MMG 301 Exam 4 (Final) – Flashcards
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Unlock answers 115Lipoteichoic Acid |
Aid in attachment |
Invasion |
Entry of the pathogen through the epithelium
Usually occurs through breaks or lesions of the mucosa or skin |
Colonization and Growth |
Multiplication and growth of microbes after entry into host tissues that have a suitable environment with proper nutrients: pH, trace minerals, temperature |
Virulence |
A measure of the ability of an organism to cause disease
Usually determined in animal models |
Virulence Factor |
A pathogen-produced substance that promotes the establishment and maintenance of disease
Usually a protein, enzyme, adherence factor, or toxin |
ID50 |
Infective dose that makes 50% of the population sick |
LD50 |
Lethal dose that kills 50% of the population |
Hyaluronidase |
Breaks down hyaluronic acid in connective tissue
Enzyme that aid invasion/protect bacteria from the immune system |
Collagenase |
Breaks down collagen in connective tissue
Enzyme that aids invasion/protect bacteria from immune system |
Coagulase |
Works by causing blood to clot
Prevents access by host immune cells
Enzyme that aids invasion/protect bacteria from the immune system |
Streptokinase |
Destroys fibrin of blood clots
Enzyme that aids invasion/protect bacteria from immune system |
Elastase |
Breaks down host cell membrane
Enzyme that aids invasion/protect bacteria from immune system |
Hemolysins |
Lysis of red blood cells
Also lyse other cell types |
Staphylcoccus ?-toxin |
Proteins bind to host cell membrane creating a two-way pore
Host cell dies due to loss of cell contents and loss of proton gradient |
Exotoxins |
Bacterially-produced toxins (proteins or enzymes) that are released from the bacterial cell into the surrounding environment
AKA extracellular toxins |
A-B Toxin |
Consist of 2 subunits
B binds to host surface
A crosses into cell |
Enterotoxins |
Exotoxins that affect the small intestine |
Botox |
Treatment of Clostridium botulinum: blocks ACh release resulting in flaccid paralysis
|
Limulus amoebocyte assay |
Assay for endotoxins
Blood cells are extremely sensitive to endotoxins which cause cells to lyse |
Endogenous Pyrogens |
Endotoxin stimulates the hose to release to regulate temp |
Epidemiology |
The study of the prevalence, incidence, and transmission of diease in human populations |
Prevalence |
Fraction or percent of a given populatioin that has a disease |
Outbreak |
Sudden increase in cases above normal low levels |
Incidence |
Number of cases of a disease within a population |
Endemic |
Diease is present at low, constant level |
Epidemic |
Disease at higher than normal rate |
Pandemic |
Disease spread across continents |
Common Source Epidemic |
Occurs from a single source
Food/Water |
Mortality |
Deaths due to disease Total Population of Individuals |
Morbidity |
Incidence of a disease (fatal/non-fatal) Total population of Individuals |
Carrier |
Individuals with asymptomatic or subclinical infections (usually chronic) that can expose others to infectious diseases |
Reservoirs |
Places or populations where infectious disease is maintained between outbreaks
Can be inanimate or a living organism |
R0 |
Basic Reproductive Number/Rate
Number of infected individuals that one infected individual generates |
Zoonosis |
Disease that occur primarily in animals but can be transmitted to humans |
Vectors |
Live agents of transmission
Insects, rodents, ticks, fleas, etc |
Fomites |
Transmission by inanimate, contaminated objects
Ex: toys, bedding, etc |
Vehicles |
Transmission by nonliving source of pathogens that infect many individuals
Most often food or water |
Index Case |
First occurrence of a disease in a population
Person having first case also known as "patient zero" |
Sequelae |
Follow-up disease |
Superantigen |
Elicits a hyper-immune repsonse leading to tissue destruction; 30% fatality rate |
Pneumonia |
Invasive lung infections |
DPT Vaccine |
Diptheria/Tetanus/Pertussis Vaccines |
Pseudomembrance |
Lesion from inflammatory response to localized infections - can restrict the airway |
Tubercule |
Hypersensitivity immune response forms around infection sites creating nodules
|
Macrophage |
Ameboid immune cells - "eat" pathogens |
Antigenic Shift |
Segmented RNA genome allows shuffling and mutations of two major antigensthat are on the surface of the virus envelope |
Ziehl-Neelsen Stain Procedure |
Acid-Fast Stain |
Meninges |
Membrane around spinal cord and brain |
Direct-Contact Transmission |
Diseases spread between person to person |
Abscess |
Englocsed formation of pus-fluid exudate
Acne |
Otidis Media |
Inner ear infection |
Pyogenic |
Pus-producing |
Hepatitis |
General term for inflammation of the liver |
Opportunistic Pathogen |
An organism that is pathogenic only under certain conditions, but nonpathogenic under normal conditions
A usually harmless microorganism that becomes pathogenic under favorable conditions; often a member of the normal microbial flora |
Cirrhosis |
Scarring of liver |
Chancre |
Painless ulceratin formed during primary stage of Syphilis |
Diplococcus |
Pair of cocci |
Spirochete |
Long, helically coiled cells |
Accidental Hosts |
Organism that harbors or nourishes the other organism (parasite)
Humans are accidental hosts in a zoonotic disease |
Polymircobial Disease |
Infections in animals or humans that are induced by multiple bacteria, viruses, fungal, or parasitic organisms, or combinations of these |
Negri Bodies |
Inclusion bodies found in the cytoplasm of certain nerve cells containing rabies |
Aflatoxins |
Toxic and many are carcinogens |
GRAS |
Generally Recognized as Safe chemical preservatives by the FDA
Don't cause any notable effects on food |
Pascalization |
Most all bacteria killed, spres are not killed, requires 50,000-100,000 lbs/sq. in
AKA "Cold Pasteurization" |
Enterohemorrhagic |
Cause intestinal bleeding |
Verotoxin |
Shiga-like toxin
Toxin generated by some strains of E. coli
Results in intestinal hemorrhaging and kidney failure |
Psychrotolerant |
Optimal growth at low temps |
Sludge |
Solids out of waste water |
Activated Sludge |
A mass of aerated precipitated sewage added to untreated sewage to bring about purification decomposition by microorganisms |
Indicator Microbes |
Detect fecal wastes in potable and recreational water |
Fecal Coliforms |
Gram (-) non-sporulating facultative anaerobic rods from the intestine of warm-blooded
Currently most common method of testing for water safety |
Rotavirus |
The most common cause of gastroenteritis in children |
Innate Immunity |
Non-specific
Involves mechanism that work against all potential microbial pathogens
Does NOT rely on previous exposure to a pathogen |
Adaptive Immunity |
Specific or acquired
The ability to recognize and destroy specific pathogens or their toxic products that results from prior exposure to that pathogen |
Antigen |
Any molecule or portion of a molecule that stimulates a response in immune system |
Phagocyte |
Amoeba-like cells that play important roles in innate and adaptive immunity |
Leukocyte |
All white blood cells |
Neutrophil |
The most numerous white cells |
Macrophage |
White blood cell that targets foreign material |
Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns |
Structures that are part of the cell of many commonly encountered pathogens |
Memory Cells |
Remain in bloodstream to provide secondary antibody response to subsequent re-exposure to the same pathogen |
Pattern Recognition Molecules |
Recognize encountered pathogens |
T-Cell Receptors |
T-cell single specific antigen binds here
|
Natural Immunity |
Results from exposure to a pathogen |
Active Immunity |
Vaccination produces a response that provides immunity
For some cases, additional subsequent booster vaccinations provide for longer immunity |
Passive Immunity |
No response of the immune system is involved |
Artifical Immunity |
Involves human intervention |
Epithelium |
Protective barrier |
Humoral Immunity |
Antibody-mediated immunity |
Toxid |
Exotoxins that have been chemically inactivated but are still antigenic |
Bacteremia |
Presence of antibodies to a pathogen |
Septicemia |
Severe bacteremia |
Bacteriuria |
Presence of abnormal pathogens in urine
|
Purulent |
Contains pus |
Selective Medium |
Contains substance that inhibit growth of certain types of bacteria |
Differential Medium |
Includes compounds that allows visualization of certain biochemical pathways and products |
BSL |
Biosafety Level |
Kirby-Bauer test |
Disk diffusion assay
Pure culture spread on plate Disks containing different anitbiotics are place on plate |
Polyclonal Antibodies |
Many types of antibodies to many antigens are produced by many B-cells |
Hybridoma |
A single antibody-producing B-cell fused with an immortal cell line
Produces a single antibody |
Serology |
Study of diagnostic in vitro antigen-antibody reactions |
Epitope |
Antibodies recognize this and bind to them on proteins |
Hemagglutination |
Agglutination in blood typing
Uses antigens that are attached to large particles or whole cells to produce visible clumping and aggregation |
Serotyping |
Agglutination in bacterial cells |
Neutralization |
Biological activity of antigen is blocked |
Fluorescent Antibodies |
Chemically modified purified antibodies that recognize specific antigens |
Direct and Indirect ELISA |
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays used to detect antigens or antibodies in clinical specimens |
Western Blot |
Transferring proteins from gel to a membrane after protein gel electrophoresis |
Membrane Filter Assay |
Clinical samples are treated to release genomic DNA, denature, and then hybridize with a probe tagged with a reporter molecule |
Oligonucleotide Probe |
Used to "capture" and rapidly detect pathogen DNA in complex clinical samples |
Dipstick Assay |
Uses probe capture; probe has one end of the sequence that hybridizes with the target DNA of the pathogen, and other end is used for subsequent capture and measurement |