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promotional mix

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the combination of one or more communication tools used to (1) Inform prospective buyers (2) persuade them to try it (3) remind them later about benefits they enjoyed

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IMC

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The concept of designing marketing communications programs that coordinate all promotional activities--advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, public relations, and direct marketing-- to provide a consistent.... Integrated Marketing Communications

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Communication

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is the process of conveying a message to others and that requires six elements: A message, a channel of communication, a receiver, and the processes of encoding and decoding

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Source

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May be a company or person who has information to convey

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Message

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the information sent by a source, such as a description of a new cellular telephone

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Channel of communication

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Ex: Salesperson, advertising media, or PR

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Encoding

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the process of having the sender transform an idea into a set symbols

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Decoding

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the process of having the receiver take a set of symbols, the message, and transform the symbols back to an idea.

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field of experience

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A similar understanding and knowledge they apply to message

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feedback

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the sender's interpretation of the response and indicates whether the message was decoded and understood as intended

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feedback loop

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a response and feedback

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Noise

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Extraneous factors that can work against effective communication by distorting a message or the feedback received

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Mass selling

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Advertising, sales, promotion, public relations-- they are used with groups of prospective buyers

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Customized interaction

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in contrast with mass selling, includes face-to-face, telephone, and interactive electronic communication.

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Advertising

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is any paid form of non personal communication about an organization, good, service, or idea by an identified sponsor.

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Advantages to advertising

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Once the message is created, the same message is sent to all receivers in a market segment

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Disadvantages to advertising

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The costs to produce and place a message are significant

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Personal selling

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Consists of the two-way flow of communication between a buyer and seller, often in a face-to-face encounter, designed to influence a person's or group's purchase decision.

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Advantages of personal selling

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A salesperson can control to whom the presentation is made, reducing the amount of wasted coverage

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Disadvantages of personal selling

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THE most expensive of the 5 promotional elements

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Public relations

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is a form of communication management that seeks to influence the feelings, opinions, or beliefs held by customers prospective customers, stockholders, suppliers, employees, and other publics about a company and its products.

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Publicity

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Is a non-personal, indirectly paid presentation of an organization, good, or service

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Sales promotion

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is a short-term inducement of value offered to arouse interest in buying a good or service

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Advantages of sales promotions

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The short term nature often stimulates sales for their duration

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Disadvantages of sales promotions

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Cannot be the sole basis for a campaign because gains are often temporary

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Direct marketing

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a promotion alternative that uses direct communication with consumers to generate a response in the form of an order, a request for info, or visit to a retail outlet

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Advantages of direct marketing

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Can be customized to match the needs of specific target markets (includes face to face selling, direct mail, catalogs)

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Disadvantages of direct marketing

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Consumers have a growing concern about privacy, it can be expensive and time-consuming

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Developing a promotional mix

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Determine the balance of elements, coordinate the promotional effort, assess target audience-- consumer or business

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Introduction stage

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Informs customers to increase their level of awareness

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Growth stage

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To persuade the customers to buy the product

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Maturity

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Maintain existing buyers, remind them of the products existence

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Decline

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Usually a period of phase-out for the product, little money spent on advertising

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Push strategy

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involves directing the promotional mix to channel members to gain their cooperation in ordering and stocking the product

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Pull strategy

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involves directing the promotional mix at ultimate consumers to encourage them to ask the retailer for a product

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Developing the promotion program

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Identify the target audience Specify the objectives See the budget Design and schedule promotion

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Executing the promotion program

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Pre-test the promotion & carry out

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Assessing the promotion program

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Post-test the promotion & make needed changes

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behavioral targeting

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collecting information about your web-browsing behavior to determine the banner and display ads that you will see as you surf the Web

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Hierarchy of effects

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the sequence of stages a prospective buyer goes through from initial awareness of a product to eventual action (either trial or adoption of the product). The stages: awareness, interest, evaluation, trial, and adoption

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Awareness

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The consumers ability to recognize and remember the product or brand name

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Interest

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An increase in the consumers desire to learn about some of the features of the product or brand

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Evaluation

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Consumers appraisal of the product or brand of important attributes

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Trial

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the consumers actual first purchase and use of the product or brand

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Adoption

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The consumers repeated purchase and use of the product or brand

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Percentage of sales budgeting

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the amount of money spent on promotion is a percentage of past or anticipated sales

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Competitive parity budgeting

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matches the competitor's absolute level of spending or the proportion per point of market share

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All you can afford budgeting

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allows money to be spent on promotion only after all other budget items—such as manufacturing costs—are covered

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Objective and task budgeting

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(1) determines its promotion objectives, (2) outlines the tasks to accomplish those objectives, and (3) determines the promotion cost of performing those tasks.

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Promotion-to-sales ratio

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(Total promotion expenditure/total sales) X 100

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five basic IMC tools

answer

advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, public relations, and direct marketing

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Designing the Promotion

answer

The design will play a primary role in determining the message that is communicated to the audience. Successful designs are often the result of insight regarding consumers' interests and purchasing behavior

question

Scheduling the Promotion

answer

Determines the most effective timing of their use. Describes the order in which each promotional tool is introduced and the frequency of its use during the campaign. Overall, the scheduling of the various promotions was designed to generate interest, bring consumers into theaters, and then encourage additional purchases

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Executing and assessing the promotion program

answer

Consists of pretesting, posttesting, and IMC audit

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Pretesting

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the ideal execution of a promotion program involves _______ each design before it is actually used to allow for changes and modifications that improve its effectiveness

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Postesting

answer

________ is recommended to evaluate the impact of each promotion and the contribution of the promotion toward achieving the program objectives

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IMC audit

answer

A tool used to evaluate a company's current process. It analyzes the *internal communication network* of the company; identifies *key audiences*; evaluates *customer databases*; assesses *messages in recent advertising*, public relations releases, packaging, websites, e-mail communication, signage, sales promotions, and direct mail

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Direct orders

answer

is the result of direct marketing offers that contain all the information necessary for a prospective buyer to make a decision to purchase and complete the transaction

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The *growth* of direct marketing

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The increasing interest in customer relationship management has reflected dramatic growth, E-mail is the most popular form of DM but most campaigns use several methods

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The *value* of direct marketing

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One of the most visible indicators is its level of use. Also provides excellent customer service. (Ex: Toll-free telephone numbers, customer service representatives with access to information regarding purchasing preferences, overnight delivery services)

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Lead generation

answer

the result of a direct marketing offer designed to generate interest in a product or service and a request for additional information

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Traffic generation

answer

is the outcome of direct marketing offer designed to motivate people to visit a business

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What are the six elements required for communication to occur?

answer

a source, a message, a channel of communication, a receiver, and the processes of encoding and decoding

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A difficulty for U.S. companies advertising in international markets is that the audience does not share the same _________.

answer

field of experience

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A misprint in a newspaper ad is an example of ________.

answer

Noise

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Explain the difference between advertising and publicity when both appear on television.

answer

Since advertising space on TV is paid for, a firm can control what it wants to say and to whom and how often the message is sent over a broadcast, cable, satellite, or local TV network. Since publicity is an indirectly paid presentation of a message about a firm or its products or services, the firm has little control over what is said to whom or when. Instead, it can only suggest to the TV medium that it run a favorable story on the firm or its offerings.

question

Cost per contact is high with the element of the promotional mix.

answer

personal selling

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Which promotional element should be offered only on a short-term basis?

answer

sales promotion

question

Promotional programs can be directed to ________ , _________ , or both.

answer

the ultimate consumer; an intermediary (retailer, wholesaler, or industrial distributor)

question

Describe the promotional objective for each stage of the product life cycle.

answer

Introduction—to inform; Growth—to persuade; Maturity—to remind; and Decline—to phase out.

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What are the stages of the hierarchy of effects?

answer

The five stages of the hierarchy of effects are awareness, interest, evaluation, trial, and adoption.

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What are the four approaches to setting the promotion budget?

answer

They are percentage of sales, competitive parity, all you can afford, and objective and task.

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How have advertising agencies changed to facilitate the use of IMC programs?

answer

Some agencies have adopted: (1) a total communications solutions approach that includes all forms of promotion; (2) an IMC audit to analyze the internal communication network of their clients; and (3) the use of both pretesting and posttesting to improve the effectiveness of IMC programs.

question

The ability to design and use direct marketing programs has increased with the availability of _________ and ________.

answer

customer information databases; new printing technologies

question

What are the three types of responses generated by direct marketing activities?

answer

They are direct orders, lead generation, and traffic generation.

question

Communication refers to

answer

the process of conveying a message to others that requires six elements—a source, a message, a channel of communication, a receiver, and the processes of encoding and decoding.

question

Encoding refers to

answer

the process of having the sender transform an idea into a set of symbols during the communication process.

question

Which of the following is an inherent weakness of advertising?

answer

it is difficult to receive good feedback

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Special events, lobbying efforts, and press conferences are examples of __________ tools.

answer

public relations

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At which stage in the product life cycle would the promotional objective be to persuade consumers to buy the product from the firm rather than competitors?

answer

growth stage

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What is the promotional objective of the decline stage of the product life cycle?

answer

phase out

question

During the planning stage of an IMC program, a firm will identify the target audience, specify the advertising objectives, __________, select the right promotional tools, and design the promotion.

answer

set the budget

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The first decision in executing the promotion program is to __________.

answer

pretest the promotion

question

After reading the daily newspaper, the restaurant owner of Zefferelli's Tower of Pizza said, "I see that the owner of Fellini's House of Noodles ran a quarter-page ad in today's paper. We'll have to match his spending by running our own ad the day after tomorrow." Based on this statement, what promotional budgeting technique is the Zefferelli's restaurant owner most likely using?

answer

competitive parity budgeting

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Which of the following statements regarding direct marketing is most accurate?

answer

Many customers believe direct marketing saves time, is entertaining, and offers privacy.

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Percentage of sales budgeting refers to

answer

allocating funds to promotion as a percentage of past or anticipated sales, in terms of either dollars or units sold.

question

Pharmaceutical companies now spend more than $5 billion annually on __________ prescription drug advertising, to complement traditional personal selling and free samples directed only at doctors.

answer

direct to consumer

question

Public relations refers to:

answer

a form of communication management that seeks to influence the feelings, opinions, or beliefs held by customers, prospective customers, stockholders, suppliers, employees, and other publics about a company and its products or services

question

New Balance recently spent $13 million for time on television and space in selected magazines to promote its athletic shoes. What form of marketing communication did it use?

answer

advertising

question

Advertising, personal selling, public relations, sales promotion, and direct marketing are marketing communications alternatives that make up a firm's _________.

answer

promotional elements

question

In the feedback loop, feedback refers to

answer

the sender's interpretation of the response which indicates whether the message was decoded and understood as intended.

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A message is conveyed by means of an_____such as a salesperson, advertising media, or public relations tools.

answer

Channel of Communication

question

The offer of one free pizza with the purchase of two pizzas at the regular price might appeal to you. This type of incentive offer is an example of __________.

answer

consumer-oriented sales promotion

question

Which of the following in an inherent weakness of personal selling?

answer

messages may differ between salespeople

question

The first decision in developing the promotion program is to _________. The first decision in developing the promotion program is to _________.

answer

identify the target audience

question

In the hierarchy of effects, evaluation refers to

answer

the consumer's appraisal of the product or brand on important attributes

question

The result of organizations' efforts to create profiles of customers so that direct marketing tools, such as e-mail and catalogs, can be directed at specific customers are referred to as

answer

databases

question

Consumers are often concerned that some marketing efforts are invading their privacy. While this is a legitimate concern to consumers, the explanation by many marketers is

answer

the collection of data from businesses where customers have shopped allows the marketer to satisfy their customer's needs more effectively by customizing programs specifically for that consumer.

question

Direct marketing faces several challenges and opportunities in global markets. Several countries such as Italy and Denmark, for example, have requirements for mandatory "opt-in"-that is

answer

potential customers must give permission to include their name on a list for direct marketing solicitations.

question

Pauline received a postcard from a local antique mall. The card invited her to attend an invitation-only open house at the mall and receive a 10 percent discount on her first purchase that day. The antique mall was using the postcard for _________.

answer

Traffic generation

question

A paid advertisement for the Texas Department of Economic Development, Tourism Division invited readers of a magazine to mail in a postage-paid reply card that was included with the ad, visit the state's website, or use a toll-free number to request more information about vacation destinations in Texas. The primary purpose of this ad was as a(n) _________.

answer

lead generator

question

The result of an offer designed to generate interest in a product or service, and a request for additional information is referred to as _________.

answer

lead generation

question

The two general approaches to managing unsolicited e-mail are _________.

answer

opt-in and opt-out

question

Chrysler Corporation provides support and incentives for 2,390 Chrysler and Jeep dealers. Through a multi-level program, Chrysler provides incentives to reward dealers for meeting sales goals. Dealers receive an incentive when they are near a goal, another when they reach a goal, and a larger incentive if they exceed sales projections. All of these actions are intended to encourage Chrysler dealers to __________ the Chrysler products through the channel to consumers.

answer

push

question

Directing the promotional mix at ultimate consumers to encourage them to ask retailers for the product, is referred to as a(n) _________.

answer

pull strategy

question

Many prescription drugs such as Lipitor and Zocor now have their own websites to encourage patients to learn more about the drugs and ask for them by name from the doctor. The manufacturers of these drugs are using a(n) __________ promotional strategy.

answer

pull

question

During the planning stage of an IMC program a firm will identify the target audience, _________, set the budget, select the right promotional tools, and design the promotion.

answer

specify the advertising objectives

question

During the planning stage of an IMC program a firm will identify the target audience, specify the advertising objectives, set the budget, _________, and design the promotion.

answer

select the right promotional tools

question

During the planning stage of an IMC program a firm will identify the target audience, specify the advertising objectives, set the budget, select the right promotional tools, and _________.

answer

design the promotion

question

Hierarchy of effects refers to

answer

the sequence of stages a prospective buyer goes through from initial awareness of a product to eventual action (either trial or adoption of the product). The stages include awareness, interest, evaluation, trial, and adoption.

question

In the hierarchy of effects, awareness is defined as

answer

the consumer's ability to recognize and remember the product or brand name.

question

Promotion objectives should possess three important qualities. They should be designed for a well- defined target audience, be measurable, and _________

answer

cover a specified time period.

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