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secondary storage/storage medium

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The physical material in which a computer keeps data, information, programs, and applications. Examples of storage media include internal hard disk, external hard disk, solid-state drives (SSDs), memory cars, USB flash drives, optical disc on the network attach storage devices, magnetic Stripe cards, smart cards, RFID tags, and microfilm. Cloud storage is another storage option, in which the actual online storage media used is transparent to the user.

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Storage device

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The hardware that records and/or retrieve items to and from storage media

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writing

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The process of transferring data, instructions, and information from memory to a storage medium. when storage devices right on storage media, they are creating output

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Reading

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The process of transferring these items from storage medium into memory. When storage devices read from storage media date function as a source of input.

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capacity

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The number of bytes (characters) storage medium can hold.

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kilobyte (KB)

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1000 bytes

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megabyte (MB)

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1 million bytes

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gigabyte (GB)

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1 billion bytes

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terabyte (TB)

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1 trillion bytes

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petabyte (PB)

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1 quadrillion bites

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access time

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measures (one) the amount of time it takes a storage device to locate an item on a storage medium or (two) the time required to deliver item from memory to the processor. The excess time of storage devices is slow, compared with the axis time of memory.memory excesses items and nano seconds compared to storage devices accessing items in microseconds

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transfer rate

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The speed with which data, instructions, and information transfer to and from a device. Transfer rates for storage are stated in kilobytes per second (KBps), megabytes per second (MBps), and gigabytes per second (GBps)

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hard disk/Hard disk drive (HDD)

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A storage device that contains one or more in flexible, circular platters that use magnetic particles to store data, instructions, and information.depending on how the magnetic particles are aligned, they represent either a 0 bit or a 1 bit

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fixed disk

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a hard disk that is mounted inside the computers caseis sometimes called this because it is not portable.

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platter

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made of aluminum, glass, or ceramic and has a thing coating of alloy material that allows items to be recorded magnetically on its surface

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longitudinal recording

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Aligns magnetic particles horizontally around the surface of the disk

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perpendicular recording

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aligns the magnetic particles vertically or perpendicular to the disk's surface, Making much greater storage capacities possible.

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density

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The number of bits in an area on a storage medium. A higher density means more storage capacity

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formatting

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The process of dividing the disk into tracks in sectors so that the operating system can store in locate data and information on the disc.

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track

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A narrow recording band that forms a full circle on the surface of the disk

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sectors

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The disc's stores locations consist of which type in shape sections, which break the tracks and a small arcs called sectors. On a hard disk, a sector typically stores up to 512 bytes of data. Sometimes, a sector has a flaw and cannot store data.when you format a disc. The operating system marks these bad sectors as unusable.

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read/write head

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The mechanism that reads items and writes items in the drive as it barely touches the disc' S recording surface. A head actuator on the hard disk attaches to arms that moves the read/writehead to the proper location on the platter.

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revolutions per minute (rpm)

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the spin speed of the disc

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disk cache/buffer

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consists of a memory chip up (S) on a hard disk that stores frequently excess data, instructions, and information. Disc cache and memory cache work in a similar fashion.

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RAID (redundant array of independent disks)

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A group of two or more integrated hard discs. It isan ideal storage solution in situations where uninterrupted access to the data is critical.

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external hard disc

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A separate freestanding storage device that can connect with a cable to a USB port or other port on a computer or mobile device.

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solid-state media

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Flash memory chips are a type of solid-state media, which means they consist entirely of electronic components, such as integrated circuits, and contain no moving parts. The lack of moving parts makes flash memory storage more durable and shock resistant than other types of media, such as magnetic hard disks or optical discs.

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SSD (solid-State Drive)

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A flash memory storage device that contained on processor to manage it storage.

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memory card

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A removable flash memory storage device, usually no bigger than 1.5 inches in height or width, that you insert in and remove from a slot and a computer, mobile device, or card reader/writer

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CF

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CompactFlash - type of memory card

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SDHC

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Secure Digital high-capacity - type of memory card

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SDXC

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Secure Digital expanded capacity - type of memory card

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miniSD

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type of memory card

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microSD

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type of memory card

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microSDHC

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type of memory card

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microSDXC

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memory card

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xD Picture card

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type of memory card

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memory stick PRO duo

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type of memory card

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M2

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memory stick micro - type of memory card

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card reader/writer

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A device that reads from and right on memory cards. They usually connected to the USB port on the computer. The type of car determines the type of card reader/writer needed. Some accept multiple types of cards; others accept one type.

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cloud storage

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and Internet service that provides storage to computer or mobile device users

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USB flash drive/thumb drive

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A flash memory storage device that plugs into a USB port on a computer or mobile device. USB flash drives are convenient for mobile users because they are small and lightweight enough to be transported on a keychain or in a pocket. With a USB flash drive, users easily transfer documents, photos, music, and videos from one computer to another.

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optical disc

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A type of storage medium that consist of a flat, round, portable disc made of metal, plastic, and lacquer that is written and read by a laser. Optical disc used in computers typically are 4.75 inches in diameter and less than one-twentieth of an inch thick. three widely used touch of optical discs are CDs (compact disc), DVDs (digital versatile distance and sometimes digital video disc), and Blu-ray discs.

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mini disc

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and optical disc that game consuls and mobile devices may use that has a diameter of 3 inches or less; mini discs are also work in standard sized optical disc drive.

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LightScribe technology

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A technology that some drives use that enables it to etch labels directly on especially coded disks (as opposed to placing an adhesive label on the disk)

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CD-ROM (CD-read-only memory)

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A type of optical disc that users can read but not right on(Record) or erase - hence, the name re-only.

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single-session disc

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A standard CD ROM is called a single-session disk because manufactures right all items on the disc at one time.

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Photo CD

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refers to CDs that contain only photos

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CD-R (CD-recordable)

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and optical disc on which users can write once, but not a race, their own items, such as text, graphics, and audio.

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WORM (write once, read many)

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another name for a CD-R since it can only be written on only one time

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Multisession

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some CD-R's are multi session, which means you can write on part of the disc at one time in another part at a later time - if the disc has free space

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CD-RW (CD-rewritable)

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an erasable multisession disc users can write on multiple times. CD-RW overcomes the major disadvantage of CD-R because it allows users to write and rewrite data, instructions, and information on the CD-RW disc multiple times - instead of just once. Reliability of the disc tends to drop, however, with each successive rewrite

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blu-ray

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A more expensive DVD format which has a higher capacity and better quality than standard DVDs, especially for high-definition audio and video.

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DVD ROM (DVD-read-only memory)

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A high-capacity optical disc that users can read but not right on or he race. DVD ROM's store movies, music, music videos, huge databases, and complex software

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DVD-R and DVD+R

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these are competing DVD-recordable WORM formats, on which users can write wants but not a race their own items, including video, audio, photos, graphics, and text.

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DVD-RW, DVD+RW, and DVD+RAM

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these are competing DVD-rewritable formats that users can write on multiple times

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backup plan

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specifies a regular schedule for copying and storing important data, information, apps, and programs.

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Full backup/archival backup

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provides the best protection against data loss because it copies all program in data files. Generally, user should perform a full back up at regular intervals, such as at the end of each week and at the end of the month.

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differential backup

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copies only the files that have changed since the last full backup

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incremental backup

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copies only the Fossett of change since the last full or last incremental backup

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selective backup/partial backup

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allows the user to choose specific files to back up, regardless of whether or not the files have changed since the last incremental backup.

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backup software

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enables you to schedule backups, select the appropriate backup type, and choose the storage media for the backup.

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redundancy

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Enterprise hardware often includes levels of redundancy, which means that if one component fails or malfunctions, another camp assume it's tasks

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outsourcing

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A practice where organizations elect to all-load all (or at least a back up) storage management to an outside organization or cloud storage provider

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Fibre Channel (FC) technology

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Enterprise storage often uses FC technology as the interface that connects the device to the network because FC technology has much faster transmission rate SCSI and other previously discussed interfaces

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level 1/mirroring

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The simplest RAID storage design which writes data onto disks at the same time to duplicate the data. A level one configuration enhances storage for liability because, if the disc suit fail, a duplicate of the requested item is available elsewhere within the array of disks.

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striping

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other RAID levels use a technique called striping, which splits data, instructions, and information across multiple discs in the array. Striping improves disk access time, but does not offer data duplication. For this reason, some RAID levels combine both mirroring and striping.

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network attach storage (NAS)

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hey server that is placed on a network with the sole purpose of providing storage to users, computers, and devices attached to the network.

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Storage appliance (also called a network attached storage server)

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has its own IP address, usually does not have a keyboard or display, and contains at least one hard disk, often configured in a RAID. Administrators quickly can add storage to an existing network by connecting a network attached storage server to a network.

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Storage area network (SAN)

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A high-speed network with the sole purpose of providing storage to other attach servers. In fact, a storage area network includes only storage devices. High-speed fiber-optic cable usually connects other networks and servers to the storage area network, so that the networks and servers have fast access to large storage capacities. A storage area network and connect to network's and other servers that are miles awayusing high-speed network connections.

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Tape

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A magnetically coated ribbon of plastic that is capable of storing large amounts of data and information at a low cost. Tape no longer is used as a primary method of storage. Instead, businesses use tape most often for long-term storage and backup.

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tape drive

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reads from and writes on a magnetic tape.

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tape cartridge

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A small, rectangular, plastic housing for tape.

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tape library

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Enterprise is often use a tape library, we're individual take cartridges are mounted in a separate cabinet.

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magnetic stripe card

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A credit card, entertainment card, bankcard, or other similar card with a strike that contains information identifying you in the card. The card issuer, such as financial organization, encode information in the stripe. The information in this tripod includes your name, account number, and the card's expiration date.

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Smart card

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and alternative to a magnetic stripe cards, stores data on integrated circuit embedded in the card. Two types of smart cards are content and contactless. when you insert a contact smart card and a specialized card reader, the information on the smart card is read and, if necessary, updated. Contactless Smartcards communicate with a reader using a radio frequency, which means the user simply places the car near the reader.

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RFID tag

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consists of an antenna and a memory chip that contains the information to be transmitted via radio waves.

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microfilm

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a 100 to 215 foot roll of film that stores microscopic images of documents

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microfiche

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A small sheet of film, it usually about 4 x 6"that stores microscopic images of documents

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Computer output microfilm recorder

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The device that records the images on the microfilm film. The stored images are so small that you can read them only with the microfilm or microfiche reader.

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jewel case

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protective case for an optical disc

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EIDE (enhanced integrated Drive electronics)

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and interface that uses parallel signals to transfer data, instructions, and information. EIDE interfaces provide connections for hard disks, RAID, SSDs,optical disc drives, and tape drives.

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SCSI (small computer system interface)

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uses parallel signals, but can support up to eight or 15 peripheral devices. Supported devices include hard disks, RAID, SSDs, optical disk drive, tape drives, printers, scanners, network cards, and more.

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SAS (serial-attached SCSI)

answer

A type of SCSI that uses cereal signals to transfer data, instructions, And information. Advantages of SAS over parallel SCSI include dinner, longer cables; reduced interface any: lower cost; support for many more connected devices at once; and faster speeds. SAS interfaces support connections to hard disks, RAID, SSDs, optical disk drive, printers, scanners, digital cameras, and other devices.

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SATA (serial advanced technology attachment)

answer

uses cereal signals to transfer data, instructions, and information. The primary advantage of SATA interfaces is there cables are thinner, longer, more flexible, and less susceptible to interference than cables that use parallel signals. SATA interfaces support connections to hard disk, RAID, SSDs, and optical drive disk drives.

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eSATA (external SATA)

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external drives can use the eSATA interface which is much faster than USB

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geotag

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graphical data that can pinpoint the location on a map where a photo was taken

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head crash

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occurs when a read/write head touches the surface of the plater, usually resulting in a loss of data or sometimes loss of the entire disk.

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Burning

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The process of writing on it optical disc

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ripping

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The process of copying audio and/or video data from a purchase disc in saving it on your own media

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controller

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previously called a disk controller, it consists of a special-purpose chip in electronic circuits that control the transfer of data, instructions data, information from a drive to and from the system bus and other components in the computer. The controller may be part of a drive, maybe on the motherboard, or maybe a separate adapter card inside the computer.

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sequential access

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refers to reading or writing data consecutively.

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Direct access (also called random access)

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means that the device can locate a particular data item or file immediately, without having to move consecutively through items stored in front of the desired date item or fall. When writing or reading specific data, direct access is much faster than sequential access.

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DVD/CD-RW drives

answer

comibination drives that read and write on DVD and CD media. Current conputers that include optical drives often use these combination drives.

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internal hard drive

answer

these term is used to refer collectively to hard disks and SSDs inside a computer.

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external hard drive

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this term may be used her for globally to external hard disk and external SSDs

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Sarbanes-Oxley Act

answer

full scope on page 364 "Ehtics & Issues 8-4" Section. The law provides a myriad of financial reporting requirements and guidelines for public companies.A main focus of the lot is the retention of business records. Because of the law, companies have been confronted with massive need data storage harm it's for these records.

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skimming

answer

thieves also use a handheld device to swipe the card and then obtaining store account details. This action, called skimming, is prevalent at gas station,s restaurants, and lounges, where unscrupulous employees sell the information the criminals who then spend your money still your identity.

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