Middle Ages 13.4 & 14.1 History 9th – Flashcards
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Weak Central Governments Feudal Europe
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The Church emerged as a powerful institution. It shaped the lives of people from all social classes. The Church expanded its political role, strong rulers began to question the pope's authority. Dramatic power struggles unfold in the Holy Roman Empire - Pope vs. Emperors.
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Charlemagne 800 Church Influences
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Church influences both spiritual and political matters. When Pope Leo III crowed Charlemagne Emperor in 800, he unknowingly set the stage for future conflicts between popes and emperors. These clashes would go on for centuries.
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Pope Gelasius
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Recognized the conflicts that could arise between the two great forces - Church and State. He wrote: There are two powers by which this world is chiefly ruled: sacred authority of the priesthood and the authority of kings. He suggested an analogy to solve such conflicts. Swords. Gelasius thought that the Pope should bow to the emperor in political matters and in turn the emperor should bow to the Pope on religious matters. Throughout the Middle Ages the Church and various European rulers competed for power
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Church Structure
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Like feudalism, Church had its own organization. Different ranks of clergy, or religious officials. In Rome, the Pope headed the Church. All clergy, including bishops, priests fell under his authority. Bishops supervised priests. Bishops also settled disputes over Church teachings and practices. For most people the local priests served as the main contact with the Church
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Clergy
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Church officials such as bishops and priests
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Church Unifying Force
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Feudalism and the manor system created divisions between people. But their shared beliefs in the teachings of the Church bonded people together. The Church was a stable force during and era of constant warfare and political turmoil. The Church provided Christians with a sense of security and belonging to a religious community. In the Middle Ages religion occupied center stage. At the local level, the village church was a unifying force in the lives of most people. It served as a religious and social center. People worshiped together , religious holidays - Christmas Easter were a festive time to celebrate together
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Sacraments
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Important religious ceremonies. Medieval Christians followed the path to salvation - everlasting life in heaven. These rites paved the way for achieving salvation (baptism, communion, etc)
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Canon Law
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Church Law. The Church created a system of justice to guide people's conduct. All medieval Christians, kings and peasants alike were subject to Canon law - in such matters as marriage and religious practice. Two of the harshest punishments that offenders faced were excommunication and interdict.
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Pope Threat of Excommunication / Banishment
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Popes used the threat of excommunication or banishment from the Church to control the political rulers. For example when a disobedient king's quarrel with a pope might result in excommunication - which in turn meant the king would be DENIED salvation. Excommunication also meant that the vassals would be freed from their duties.
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Pope Threat of Interdict
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Under interdict, many sacraments and religious services could not be performed in king's lands. As Christains, the kings subjects believed that without such sacraments they might be doomed to hell.
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Otto I - Otto the Great
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Most effective ruler of medieval Germany was Otto I, known as Otto the Great. Crowned king in 936 followed the polices of Charlemagne and formed close alliance with the Church. To limit the nobles strength he sought help from the clergy. Built up power by gaining support from Bishops and Abbots (head of Monasteries.) He dominated the Church in Germany. He used his power to defeat German princes. Following in Charlemagne's footsteps, he invaded Italy on the pope's request. In 962, the Pope rewarded Otto by crowning him emperor.
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Holy Roman Empire
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Otto the Great created the first Roman Holy Empire in the German Nation. It remained the strongest state in Europe until 1100. Otto's attempt to revive Charlemagne's empire caused trouble for future German Leaders - because popes and Italian nobles resented the German power over Italy.
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Lay Investiture
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A ceremony in which kings and nobles appointed church officials. Whoever controlled the lay investiture held the real power in naming bishops, who were very influential clergy that kings sought to control.
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Pope Gregory VII
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Church reformers felt that kings should not have that type of power (Lay Investiture) so in 1075 Pope Gregory VII banned lay investiture.
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Henry IV (Emperor Clashes with Pope)
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Furious young German emperor, Henry IV immediately called a meeting with the German Bishops he appointed (lay investiture) and with their approval the emperor ordered Pope Gregory VII to step down from the papacy. Gregory then excommunicated Henry. Afterward, German bishops and princes sided with the pope. To save his throne, Henry tried to win the pope's forgiveness.
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Showdown at Canossa - Political Act
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Pope Gregory VII banned lay investiture, causing a fight between him and Henry IV. Gregory excommunicated Henry, and Henry tried to win back the Pope's forgiveness. Henry journeyed over the Alps to Canossa where he waited for 3 days in the snow before the Pope finely forgave him. An example of how church had more power than the king.
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Concordat of Worms
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A compromise between the king and the Pope that stated that the church alone could grant a bishop to the church but his power could be vetoed by the king. This took place in 1122 - this compromise took pace in a German city called Worms.
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Barbarossa
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Red beard in Italian.
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Frederick I - Nicknamed Barbarossa
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In 1152, the seven princes who elected the German king realized that they needed a strong ruler to keep the peace. They chose Frederick the I - Barbarossa
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Frederick I
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Was the first ruler to call his lands the Holy Roman Empire. However this region was actually a patchwork of feudal territories. His forceful personality and military skills enable him to dominate the German princes. When ever he left the country, disorder returned. His brutal tactics spurred Italian merchants to unite against him, he also angered the pope - who joined the merchants in an alliance called the Lombard League.
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Lombard League
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Partnership between Italian merchants and the Church to defend against invasion by Frederick I
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Battle of Legnano
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1176 Lombard League vs. Frederick; alliance of the Italian merchants and pope against Frederick I; foot soldiers faced Frederick's mounted knights; foot soldiers with crossbows defeated knights. In 1177 Frederick made peace with the pope and returned to Germany. After Frederick drowned in 1190 - his empire fell to pieces.
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German States Remain Separate
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German Kings after Frederick including his grandson, Frederick II, continued their attempts to revive Charlemagne's empire and the alliance with the Church. This policy led to wars with Italian cities and further clashes with the Pope. These conflicts were one reason why the feudal states of Germany did not unify during the Middle Ages. Another reason was that system of the German princes electing the king weakened the royal authority.
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Age of Faith
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Monasteries led the spiritual revival. Monastery founded at Cluny in France in 910 was especially important. Reformers there wanted to return to the basic principles of the Christian religion. They establish new religious orders - influenced by the religious devotion and reverence for God by the new monasteries, the popes began to reform the Church. They restored and expanded its power and authority. This was called the Age of Faith. Age of Faith inspired wars of conquest - The Crusades
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Problems in the Church
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Their were priests that could not read (illiterate) and could not read their prayers. Popes were questionable men of morals. Bishops and abbots (in charge of monasteries) cared more about their positions as feudal lords than their duties of spiritual leaders.
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Reformers were troubled by three issues
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1. Many village priests married and had families. Such marriages were against Church Rulings 2. Bishops sold positions in the Church - called simony 3. Using the practice of lay investiture, kings appointed church bishops. Church reformers believed the Church alone should appoint bishops.
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Simony
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Bishops selling positions in the Church Bishops selling positions in the Church
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Pope Leo IX and Pope Gregory VII
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Enforced Church laws against simony and the marriage of priests. The popes who followed Leo and Gregory reorganized the Church to continue the policy of reform.
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Papal Curia
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the Pope's group of advisors that acted as a court. It developed canon law (the law of the Church) on matters such as marriage, divorce and inheritance.
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Tithes
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The Church collected taxes in the form of tithes. These consisted of one -tenth the yearly income from every Christian family. The Church used some of the money to perform social services such as caring for the sick, poor. The Church operated most hospitals in medieval Europe.
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Friars
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Early 1200's Wandering friars traveled place to place preaching and spreading the Church's ideas. Like monks, friars took vows of chastity, poverty and obedience. Unlike monks, friars did not live apart from the world in monasteries. Instead they preached to the poor throughout Europe's towns and cities. Friars owned nothing and lived by begging.
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Women in Religion
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Women played an important role in the spiritual revival. They joined the Dominicans, Benedictines, and Franciscans. In 1212, a woman named Clare and her friend Francis of Assisi founded the Franciscan order for women. It was known as Poor Clares.
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Poor Clares
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Female order of friars - These women lived in poverty and helped the poor and sick. Unlike the friars these women were not allowed to travel from place to place as preachers.
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Cathedrals - Cities of God
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Larger churches called Cathedrals were built in city areas. They cathedral was viewed as the representation of the City of God. It was decorated with all the richness that Christians could offer.
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Romanesque Style - Churches
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This was a style of architecture that was used in the building of churches from between 800 and 1100 AD. This style was characterized by thick walls, small windows, and rounded arches.
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Gothic Architecture
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In early 1100's a new style of architecture emerged known as Gothic that evolved throughout medieval Europe. The term Gothic come from a Germanic tribe named Goths. Unlike the heavy gloomy Romanesque buldings, Gothic cathedrals thrust upward as if reaching towards heaven. Huge stained glass windows, sculpture, wood carvings, - these elements were meant to inspire the worshiper with the magnificence of God. Paris - Cathedral of Notre Dame, Chartres, Reims, Amiens, and Beauvais built even taller cathedrals. Over 500 Gothic churches were built between 1170 - 1270
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Crusade
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a Holy War - which was used to gain control over holy land. Goals of Crusades: economic , social and political goals as well as religious motives.
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First and Second Crusades
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Pope Urban brought support for a Crusade. Those who died on crusade were assured of a place in heaven. With red crosses sewn on tunics worn over their armor and the battle cry - "God's wills it!" knights and commoners were fired by religious zeal and became crusaders.
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First Crusade
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(1096 to 1099) launched by Pope Urban II; considered successful because they recaptured the Jerusalem and the Holy Land, which freed Christians from Muslim rule
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Second Crusade
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(1147-49) the second of three main crusades — wars in which Christian soldiers from different European countries fought together to gain control of land in Palestine
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Third Crusade
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1189, FAILED; strong monarchs (Philip II of France; Frederick I of Germany; Richard the Lion-Hearted of England); Philip argued with Richard and went home; Frederick drowned; Richard led Crusaders; Richard head-t0-head with Saladin; truce Jerusalem still under MuslimSaladinl, but Christians could visit
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Saladin
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(1137-1193) Powerful Muslim ruler during Third Crusade, defeated Christians at Hattin took Jerusalem
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Richard the Lion-Hearted
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English king who fought Saladin in the Third Crusade
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Fourth Crusade
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(1202 to 1204) diverted into a battle for Constantinople; failed to recapture Jerusalem
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The Children's Crusade
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1212 - They believed god would give them the city, but on the way, everyone died. the ones who made it were sold into slavery. There were two different movements one from France (lead by 12 year old Stephen of Cloyes) and the other from Germany (Nicholas of Cologne)
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Spanish Crusade - Reconquista
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Was a long effort by the Spanish to drive out the Muslims from Spain. By 1400 the Muslims held only the tiny kingdom of Granada
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Inquisition
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A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy - especially the one active in Spain during the 1400s. This was a court held by the Church to suppress heresy. Heretic were people whose religious beliefs differed from the teachings of the Church - they could be burned at the stake.
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Effects of the crusades
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Demonstrates the power of the Church. (1) The call to go to the Holy Land encourages thousand to leave their homes and travel to far away lands. (2) European merchants who lived and traded in the Crusader states expanded trade between Europe and Southwest Asia. Goods imported from SW Asia included spices, fruits, and cloth. This trade with the West benefited both Christians and Muslims. (3) The Crusades weakened the feudal nobility and increased the power of kings. The fall of Constantinople weakened the Byzantine Empire. (4) Muslim felt and even today the prejudice by the Christian in the Holy Land - bitterness and hatred.
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Crusades
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Grew out of religious fervor, feudalism, and chivalry, which came together with explosive energy. This same energy led to the growth of trade, towns, and universities in medieval Europe.
