Milgram’s Study Of Obedience To Authority (Key Facts) – Flashcards
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In what year did Milgram conduct his study into obedience and authority?
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1963
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Where did Milgram conduct his study?
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Yale University, New Haven
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What was the legitimate authority figure of Milgram's study referred to as?
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The Experimenter
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Describe 'The Experimenter' from Milgram's study into obedience to authority.
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male, 31, stern looking, biology teacher, grey lab coat
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How many participants were there in Milgram's study?
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40
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Describe the gender pattern of Milgram's sample.
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All male
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What was the age range of the participants of Milgram's study?
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20-50 years old
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How much was each participant paid for taking part in the study?
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$4.50
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What sampling method did Milgram choose to use for his study?
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Self-selecting sample (volunteering)
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All the participants were deceived, what did they study did they believe they were taking part in?
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The effects of punishment on learning
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Each participant was paired with Milgram's colleague, who they believed to be another participant, how do we refer to this man?
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Confederate (stooge)
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Describe the confederate in Milgram's study.
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Male, 47, likeable, accountant, mild-mannered
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In terms of the experiment, what was the confederate?
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Control variable
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What were they two roles that the participant and confederate picked (fixed) lots for?
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Teacher and learner
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What was the role of the participant, who was ALWAYS the TEACHER?
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To test the learner on word pairs and administer electric shocks at wrong answers
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What was the role of the confederate, who was ALWAYS the LEARNER?
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To answer word pairs correctly (eg: green, grass; blue, sky; etc)
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In relation to the teacher, where was the learner?
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On the other side of the wall, could be heard by the teacher
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In relation to the teacher, where was the experimenter?
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At a desk, in the room with the teacher
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At what voltage did the electric shock apparatus start at?
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15 volts
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By how many volts did the electric shock apparatus increase by when the learner responded with an incorrect answer?
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15 volts
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What was the maximum voltage on the electric shock apparatus?
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450 volts
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What was the experimenter's first prod?
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Please continue
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What was the experimenter's second prod?
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The experiment requires that you continue
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What was the experimenter's third prod?
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It is absolutely essential that you continue
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What was the experimenter's fourth prod?
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You have no other choice, you must go on
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How did the experimenter respond when the teacher asked if the learner would suffer permanent damage?
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It may be painful, but there will be no permanent tissue damage, please go on
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How did the experimenter respond when the teacher asked to stop?
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Whether the learner likes it or not, you must go on until he has learned all the pairs correctly, so please go on
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Who took observations during the study?
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The experimenter and Milgram's colleagues (through one-way mirrors)
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What type of data are observations?
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Qualitative
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Name two forms of qualitative data collected in the study?
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Photographs (taken through one-way mirrors) and notes on unusual behaviour
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What happened to the participants after the study?
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Every participant was fully debriefed and took some psychological tests to check their well being
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What did the learner (confederate) do after the study?
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The learner (confederate) met the teacher and reassured them that they had not received a single shock
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Who did Milgram ask to predict the results of the study?
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14 psychology students
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What percentage of the participants did the psychology students predict to go up to the maximum of 450 volts?
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3
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How many of the participants went up to 300 volts?
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All of them
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What percentage of the participants went up to the maximum of 450 volts?
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65
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What was Milgram's conclusion?
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People will obey someone they believe to be a legitimate authority figure, even if what they are being asked to do goes against their own moral code
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What did Milgram say influences the extent to which someone obeys?
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Individual differences (eg: personality, past experiences, mood, etc)
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What did some criticize Milgram for creating?
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Obedience alibi (an excuse for horrific acts committed under an authority figure, eg: the holocaust)
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What has Milgram's study become in relation to other psychological studies?
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Paradigm
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What is a huge criticism of Milgram's study today?
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It is very unethical
