of gastroenteritis in children
Unlock the answer
question
Innate Immunity
answer

Non-specific

 

Involves mechanism that work against all potential microbial pathogens

 

Does NOT rely on previous exposure to a pathogen

Unlock the answer
question
Adaptive Immunity
answer

Specific or acquired

 

The ability to recognize and destroy specific pathogens or their toxic products that results from prior exposure to that pathogen

Unlock the answer
question
Antigen
answer
Any molecule or portion of a molecule that stimulates a response in immune system
Unlock the answer
question
Phagocyte
answer
Amoeba-like cells that play important roles in innate and adaptive immunity
Unlock the answer
question
Leukocyte
answer
All white blood cells
Unlock the answer
question
Neutrophil
answer
The most numerous white cells
Unlock the answer
question
Macrophage
answer
White blood cell that targets foreign material
Unlock the answer
question
Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns
answer
Structures that are part of the cell of many commonly encountered pathogens
Unlock the answer
question
Memory Cells
answer
Remain in bloodstream to provide secondary antibody response to subsequent re-exposure to the same pathogen
Unlock the answer
question
Pattern Recognition Molecules
answer
Recognize encountered pathogens
Unlock the answer
question
T-Cell Receptors
answer

T-cell single specific antigen binds here

 

Unlock the answer
question
Natural Immunity
answer
Results from exposure to a pathogen
Unlock the answer
question
Active Immunity
answer

Vaccination produces a response that provides immunity

 

For some cases, additional subsequent booster vaccinations provide for longer immunity

Unlock the answer
question
Passive Immunity
answer
No response of the immune system is involved
Unlock the answer
question
Artifical Immunity
answer
Involves human intervention
Unlock the answer
question
Epithelium
answer
Protective barrier
Unlock the answer
question
Humoral Immunity
answer
Antibody-mediated immunity
Unlock the answer
question
Toxid
answer
Exotoxins that have been chemically inactivated but are still antigenic
Unlock the answer
question
Bacteremia
answer
Presence of antibodies to a pathogen
Unlock the answer
question
Septicemia
answer
Severe bacteremia
Unlock the answer
question
Bacteriuria
answer

Presence of abnormal pathogens in urine

 

Unlock the answer
question
Purulent
answer
Contains pus
Unlock the answer
question
Selective Medium
answer
Contains substance that inhibit growth of certain types of bacteria
Unlock the answer
question
Differential Medium
answer
Includes compounds that allows visualization of certain biochemical pathways and products
Unlock the answer
question
BSL
answer
Biosafety Level
Unlock the answer
question
Kirby-Bauer test
answer

Disk diffusion assay

 

Pure culture spread on plate

Disks containing different anitbiotics are place on plate

Unlock the answer
question
Polyclonal Antibodies
answer
Many types of antibodies to many antigens are produced by many B-cells
Unlock the answer
question
Hybridoma
answer

A single antibody-producing B-cell fused with an immortal cell line

 

Produces a single antibody

Unlock the answer
question
Serology
answer
Study of diagnostic in vitro antigen-antibody reactions
Unlock the answer
question
Epitope
answer
Antibodies recognize this and bind to them on proteins
Unlock the answer
question
Hemagglutination
answer

Agglutination in blood typing

 

Uses antigens that are attached to large particles or whole cells to produce visible clumping and aggregation

Unlock the answer
question
Serotyping
answer
Agglutination in bacterial cells
Unlock the answer
question
Neutralization
answer
Biological activity of antigen is blocked
Unlock the answer
question
Fluorescent Antibodies
answer
Chemically modified purified antibodies that recognize specific antigens
Unlock the answer
question
Direct and Indirect ELISA
answer
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays used to detect antigens or antibodies in clinical specimens
Unlock the answer
question
Western Blot
answer
Transferring proteins from gel to a membrane after protein gel electrophoresis
Unlock the answer
question
Membrane Filter Assay
answer
Clinical samples are treated to release genomic DNA, denature, and then hybridize with a probe tagged with a reporter molecule
Unlock the answer
question
Oligonucleotide Probe
answer
Used to "capture" and rapidly detect pathogen DNA in complex clinical samples
Unlock the answer
question
Dipstick Assay
answer
Uses probe capture; probe has one end of the sequence that hybridizes with the target DNA of the pathogen, and other end is used for subsequent capture and measurement
Unlock the answer
Get an explanation on any task
Get unstuck with the help of our AI assistant in seconds
New