Middle Ages Europe 400-1500 A.D. – Flashcards

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feudalism
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a social system involves peasants or ,vassals, doing work, like military fighting, for nobles, while being protected and given a small plot of land, or a fief. importance- Feudalism divided power up in the social system of Europe. It also protected Europe from invaders.
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manorialism
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a social and economic system in which peasants were given lands through their lords to be independent and balance the caste system importance- Manorialism gave peasants opportunities and privilieges. They had land and gained control in social Europe. With their wages they received made farming more important.
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medieval
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a Latin word meaning Middle Age; the time in Europe when the Western Roman Empire collapsed and the Renaissance began importance- Jobs became more obtainable. Social and research changes made Europe stronger. After the Black Death ,during the Middle Ages, medical researchers learned more about medicine and surgery. Art reforms became apparent and religious reformations strengthened European society.
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manor
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self-sufficient estate if a medieval lord; included villages and fields; agriculture was very critical to the lord at the estate importance- The manors provided many goods and services. Manors may have improved city structures. Manor systems made villages more civilized. The lord managed crimes and his accounts. Most people who resided on the manor were peasants, who were harvesters of the lord's crops. The manor was critical to later times in Europe like the Renaissance.
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Papacy
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the power of the pope, someone who manages the main government of the Roman Catholic Church importance- The Papacy made a strengthened Catholic community. Catholics looked to the Pope to guide them through life. The Pope held power, Papacy, and made Europe stronger.
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monarchs
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a ruler that is from a family of royalty importance- Monarchs held all the power in feudal Europe. They owned the land, managed trading, and shaped an important cultural movement, the Renaissance.
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Charlemagne
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he was a king of the Franks, tribes derived from Germanic tribes; united most of Western Europe; aka Charles l; holy Roman emperor importance- He advocated education to expand his empire. He was also a committed Christian. He affiliated himself with the Catholic Church to promulgate Christianity throughout Europe.
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Gregory VII
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pope and saint; first pope to kill a king; Christian; he had disregard for disobedience; made many alliances across Europe; political; aka Pope Gregory the Great. importance- He declared the Dictatus Papae, which gave him supreme power. He "excommunicated" Emperor Henry IV from the Catholic community. He believed that the pope should not have control over the Catholic church.
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Emperor Henry IV
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Holy Roman emperor; adversary to Gregory VII; ignored pope; did some bad deeds; German king importance- He changed the Church's authority on Europe. He ignored the pope, and started a fight that led to some cultural changes. He was excommunicated by Gregory VII. He wasn't well educated, so that led to some bad decisions. Henry was de-throned and caused Europe's next king Gregory VII to have the people's full support.
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absolutism
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the tolerance of principles in philosophy, politics, and ethical affairs importance- A monarch ruled in absolutism. He/She ruled with ABSOLUTE power. It produced strong leaders and triumphed all across western Europe. There were many theories of a king's power. Either power came from God or from obeying the rules.
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Norman Invasion
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An invasion that was part of Norman Conquest; the Normans settled in England; invaded and conquered the Saxons importance- The invasion led to the Battle of Hastings, which changed England's culture forever. This was a great strategy by William the Conqueror, to win the Conquest.
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Battle of Hastings
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the battle in which William the Conqueror defeated Harold II, who led the Saxons, in 1066 importance- If this battle had not occurred, the Norman conquest would not have happened. The Normans became the sovereigns over Europe, since Harold II was the last Anglo-Saxon leader. Culture and religion changed forever in Europe.
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William the Conqueror
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Norwegian king; he built many manors and castles; won Battle of Hastings; crowned king of England for his win importance- His win over Hastings changed the history of Europe. He and his men might be slaves and prisoners in their adversary's country! He was crowned king and made important decisions in his reign.
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Trial by Jury
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a practice where, rather than a judge deciding a criminal's future, the criminal has an inquiry with an assembly of impartial people importance- It gave people a chance of real innocent freedom and made the law system more fair to those without help with dealing with trial. People had hope that they might win a case.
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the Common Law
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a set of laws that has developed from regular traditions and the decisions of a judge, rather than laws being passed from an assembly. importance- This Law was part of the law of the land, with Norman French Feudal law, Church Law, and Anglo-Saxon common law. It governed Europe and gave people more freedom.
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Magna Carta
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Latin for "Great Charter"; a set of laws granting freedom; created by King John; referred to the law of the land importance- It set a historic example for kings to abide by the Magna Carta's laws. It affected the US' laws, because we adopted some principles: trial by jury and people's rights.
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parliament
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an assembly of representatives who make laws; kings had power over them at first, then they became a separate body of the government importance- The Parliament strengthened Europe's government by allowing there to be two parts of the government,king and parliament; Common and wealthy men were allowed to participate, that created less of a caste system.
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Habeas Corpus
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a Latin phrase meaning "you shall have the body"; this is pertaining to a court order to bring a person in jail to see a judge about their future importance- It prevented secret arrests and injustice. This legal practice kept innocent people out of jail, and guilty people in.
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Catholic
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having to do with the whole body of the church importance- Catholicism changed the medieval church forever. The church had power over the people and Catholic followers became very important to society. They were high social-status and many people recognized them.
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Crusades
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a series of military campaigns to establish Christian control over the Holy Land importance- The Crusades changed Christian history forever. The Christian population would not be as large today if the Crusades had not spread Christianity throughout Europe.
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Thomas Aquinas
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a Catholic priest and philosopher, who was a professor at the University of Paris; believed in natural law importance- He was obsessed with Aristotle's writings. He brought Europe's attention to theology and philosophy. He changed the way Europe viewed the world.
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Natural Law
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an idea that the laws in nature pertain to the natural world and human affairs and life importance- Thomas Aquinas believed in this concept. He also said that it could be discovered through reasoning. Natural law change the way society viewed the world's laws, human and natural.
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Bubonic Plague
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a bacterial disease that is spread by fleas, that are carried by rats importance- The Black Plague was important because it led Europe into the Renaissance. It was a culturally great time for Europe. The Church's power was strengthened, the Peasant's Revolt surfaced, and social structures were diminished. Europe forever changed after the Plague.
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What is the definition of medieval?
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Latin for Middle Ages
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What is Europe often called?
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the "peninsula of peninsulas"
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What are some mountain ranges and where are they located?
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Alps above Italy, Pyrenees divide France and Spain, Urals divide Europe and Russia
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What is the Northern European plain
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heart of Europe
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What is the North Atlantic Drift?
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warm water current
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What are Europe's most important rivers?
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Danube, Rhine, Siene
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What are some tribes that migrated to Europe?
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Huns, Germanic, Angles, Franks, Jutes, Lombards, Saxons, Visigoths, and Vandals
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What did the tribes develop into?
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small,warring kingdoms
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Who was Clovis I
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a Frankish leader, defeated last Roman army in Western Europe
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Where did the Franks control many lands?
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Gaul and Germany
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When did Charles Martel unite Frankish lands?
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717
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What were formed when Christian men and women lived religious lives?
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monasteries and convents
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When did Benedict organize a monastery in central Italy?
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about 529
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What was Benedictine Rule and who created it?
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Benedict created a series of rules for monastic life, called ¨Benedictine Rule¨
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What did monks and nuns do?
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monks and nuns made vows, obeyed leaders, worked for community, remained unmarried, and owned nothing
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What did Catholic missionaries do?
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during Middle Ages, Catholic missionaries traveled Europe to convert pagans
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Who was Patrick and what did he do?
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Patrick, a British saint, converted Ireland to Christianity
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What did the King of Kent do after Pope Gregory I sent monks?
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converted to Catholicism
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What was one thing the Church taught?
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people should live lives based on the teachings of Jesus
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What were sins a violation of?
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God's laws
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What did the Catholics believe
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the way people lived would affect what happened to their souls after death
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What did the Pope have on Europe's history and religion?
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a significant influence on Europe
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Why did people obey the Church?
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Church was the highest authority
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What did the Church have and do to stay in control?
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Church could deny any person´s sacraments and controlled some wealth and land
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Where did the Pope control lands?
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in central Italy
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What did Christians see themselves a part of?
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the Christendom
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Who was Charlemagne's grandson?
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Charlemagne
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When was Charlemagne crowned king of Franks?
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768
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Where was Charlemagne's empire across?
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France, Germany, and Italy
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How long was Charlemagne's reign?
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46 years
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What did Charlemagne fight for?
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land and power
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Who were some major battles against that Charlemagne led?
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Umayyads and Saxons
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What MAJOR goal did Charlemagne accomplish?
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reunified original western Roman Empire
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What did Charlemagne do to ensure that the officials jobs were being well done?
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appointed nobles and sent out officials
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What did Charlemagne promote to unify Franks?
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education
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What and why did Charlemagne build?
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built schools, so officials could write accurate reports
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What did Charlemagne read and understand?
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Latin and Greek
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What was one appositive to describe Charlemagne?
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devoted Christian
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What did Charlemagne want?
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a unified Christian Europe
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Who did Charlemagne protect?
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Pope Leo III
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What thing did Pope Leo III do to strengthen the Church's power
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crown Charlemagne
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Why does Europe have so many countries unlike the US?
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Since many kingdoms began to fight, land began to have borders. Europe was ruled by sovereigns, so everything was separate not united.
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What word is associated with Charlemagne?
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cooperation
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What word is associated with Henry IV?
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conflict
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Where does the Pope live?
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Vatican (its its own country)
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What does the manor control?
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fief
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Who started Europe as we know it today?
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Charlemagne
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Who controlled Europe before the Middle Ages?
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Roman Empire
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What made Catholicism powerful?
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Black Plague
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Who were a few people or groups that almost united Europe?
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-Romans -Hitler -Charlemagne
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What is the difference between feudalism and manorialism?
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Manorialism made Europe stronger and more organized, while feudalism created weakness and wars.
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Europe´s Geography
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made up of plains, mountains, and rivers
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Feudalism synonyms
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HIERARCHY, estate, land, dividing, rank, sovereignty
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What Latin word means fief?
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feudom
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hierarchy
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a system or organization in which people or groups are ranked one above the other according to status or authority
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What did Catholic do on their missionaries?
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convert Pagans to Christianity
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What 2 leaders that we have studied have had the most influence on religion in Europe?
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Constantine and Charlemagne
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What were the Middle Ages?
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It is the medieval period of Europe, when the Crusades and Black Death occurred. Medieval is Latin for "Middle Ages". It became a European civilization. The Middle Ages began after the fall of the Roman Empire.
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What role did the clergy have in Charlemagne's government?
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Charlemagne supported the Catholic church, and because of that, the clergy, or people who are anointed to complete religious services, rose to power in the government. Charlemagne's main goal was to form a united Catholic Europe. He had much power over the Catholic Church and the Pope.
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How did Germanic tribes affect Europe?
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Germanic tribes settled in during the Roman Empire, around 300 A.D. Clovis I conquered many Germanic kingdoms.
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How did Europe's geography attract people to different regions?
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There was good, fertile land for farming in Europe, unlike the mountainous Russian area, or the desertous African sand. With three large rivers, and land for tilling crops, many people were amazed with how many other people were moving up north just to farm. The flat plains made it easy to travel from country to country.
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How did Charlemagne work to unite much of Western Europe?
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He believed in education. With educated officials, they could correctly do their work, and that made his reign stronger. He also was a devoted Catholic.
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How did Charlemagne's rule affect medieval Europe?
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He spread Christianity, created a lasting and strong government, and made new traditions. Many other rulers followed him when they created their kingdoms. Europe would be different if it weren't for him.
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How did different groups and individuals take power in early medieval Europe?
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They must be approved and anointed by pope. This was Pope Leo III's idea, that the pope should be the only one to crown the king or emperor. However, in smaller territories, tribes found for land and whoever had the most authority and land, was the king.
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How do monasteries and convents differ?
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Monasteries were for men and convents were for women.
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What is a pagan?
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a follower of a poly-theistic religion
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List two examples of sacraments.
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communion and baptism
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How did missionaries help spread Christianity throughout Europe?
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Missionaries traveled Europe and tried to convert Pagans. They taught the Bible to those who would listen.
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Why was the Catholic Church a center of authority?
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Because the Church was the guardian of God's truth and the Church also controlled the administration of sacraments
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How did monasteries help keep classical Greek and Roman civilization alive?
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Monks copied and illustrated religious manuscripts and works from the Christian Roman empire and Greece .They also taught Latin, the language of the church.
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How did Christian teachings affect the lives of medieval Europeans?
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Catholic faith became a part of every day life. It became the center of European society and a place of worship.
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What was a title for someone who converted someone to Christianity?
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saint
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Who was Boniface?
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a Christian saint
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Who was St. Patrick?
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was a missionary who converted many Irish pagans to Chirstians
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Many of Charlemagne's advisers were a part of the.......
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clergy
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What happened because Charlemagne protected Pope Leo lll?
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The pope crowned Charlemagne as emperor and that created much conflict.
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Who was responsible for people of the Isles of Britain converting to Christianity/Catholic?
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Pope Gregory I
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After the fall of Rome, many warring Germanic tribes formed kingdoms. One of the most important tribes was.....
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Franks
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What mountain range separates Europe and Asia?
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Urals
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Catholics believe...................
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the way people lived would affect what happened to their souls after death
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After the Roman empire collapsed, Western Europe began a era of.............
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social, political, and economic decline
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What continent is the Middle East in?
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Asia
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The church gained much power and wealth during the middle ages because..............
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people believed the church controlled whether they got into heaven or hell
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Common practices of people of the same cultural group Which term best defines the above?
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regional customs
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By 530s the Franks controlled much of present day.....
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France
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Why was the pope crowning Charlemagne so important?
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it established the idea that only the pope had the power to name an emperor
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During the Middle Ages, what spread throughout much of Europe?
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Christianity
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When the Roman Empire collapsed, Europe was mostly....
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Pagan
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By the 700s and 800s daily life in Europe revolved around.............
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the Catholic Church
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Most westerly winds blow inland from a warm current in the ocean around Europe called the.....
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North Atlantic Drift
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A government ruled by a few people is....
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an oligarchy
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The rituals of the Catholic church are called the......
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sacraments
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What are the 3 peninsulas are in Southern Europe?
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Iberian, Italian, and Balkan
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Spain has the lowest population density in Western Europe What does this mean?
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it means Spain probably has more farms than most countries in Europe
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Why is the sea important to Southern Europe?
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It provides food, a way to travel, and a way to transport goods through the region
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The lifeline of any civilization is always.......
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rivers and streams
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One of Charlemagne's great accomplishments was uniting Europe. One of the ways he felt would help to unite the continent was by introducing and improving.......
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education
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Charlemagne protected Pope Leo III from enemies in Rome. The pope showed his thanks by......
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crowning Charlemagne emperor
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Early medieval Europe had no hospitals or public schools. As a result who provided basic health and educational services?
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monasteries
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Which of the following made Europe an attractive place for people to immigrate to?
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the fertile ground of the plains
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How did Charlemagne affect Europe?
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Charlemagne was a Germanic ruler, so he crucially affected Europe's history and how it is today. Charles Martel, a Germanic ruler, won a major battle, the Battle of Tours.
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How did Charlemagne unify much of the Roman Empire in western Europe?
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Since the emperor had much authority in the Church, he made Christianity an important thing to the people. He also fought many neighboring tribes and fought for land. He fought tribes like, Lombards, Muslims, and Avars.
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When did the Muslims conquer Sicily?
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in the 800s
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Where did the Muslims invade from?
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Africa
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Where did Muslims, Magyars, and Vikings all raid?
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western Europe
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Where were the Magyars from?
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Hungary
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Who were the most successful raiders?
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Vikings
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Where were the Vikings from?
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Northern Europe
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What other professions did the Vikings do?
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farmers, traders, and explorers
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What did travel do for Europe?
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opened trade routes
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What did the raiders target?
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monasteries
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What did the Vikings do to attack?
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sailed up rivers to burn villages
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What did the Vikings do for North America?
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established a colony
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When did the raiders invade, Vikings create a colony, and trade routes reopen happen?
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AFTER CHARLEMAGNE
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Where did the Spanish invade?
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Southern Europe
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What led to feudalism?
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collapse of western Europe
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Who united western Europe?
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Charlemagne
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Where became the center of Muslim culture?
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Sicily
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What region of Europe collapsed after the death of Charlemagne?
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western Europe
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What did the economy rely on after Charlemagne's death?
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manors
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What is an alias for the Vikings?
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Normans
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Who did the Normans evolve to be?
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Franks
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What did the Franks contribute to Europe?
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France
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Who were the three largest invader groups?
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Magyars, Muslims, and Vikings
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Who was a State and Church conflict between?
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Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII
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Who was another State and Church conflict between?
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King Henry II and Thomas Becket
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What temporarily resolved the conflicts between the State and Church?
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Concordat of Worms
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Middle Ages
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period between ancient and modern times
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topography
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physical features of a surface
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monastery
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a secluded community when men, called monks focus on scripture and prayer
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convent
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a religious community for women, also known as nuns
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missionary
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a person who tries to convert others to a particular religion
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Christendom
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a large community of Christians spread across the world
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vassals
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lesser lords who received land or a fief in return for their services
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knights
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warriors mounted on horseback
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chivalry
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code of conduct that required knights to be brave, loyal, and honest
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serf
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a peasant who was legally bound to the lord's land
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secular
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nonreligious
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excommunicate
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to exclude or ostracize a person from a church or a religious community
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pilgrimage
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a journey undertaken to worship at a holy place
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Common law
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a body of law that has developed from custom and from judge's decisions rather than from laws passed by a lawmaking assembly
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writ
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a court order
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heresy
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a belief that is rejected by official Church teaching
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Inquisition
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a series of investigations designed to find and judge heretics
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Iberian Peninsula
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the peninsula where present day Spain and Portugal are located
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Moors
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Muslims in Spain
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Reconquista
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movement to drive the Muslims from Spain
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Who gained more power overtime?
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popes
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What was created because popes gained more power?
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conflict
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When did Hildebrand, an Italian monk, become Pope Gregory VII?
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1073
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What did Pope Gregory VII believe?
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he believed that the emperor should have no power in the Church
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What did his belief lead to?
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a conflict with Henry IV
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What did Pope Gregory create?
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a list of rules initiating power
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What did Henry IV do to the Pope?
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ignored his rules
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What did Gregory VII do to Henry IV?
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excommunicated him
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What still remained, although the Pope forgave Henry?
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their conflict
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Who forced Pope out of the city?
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the emperor
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When was the Concordat of Worms created?
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1122
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What was the Concordat of Worms?
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an agreement in which the Church could only appoint bishops
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What are the peninsulas of Europe?
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Italian, Balkan, Scandinavian, Iberian
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What word would you use to describe Europe's topography?
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physical features of a surface
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What is the significance of the North European Plain?
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people migrated to the west; fertile heart of Europe; many crops grew here
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What mountains isolate Italy from the rest of Europe?
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Alps
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How do Europe's rivers flow?
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from the central mountains and highlands
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What caused different people to migrate to Western Europe?
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Europe's geography was very appealing
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Name 8 different tribes that migrated into Europe during the Early Middle Ages.
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Visigoths, Vandals, Saxons, Lombards, Jutes, Huns, Franks, and Angles
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Where did the tribes that migrated to Europe come from? Name 2 places.
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Asia and Africa
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What did all these tribes in Europe cause?
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small, fighting kingdoms
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What leader took defeated the last Roman army in Western Europe?
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Clovis I
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What tribe was he from?
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Franks
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When did this happen?
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486
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What did this tribe accomplish on a major scale?
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conquering other kingdoms
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Was the accomplishment by Clovis I long term?
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no
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What did Charles Martel (Charles the Hammer) do in 717?
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united Frankish lands
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Why was his unification so important?
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they were united with one ruler
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What is the only part of all of Europe that the Muslims have ruled?
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Spain
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How did the Franks take power in Western Europe?
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fought against neighboring tribes: Avars, Slavs, Lombards, and Saxons; made alliances with Muslim leaders; appointed nobles to rule local areas
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When did Charlemagne (Charles the Great) become king of the Franks?
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768
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What 3 of today's countries did Charlemagne's empire mostly cover?
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France, Germany, and Italy
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Charlemagne's victory accomplished what important goal?
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to united much of the Western Roman Empire
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Who helped run Charlemagne run his empire?
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appointed nobles and clergy
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What did Charlemagne feel would strengthen his empire?
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education
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Education made Charlemagne create what?
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schools
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What 2 languages did Charlemagne study?
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Latin and Greek
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What religion was Charlemagne?
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Christian (specifically Catholic)
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Many of Charlemagne's advisers were what?
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part of the clergy
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What kind of Europe did Charlemagne want?
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unified Christian Europe
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What kind of worshiper was Charlemagne?
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devout Christian; worshiped day and night
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What happened to Charlemagne in 800 and why was it so important to his rule?
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he was crowned emperor by Pope Leo; created an idea that the pope could be the only one to name an emperor ( strengthened Church's power)
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What are Charlemagne's 3 legacies in Europe?
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extended Christianity into north Europe; contributed to the diffusion of Germanic, Christian, and Roman traditions; created strong government
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During the Middle Ages, what 2 things spread through Europe and changed the continent forever?
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Christianity and education
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What was the Benedictine rule?
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a series of rules used by monasteries and convents; created by Benedict, an Italian monk
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What Christian monk established a new way of monastic life in Europe?
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Benedict
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Where in Europe did Benedict establish a new way of monastic life?
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central Italy
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Under this new way of monastic life, what 2 things were supposed to be balanced in life?
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prayer and work
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What 5 promises did these new monks make?
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to live and worship within their communities for their entire life; to obey leaders; work for the good of their community; remain unmarried; own nothing to themselves
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What took place in the monasteries. Give 5 examples.
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provided educational and health services; cared for poor and sick people; built schools for children; copied and illustrated religious manuscripts; grew food in gardens
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Why did monasteries and convents provide health care and educational services?
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Europe contained no hospitals or schools
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Monasteries libraries contained Greek and Roman works. What were they attempting to accomplish by protecting ancient works?
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to preserve ancient works and keep learning alive
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The central courtyard that a monastery was traditionally built around was called what?
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cloister
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What was the importance of cloister?
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monks and nuns ate, slept, and worshipped there
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What did Catholic missionaries do during the Early Middle Ages across Europe?
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traveled across Europe to convert pagans, who are believers in nature not in God
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Who was Patrick of Ireland and what did he do?
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he was a missionary born in Britain
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How do we remember Patrick of Ireland?
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we celebrate St. Patrick's Day or March 17th
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What caused much of Britain to become Catholic/Christian?
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Pope Gregory I sent a group of monks to Britain to convert the king of Kent, a pagan, to Christianity
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How did missionaries affect Europe?
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missionaries change people's lives by convincing them to change their religion and lifestyle; therefore many churches were built and people traveled all over the world to convert people to Christianity
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As Christianity spread, what happened to the church?
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it became more powerful with more force
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What 2 main ideas did the early church teach to the people of Europe?
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live a life based on Jesus' teachings; sins were a violation of God's laws
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What 2 things were central to medieval Catholic beliefs in Europe?
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concepts of heaven and hell
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What 3 things did Catholics in early Europe believe were the only ways to avoid hell?
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do good deeds; believe in Jesus; participate in the sacraments
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How much influence did the pope and Catholic leaders have in medieval Europe?
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significant or a lot of influence
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How did the church have so much power?
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because the people thought that the Church had the highest authority and they were the guardian of God's truth
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What could the Church do to show power?
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could punish people by denying their sacraments
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What happened to western Europe after Charlemagne's death?
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his empire fell apart
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What new idea helped solve this problem, Charlemagne's death?
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feudalism
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Between 800 and 1000 what threatened Western Europe?
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invaders
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Who were the boldest and most successful invaders of Western Europe?
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Vikings
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Where did they come from, the most successful invaders?
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Scandinavia and northern Europe
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Where did the most successful raiders invade first?
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monasteries
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Why did the Vikings choose monasteries to invade?
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wealthy and poorly defended
question
Other than destructive raiders, what else were the Vikings?
answer
farmers, traders, sailors
question
Where did these invaders eventually settle?
answer
North America, England. Ireland, northern France, and some of Russia
question
What happened to the Vikings?
answer
they DIFFUSED with new cultures and peoples
question
Why did feudalism start?
answer
emperors were nearly powerless and could not defend their people from invaders
question
What is the hierarchy of feudalism?
answer
powerful lords
question
What group of invaders covered the most territory?
answer
Vikings
question
What was included with a fief?
answer
any buildings or towns; peasants
question
What did a vassal provide?
answer
military support and currency and food
question
What were the lords like in Early Japan?
answer
they built castles with drawbridges, high walls, and moats
question
What code did knights live by?
answer
chivalry
question
What did the chivalry require the knights to do?
answer
be loyal, generous, and brave
question
Who did the knight serve and protect?
answer
their lords
question
What were the major like features between European feudalism and Japanese feudalism?
answer
began during a time of war; both warriors were expected to follow a code; involved exchange of land
question
What were the major difference features between European feudalism and Japanese feudalism?
answer
religion; Japanese were Shinto and Europeans were Christian
question
What was the heart of the medieval economy?
answer
manors; they were around a lord's castle, with peasants and serfs working; markets and towns would be where the people shopped at
question
What is an economy?
answer
the amount of goods and services a region has
question
What group of raiders did William the Conqueror descend from?
answer
Vikings
question
What was another name for the Vikings?
answer
Normans
question
What did the dukes of Normandy become?
answer
feudal lords
question
What did the feudal lords want?
answer
new lands to rule
question
What country were the Vikings interested in?
answer
England
question
Why were the Vikings interested in England?
answer
because of its wealth
question
Who was Edward the Confessor?
answer
an Anglo-Saxon king
question
Who was the English crown promised to?
answer
Harold
question
Who claimed the English crown?
answer
William
question
Who became king out of Harold and William?
answer
Harold
question
What two rivals did Harold face?
answer
Norwegian king and William
question
When did the Norwegian king land in northern England?
answer
September 1066
question
Did Harold defeat or lose the Norwegian invasion?
answer
he defeated
question
A few days after the Norwegian invasion, who invaded southern England?
answer
William
question
On October 14, the two armies met where?
answer
near village of Hastings
question
How did the English fight?
answer
on foot
question
How did the Normans fight?
answer
with a calvary
question
When was William crowned king of England?
answer
Christmas Day, 1066
question
What transformed because of the Norman Conquest?
answer
English language and culture
question
Who did the Battle of Hastings wipe out?
answer
noble Anglo-Saxon families
question
Who did King William give about 180 lands to?
answer
Norman barons
question
Who got the largest share of lands?
answer
King's family
question
What balanced wealth and power?
answer
William's giving of the land
question
Who introduced a strong feudal system?
answer
King William
question
Who had power in the Church and government?
answer
anyone of Norman birth
question
What two languages became the languages of law, culture, and government?
answer
Latin and French
question
What two cultures blended together to create modern English?
answer
Anglo-Saxon and Norman French
question
What were Henry II and Thomas Becket once?
answer
allies and friends
question
Who was Thomas Becket?
answer
an important archbishop
question
What did Henry II want to increase?
answer
his power
question
What did Thomas Becket do to Henry II?
answer
he excommunicated him
question
What did Henry II do to Becket?
answer
he murdered him
question
What place became a shrine?
answer
Canterbury, where Becket was killed
question
What three groups were hugely affected by the Crusades?
answer
Muslims, Christians, and Jews
question
What was the purpose of the Crusades?
answer
to gain control of the "Holy Land"
question
What was one advantage of the crusaders?
answer
they took Muslim kingdoms by surprise
question
What was one thing the Europeans learned from Muslims?
answer
the hygienic practice of washing the hands with soap
question
What did Spain do all Jews in 1492?
answer
banished the Jews who refused to convert to Christianity
question
How many successful/major Crusades were there?
answer
Four
question
Who were some saints that converted people to Christianity?
answer
Boniface, St. Patrick, Pope Gregory I
question
In 1073 in Rome, Pope Gregory believed the emperor should NOT have power over the church......this led to...
answer
conflict with Henry IV, the Holy Roman emperor at the time
question
Conflict between Church and State
answer
Bishops control much land and wealth
question
Conflict between Church and State
answer
The pope issued rules listing his power over church and non church leaders (secular)
question
Conflict between Church and State
answer
Gregory was claiming the right to remove emperors
question
Conflict between Church and State
answer
Henry IV appointed a bishop for Milan Italy
question
Conflict between Church and State
answer
Gregory appointed a his own bishop in Milan
question
Conflict between Church and State
answer
Gregory had Henry excommunicated and freed Henry's subjects from feudal service
question
Conflict between Church and State
answer
Henry had no power now, so he went to the pope for forgiveness
question
What is the hierarchy of the Church?
answer
Pope Archbishops Bishops Priests
question
What was Thomas Becket?
answer
Beckett as Archbishop of Canterbury & now the most powerful bishop
question
How long did the Crusades last?
answer
over 200 years
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