question

genome

answer

all the genetic info in a cell

question

gene

answer

segment of dna that produces a function usually a protein

question

chromosome

answer

dna that usually carries gen mat

question

molecular study of genomes

answer

genomics

question

the genes of an organism

answer

genotype

question

phenotype

answer

expression of genes

question

chromosome shapechromo attaches to?

answer

1.)singular, circular
2.)plasma membrane

question

what is cell expression?

answer

gen info inside a cell to produces proteins needed for cell to function

question

cell recombination?

answer

gen info transfered between 2 cells of the same generation

question

1. blue print for a cell2. proteins are obtained from where3. dna can be transfered to cells in the same generation, resulting in?

answer

1. dna
2. parent or other cell
3. new combos of gebnes

question

nucleic acids consist of?

answer

nucleotides

question

2 examples of nucleic acids/polynucleotides?

answer

dna and rna

question

nucleosides consist of what 3 things?

answer

pentose
phosohate group
nitrogen contianing base(pur/pyr)

question

in dna, a nucleotide has a ribose where?

answer

on 2nd carbon

question

nucleoside consist of what 2 tings?

answer

pentise
nitrogen-containing base

question

1. 4 bases of DNA2. what does rna have that dna doesnt3. dna and rna are similr why4. diff in RNA/DNA

answer

1. ATGC
2. U instead of T
3. b/c both have nucleic acids, phosphate groups, 5 carbon sugar ring, made of nucleotides, involved in gen mat
4.single/stranded AGUC/AGTC

question

in RNA, what connects the backbonewhat type of bond?

answer

sugar phosphate back bone and covanlent bond

question

in DNA:
1. AT/GC bond how2.backbone made of3.structure?

answer

1.hydrogen bond
2. sugar-phosphate
3.double helix

question

AT have how many H-bondsGC have how many H-bondswhat do purines bind to?

answer

-2
-3
-pyrimidines

question

strands of DNA arepolymers of nucleotides?

answer

-antiparalle
-Adenine Guanine Thymine Cytosine

question

describe semiconservative replication

answer

1.)the 2 strands begin to unwind at replication fork by helicase enzymes
2.)H-bonds form between new nucleotides and each strand forms new template; DNA poly attach b/t complimentary base pairs
3.)enzymes catalyze formation between new nucs
3.)

question

which strands serves as template?

answer

parents strand for daug strand

question

1.)dna is copied by? adding what2.)what direction does replication go3.)poly adds nucs to what end4.)copying dna is initiated by5.)what strand is synthesized continuously and discontin6.)okazaki fragment7.)okazaki frags joined by?

answer

1.) DNA poly by adding new nucs to end of growing strand
2.)5' to 3'
3.)3'
4.)RNA primer
5.)leading is synthesized continuously
6.)with out these being connected would cause the rep dna to become damaged and useless
7.)dna poly, dna ligase

question

-dna trnscribed to make-how does transcription begin-transcription goes in what direction-transcrip stops when?

answer

-rna
-when rna poly binds to promoter region(INITIATION)
-5' to 3'(ELONGATION)
-terminator sequence has been reached(TERMINATION)

question

describe process of transcription

answer

rna poly binds to promoter sequence and dna begins to unwind. rna is synthesized by complimentary base pairing of free nucs to nucs on template strand of dna. site of synthesis moves along strand of dna and dna that has been transcribed is rewinds. transc then reaches terminator site and gene ends. rna and rna poly is released and dna helix reforms

question

the genetic code is________?

answer

degenerate b/c more than 1 code can code for the same amino acid

question

initiator complex contains-tRNA carries-in what ordr does transc and trans happen? in order for what-poly pep bonds are made of?

answer

-ribosome and mRNA
-the complimentary anticodon
-trancs to transl/ cell to metabolize and grow
-aa chains

question

translation:
1.)mRNA is translated in2.)translation of mRNA begins where3.) transl ends at?

answer

1.)codons {3nucs}
2.)at start codon AUG
3.)at nosense codons: UAA UAG UGA

question

describe:
1. rRNA
2.tRNA
3.mRNA

answer

1.ribosomal... from ribos
2.transfer.... delivers AA to ribos
3.messenger... carry info to cells

question

1.when does simultaneous transc and transl occur2.in a prok cell where is transc and transl occur?

answer

1. only in prok cell cause has no nucleus so transl start right after transc
2.they are couled, transl starts while mRNA is being synthesized

question

1.) in a euk cell where is transc and transl take place2.)introns must be processed how3.cut out and splicing happen together?

answer

1.)tranc happens in nuc, transl happens in cytoplasm
2.)introns are cut out(regions that dont encode for proteins) and exons splice together in regions that are expressed
3. no must happen sep

question

REGULATION:
1. constitutive genes2.)constitu genes transc and transl how3.genes that are expressed only as need?

answer

1.are not regulated
2.at fixed rates
3.catabolic, repressible, inducible genes

question

a set structural genes, their regulators genes, and control region?

answer

operon

question

-2 sites of the operon-what is not part of the operon-what id the regulatory gene do? what is it symbol on the operon?

answer

-promotor and operator
-regulatory gene
-the product of this gene regulates the operon/ l

question

-2 regions of the operon and what they contain

answer

control region contains the P and O sit, and structural structural genes containing the Z Y A sites.

question

what is significant about the control region?

answer

-it contains the P and O site which turn a system on or off

question

-Induction default position is always? "inducible system"

answer

-always off, MUST BE TURNED ON

question

-what happens during induction when the inducer binds to the repressor protein-what hapens if an active reppressor protein binds to the o site along with rna poly?

answer

-the system will become inactivated and transcription WILL be allowed. the inducer binds with the activated repressor prot amd bind to the O sit.
-if a lone active repressor prot binds to O and rna poly bind to P, then it will prevent transc

question

a repressible default is always?? "repressible system"

answer

-always on and being transcribed unless repressor prot is activated, MUST BE TURNED OFF

question

describe repression

answer

repressor protein is always inactive, unless an outside source activates the repressor prot. when rna poly binds to to P site and an ACTIVE repressor binds to O site the system is shut off and nothign is being produced

question

-enzymes that metabolize glucose are-a catabolic repression is also known as?

answer

-constitutive
-the "glucose effect"/ most organisms prefer to use glucose first over other sugars

question

describe Lactose present with NO glucose in a system
-what type of cell?

answer

will have a positive control. cAMP will bind to the inactive CAP and bind in the promoter region on the P site next to rna poly(on O site) and will cause an inactive lac repressor
-lactose inactivating

question

describe lactose and glucose present in a system

answer

has a negative control. the inactive CAP keeps off of the ooperon and rna poly cant bind. therefor a inactive lac repressor is produced.

question

-when glucose in present in a cell, the levels of cAMP are__-when gluc is in a cell it inhibits and stimulates what?

answer

-low
-synthesis of cAMP and stimulates transport out of the cell

question

-what is a mutation-mutations can be ___,____,___-spontaneous mutations due to-inducible mutations due to?

answer

-change in gen mat
-harmful, beneficial, neutal
-errors in dna rep
-agents in environ

question

1.base substitution?(point mutation)
2.missense mutation
3.nonsense mutation
4.in nonsense, if the stop codon comes too early, what happens?

answer

1.change in a base or loss or gain of abase
2.result in change in AA
3.calls for a STOP codon in wrong place
4.will affect prot in much greater length

question

1.frameshift mutation
2. mutations dont always change3.more than 1 codon will code for ___?

answer

1.insertion or deltion of 1 or more nucleotide pairs
2.the protein produced
3.1 AA-degenerate

question

-spontaneous mutation(abt 1 in a billionth replicated base pairs/abt 1 in 10e-6 rep genes) rate depends on-mutagen? (can increase 10e-5/10e-3 per rep gene)

answer

-both the rate of the mutation and efficiency of dna repair
-chemical/agent that can cause a disease/mutation

question

1. 2 factors that cause a mutation
2. spontaneous mutations occur?

answer

1.mutagens and spon mut
2.in the absence of a mutagen

question

a nucleoside base analog resembles purines and pyrimidine structures... with CHEMICAL MUTAGENS, an AT pair can become a CT pair how?

answer

a 2-aminopurine can be incorporated into DNA in place of adenine but can pair with cytosine

question

a AT can be replaced by GC in a pyrimide structure how?

answer

a 5-bromouracil is used as an anitcancer drug b/c it is mistaken for thymine by cellular enzymes but pairs with cyotsine.. in the next dna rep, an AT pair becomes a GC pair

question

RADIATION:
1.ionizing radiation( X rays) cause the formation of__ that reacts with ___and 2 other things things?

answer

-causes formation of ions that can react with nucleosides
-the deoxyribose-PO4 backbone
-causes brks in strands of dna resulting in dna fragmentation

question

1.UV radiation causes2.UV radiation lysed or absorbed3.UV rad has what type of bonding4.UVrad causes mistakes with?

answer

1.thymine dimers
2.absorbed
3.covalent
4.dna poly

question

explain DNA excision repair due to uv rad

answer

1.causes adjacent thymine dimers to become cross linked T.D. and dirupt their normal base pairing
2.endonuclease cuts dna, exonuclease removes damaged dna
3.dna poly fills gap by synthesizing new dna using the intact strand as a template
4. dna lygase seals the gap by joing old and new dna 2gether

question

photolyases

answer

separates thymine dimers

question

1. detects mutant cells because they grow or appeardiffernet
2.detcts mutant cells because the do not grow

answer

1.positive(direct) selection
2.negative (indirect) selection-replica plating

question

1.GENETIC RECOMB2.occurs during reproduction b/t generation of cells
3.the transfer of genes b/t cells of same generation
4.gen recomb has what 2 cells?

answer

1.exchange of genes b/t 2 dna molecules
2.vertical gene transfer
3.horizontal gene transfer
4.donor and recipient

question

crossing over

answer

-when 2 chromos brk and rejoin

question

1.in gen recomb, where did donor dna come from?

answer

1.came from another cell, but not from inside of cell. cell was lysed and now in fragment in cytoplasm

question

GENETIC TRANSFORMATION(mouse test)

answer

1.)living encapsulated bac injected into mouse... died
*colonies of encap bac retrieved form dead mouse
2.)living non encapsulated bac injected... lived
*phagocytes destroyed much of nonencap bac
3.)heat killed encap bac injected... lived
*no colonies isolated
4.)living nonencap and heat kill encap injected...died
*colonie sof encap isolated./encap was pathogenic and
*encap was pathogenic and took over heat killed

question

BAC CONJUGATION:
1. happens b/t2.conj in e. coli between 2 cells

answer

1. sex pillus or mating bridge connects 2 live cells
2. conjugal junction b/t a F+ and F- cell allows the transfer of the F factor through rep= 2 of the same cells (F+ F+) w/ bac chromo in each

question

1. conjugation of 1 F+ cell
2.HFR cell + F- cell

answer

1. recomb of F factor and chromo occur at specific site on each.. insertion of F factor in chromo= integrated F factor(HFR)
2. rep and transfer of part of chromo from Hfr to F- = a recomb F- cell that has part of a Hfr chromo

question

transduction by bacteriophage

answer

bacteriphage infects donor bac cell, phage dna and prot made and relased in cell and chromo brks into peices, phage and bac dna are assembled in cell and lysed out.. phage w/ bac dna infect new host cell. recomb between bac dna and host chromo occur and genotype different from both donor and recipient cells

question

PLASMIDS:
1. carries genes for sex pili and trasnfer of plasmid
2.encodes enzymes for catabolism of unusual compounds
3.encodes antibiotic resistance
4. can 1 cell transfer resistance to other cells?

answer

1.conjugative plasmid
2.dissimilation plasmids
3. R factors
4.yes

question

TRANSPOSONS:
1.segments of dna that can.......2. contain insertion sequences for3.complex transposons carry?

answer

1.move from one region of dna to another
2.cutting the tranposon, move it, and resealing DNA
3. other genes

question

1. jumping genes
2. transposons recognize inverted genes and does what3. transpsase do what?

answer

1.can change their location on a chromo or move to another chromo
2.put themselves their
3. cut dna leaving sticky ends of transposon and target dna anneal

question

GENES AND EVOLUTION:
1.mutation and recomb provide2. fitted organisms for enviro are selected how?

answer

1.diversity
2.natural selection

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