Microeconomics Terms Flashcards

Q: Economic models are

simplified versions of reality designed to analyze \"what is\" to explain human decision making in any context.

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CHAPTER 1 When the Fed Gov crafts environmental policies that make it less expensive for firms to follow green initiatives,

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the policies are consistent with economic incentives.

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_____ is the study of the choices people make to attain their goals, given their scarce resources.

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Economics.

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Quiz 1. 1. Trade-Offs force society to make choices, particularly when answering the following three fundamental questions:

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One, what goods and services will be produced? Two, how will the goods and services be produced? Three, who will receive the goods and services produced?

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Economics is a social science because

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All of the above

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_____ is concerned with what is, and _____ is concerned with what ought to be. Economics is about _____, which measures the costs and benefits of different courses of action.

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Positive Analysis; Normative analysis; Positive

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One of the basic facts of life is that people must make choices as they try to attain their goals. This unavoidable fact come from a reality an economist calls

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scarcity.

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Economists use the work marginal to mean an extra or additional benefit or cost of a decision. An optimal decision occurs when

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marginal benefit equals marginal cost.

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Suppose, in an effort to prevent the population from declining, Italy begins offering new mothers extended periods of paid family leave from work and, consequently, the birthrate per woman increases. If so, then this could best be characterized as an example of people responding to

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economic incentive

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Opportunity cost is

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the highest valued alternative that must be give up to engage in an activity.

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Economic models are

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simplified versions of reality designed to analyze "what is" to explain human decision making in any context.

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To develop a model that will answer economic questions, economists typically:

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first make simplifying assumptions, then formulate a hypothesis, test the hypothesis, and finally revise the model if necessary.

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_____ occurs when a good or service is produced at the lowest possible cost. _____ occurs when production is in accordance with consumer preferences.

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Productive; Allocative

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Suppose Dell is currently selling 2,000,000 computers per year. However, managers at Dell are considering whether to increase production by 200,000. One manager explains that after increasing production by this amount, total profit would be $100 million. Given this information, should Dell increase production by 200,000 computers?

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Information about the additional revenue earned and the additional cost incurred from producing 200,000 additional computers is required to answer this question.

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How do market economics ultimately determine what goods and services are produced, how to produce them, and who will receive them?

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Consumers determine what goods and services are produced, firms determine how to produce them, and markets determine who will receive them.

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?Trade-offs force society to make? choices, particularly when answering the following three fundamental? questions:

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?One, what goods and services will be? produced? Two, how will the goods and services be? produced? Three, who will receive the goods and services? produced?

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_____ is the study of the choices people make to attain their? goals, given their scarce resources.

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Economics

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CHAPTER 2 A production possibilities frontier? (PPF) is

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a curve showing the maximum attainable combinations of two products that may be produced with available resources and current technology.

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Suppose the economy whose PPF is shown on the right experiences economic growth. ?1.) Use the? 3-point curved line drawing tool to show how growth affects the? trade-offs the country faces between producing ships and food. ?2.) Use the point drawing tool to draw and label a point on the new PPF that shows the economy producing more of both goods. Label this point? 'B'.Which of the following may have caused the shift you have? drawn? ?(Check all that? apply.)

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An increase in capital stock Advances in technology A larger labor force.

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Suppose an increasing number of school districts across the country find themselves with too few teachers at a time of rising enrollments and calls for improved outcomes in terms of student performance. A? market-based remedy for this emerging mismatch between the availability of teachers and school? districts' needs would likely emphasize

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higher compensation to elicit both a larger quantity of teacher services and a greater reliance by districts on? non-traditional instruction methods.

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The primary difference between product markets and factor markets is that

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product markets are markets for? goods, while factor markets are markets for factors of production--?labor, ?capital, natural? resources, and entrepreneurial ability.

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?labor, ?capital, natural? resources, and entrepreneurial ability.

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absolute advantage refers to the ability to produce more of a good or service using the same amount of resources and comparative advantage refers to the ability to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost.

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A number of political leaders have expressed concern about the? nation's decline as a major steel producer. Many have advocated policies to restrict imports and promote domestic production. These individuals would see their position weakened most by the knowledge that

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the substitution of domestic steel for foreign steel absorbs resources that would otherwise produce goods of greater value.

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A(n) _____ is someone who operates a? business, bringing together the factors of production -- Labor, capital, and natural resources-- to produce goods and services.

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Entrepreneur.

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Suppose the United States and Mexico both produce hamburgers and tacos. The combinations of the two goods that each country can produce in one day are presented in the table below. United States HB - 0 70 140 210 T - 126 84 42 0 Mexico HB - 0 7 14 21 T - 105 70 35 0Which country has an absolute advantage in producing? tacos? Which country has a comparative advantage in producing? tacos? Suppose the United States is currently producing 140 tons of hamburgers and 42 tons of tacos and Mexico is currently producing 14 tons of hamburgers and 35 tons of tacos. If the United States and Mexico each specialize in producing only one good? (the good for which each has a comparative? advantage), then a total of ___ additional? ton(s) of hamburgers can be produced for the two countries combined ?(enter a numeric response using an? integer) and a total of ___ additional? ton(s) of tacos can be produced.

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US Mexico56+hb 28+t

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Country A's PPF 200 corn 200 oil Country B's PPF 270 Corn 180 oilFrom the PPFs shown above it can be determined that the opportunity cost of oil is lower in country ___. Given the comparative opportunity costs as revealed by the PPFs shown? above, the comparative advantage for country B lies in _____. After these two countries specialize and trade with each? other, country A will import _____.

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A Corn Corn

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Prepping for a? next-day exam over the course of an evening? (and possibly into the wee hours of test? day) poses increasing costs since

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the longer you choose to study will result in an increase in the number and value of foregone activities.

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The production possibilities frontiers depicted in the diagram to the right illustrate

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both the labor force and capital stock increasing.

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both the labor force and capital stock increasing.

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that it makes it possible for society to become better off by increasing both its production and its consumption.

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As part of their budget tightening? process, many states are cutting aid to colleges and? universities, with students being asked to pick up a bigger part of the escalating tab of higher education. Which of the following would do the most to enable you to cope with those higher expenses without impairing your progress toward a? degree?

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Reducing your consumption of goods and services not essential to your education.

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In economic? terminology, the inputs used to make goods and services are referred to as

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factors of production

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The basis for trade is

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comparative advantage.

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On the diagram to the? right, movement along the curve from points A to B to C illustrates

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increasing marginal opportunity costs.

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CHAPTER 3 Consider the figure to the right and assume that it is the market for? health-care services. When the? "baby boomer" generation? retires, the number of people who require health care increases by? 30%, and, as a? result, the number of? health-care providers also? increases, but by only? 25%. What is the effect on the price of? health-care services over? time?

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It increases because demand increased by more than supply.

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The distinction between substitutes and complements is

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substitute goods are used for the same purposes while complementary goods are used together.

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Consider the supply of crude oil on the world market. In August? 2011, the price of oil was roughly? $80 per barrel. Which of the following changes would increase the supply of? oil? The oil supply curve would shift to the right if

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future oil prices were expected to be lower.

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The recent recession that began in December 2007 resulted in declining incomes as some people lost their jobs and others were forced to work fewer hours or have their wages reduced. How did this affect the market for fast food restaurantsfast food restaurants?? In the figure to the? right, show how the recent recession likely affected the market for fast food restaurantsfast food restaurants. Using the line drawing tool?, draw either a new supply curve ?(Upper S2?) or a new demand curve ?(Upper D2?). Properly label your line.

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Shift demand right.

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According to the law of? supply,

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there is a positive relationship between price and quantity supplied. as the price of a product? increases, firms will supply more of it to the market.

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According to the law of? demand,

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there is an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded.

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Consider the demand for condominiums illustrated in the figure to the right. What demographic change would likely result in the demand curve for condominiums shifting to the left? The demand curve for condominiums would likely shift to the left if the

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portion of the population that is elderly decreases.

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Suppose the equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity of gold both increase. Which of the following would produce such a? change?

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The market demand curve for gold could have increased.

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After World War II in? 1945, the United States experienced a? "baby boom" as birthrates rose and remained high through the early 1960s. In? 2011, the first members of the baby boom generation became older than 65. What effect will this have on the market for nurses? As the first baby boomers become older than? 65, the

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demand curve for nurses will shift to the right.

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Consider the market for? Hewlett-Packard (HP)? printers, depicted in the figure to the? right, where the supply of HP printers has increased from S1 to S2. What would cause the supply curve for HP printers to shift to the? right?

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A positive technological change. A decrease in the price of a substitute in production.

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CHAPTER 4 Tax incidence is

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the actual division of the burden of a tax between buyers and sellers in a market.

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Consider the market for sugar illustrated in the figure to the right. Suppose the market is perfectly competitive and initially in equilibrium at a price of p2 and a quantity of Upper Q2. Now suppose the government applies a price floor of p3. Compared with the? market-clearing equilibrium, consumer surplus wouldIn? turn, producer surplus would Consequently, with the price floor?, deadweight loss would equal

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Decrease by areas B and E. Increase by area B and decrease by area F. Areas E and F.

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Consider the market for gasoline illustrated in the figure to the right. Suppose the market is perfectly competitive and initially in equilibrium. Now suppose the government imposes a gasoline tax of ?0.75 to be paid for by producers. The effect of this tax is illustrated in the figure to the right. Who bears the burden of the? tax? Consumers pay ?___ of the ?$0.75 tax ?(enter a numeric response using a real number rounded to two decimal? places) and producers pay ?___ of the tax.

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S1 @ 50gas $2.50 S2 @ 45ga $3.00.$0.50 $0.25

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In the diagram to the? right, illustrating a? per-unit tax equal to P2 minus P3?, tax revenue is represented by the areas _____ and the excess burden of the tax is rep by areas _____.

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D and F E and G.

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Assume the figure to the right illustrates the market for orange juice. Suppose the government begins providing orange juice producers a ?$0.30 per pound subsidy. What will be the effects of this subsidy on the market for orange? juice? ?1.) Using the point drawing? tool, indicate the? pre-subsidy competitive market equilibrium. Label this point ?'e1?'. ?2.) Using the line drawing tool?, draw a new supply curve reflecting the subsidy. Label this line ?'SupplyS?'. ?3.) Using the point drawing? tool, indicate the market price and quantity with the subsidy. Label this point ?'e2?'.

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Supply shifts up 30 cents.

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In the diagram to the? right, illustrating a binding price ceiling at P3?, the amount of producer surplus transferred to consumers is represented by area ___. and the deadweight loss is equal to areas _____.

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C B and D.

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A black market is

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a market in which buying and selling take place at prices that violate government price regulations.

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Economic Efficiency is

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a market outcome in which the marginal benefit to consumers of the last unit produced is equal to its marginal cost of production and in which the sum of consumer surplus and producer surplus is at a maximum.

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When the government imposes price floors or price? ceilings,

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some people? win, some people? lose, and there is a loss of economic efficiency.

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A country that imports a substantial amount of gasoline every year imposed a? $1.2 per gallon excise tax on? gasoline, to be paid by sellers. The equilibrium price of gasoline prior to the tax was? $4 per gallon. Gasoline being a necessary? good, its demand curve is steep and the consumers had to bear the bulk of the tax burden. The? post-tax price of gasoline went up to? $5 per? gallon, causing the? country's media to claim that it was unfair that people should have to pay so high a price for such an important consumption item. They further believed that such a high tax was inefficient and could not be justified. Which of the? following, if? true, would support the? media's claim about the tax being? inefficient?

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The demand for gasoline? declined, causing the revenue generation to be much lower than expected.

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In the diagram to the? right, marginal benefit ______ marginal cost at output level Q1 (the lowest) The output level is considered economically _____.

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is greater than. Inefficient.

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Consider the market for eggs illustrated in the figure to the right. Suppose the market is perfectly competitive and initially in equilibrium at a price of 5 cents and a quantity of 50? (thousand). If the price were 7 cents instead of 5? cents, then consumer surplus wouldIn? turn, producer surplus would Consequently, at a price of 7 ?cents, deadweight loss would equal

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Decrease by areas B and E. Increase by area B and decrease by area F. Areas E and F.

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CHAPTER 5 Consider the market illustrated in the figure to the right. Supply curve Upper S1 represents the private cost of production and demand curve Upper D1 represents the private benefit from consumption. Suppose the consumption of this good creates a negative externality. In? turn, the social benefit from consumption is represented by demand curve Upper D2. Show how the externality affects market efficiency. Use the triangle drawing tool to shade in the new economic surplus? (New surplus) or the deadweight loss? (Deadweight loss) created by the negative externality. Properly label this shaded area.

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Draw triangle at intersection of D1 and S1, intersection of D2 and S1, and down along D2.

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How do externalities affect? markets? If a positive externality in consumption is present in a? market, then

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The private benefit from consumption will be different than the social benefit from consumption.

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How do externalities in the production of electricity result in market failure? Because of? externalities, the market for electricity will

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Provide too much electricity.

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Consider the market illustrated in the figure to the right. Supply curve Upper S1 represents the private cost of production and demand curve Upper D1 represents the private benefit from consumption. Suppose consumption of this good creates a positive externality. Show how the externality affects the market.

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Demand shifts right. Market equilibrium is initial intersection. Efficient equilibrium is on D2.

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How do property rights affect externalities and market? failure?

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Externalities and market failure will result from the difficulty of enforcing property rights.

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Suppose the figure to the right illustrates the marginal cost and marginal benefit from reducing sulfur dioxide pollution. Suppose also that the United States is currently planning to eliminate 5.5 million tons of pollution per year. What would be the net benefit to the United States of instead eliminating 8.5 million tons of sulfur? dioxide? Use the triangle drawing tool to shade in the net benefit to society from eliminating 8.5 million tons of pollution per year compared to eliminating 5.5 million tons of pollution. Label this shaded area? 'Net benefit'.

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Shade above MC line, from 5.5-8.5mil tons.

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What must be true for the Coase Theorem to hold?

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All parties to an agreement must be willing to accept a reasonable agreement.

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Suppose the production of electricity by a utility generates pollution that harms others. Suppose also that Coase bargaining can occur between the utility and the victims of pollution but that the utility has not been legally liable for the damages from its pollution. How would making the utility legally liable for the damages from its pollution affect pollution? reduction? If the electric utility and the people suffering the effects of the? utility's pollution can? bargain, then making the utility legally liable for the damages from its pollution will

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not change the amount of pollution reduction because the marginal benefit and marginal cost of pollution reduction will not change.

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Suppose the figure to the right illustrates the marginal cost and marginal benefit from reducing sulfur dioxide pollution. Suppose also that the United States is currently generating 11.5 million tons of pollution per year. What is the optimal level of pollution? reduction? The optimal level of pollution reduction is

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7. Intersection.

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How might society solve problems associated with externalities and market failure? If an externality is? present, resulting in market? failure, then

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Private solutions may reduce or correct market failure.

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Which of the following is an example of a transaction cost associated with negotiating the reduction of a negative? externality? An example of a transaction cost isHow might transaction costs affect private solutions to externality? problems? Transaction costs

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The cost associated with monitoring an agreement to reduce a negative externality. May make private solutions to reduce negative externalities no longer feasible.

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Suppose the figure to the right illustrates the marginal cost and marginal benefit from reducing sulfur dioxide pollution. How could the government use a command-and-control approach to reduce pollution to the optimal level for? society? The government couldSuppose the government requires each firm to reduce sulfur dioxide emissions by an equal amount such that total emissions are reduced by 8.5 million tons per year. Is this approach necessarily economically? efficient? This? command-and-control approach

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Limit sulfur dioxide pollution to a particular quantity per year. Is not efficient because firms can have different costs of reducing pollution.

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Suppose the figure to the right illustrates the market for toilet? paper, where S1 (intersects D @ $175,550tons) represents the marginal private cost of production and D1 represents the marginal private benefit from consumption. Companies that produce toilet paper bleach the paper to make it white. Some paper plants discharge the bleach into rivers and? lakes, causing substantial environmental damage. Assume that S2 (inter D @ $325,250tons) represents the marginal social cost of producing toilet paper? (incorporating the? externality). What could the government do to internalize the? externality? In the presence of a negative? externality, the government could _____ toilet paper production. In particular, the gov should set a Pigovian tax of __ per ton of toilet paper produced.

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tax $225

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Suppose the United States has two? utilities, Commonweath Utilities and Consolidated Electric. Both produce 20 million tons of sulfur dioxide pollution per year.? However, the marginal cost of reducing a ton of pollution for Consolidated Electric is ?$275 per ton and the marginal cost of reducing a ton of pollution for Commonwealth Utilities is ?$375 per ton. The? government's goal is to cut sulfur dioxide pollution in half? (by 20 million tons per? year). If the government issues 10 million tradable pollution permits to each? utility, what will be the cost of eliminating half of the pollution to? society?Using a cap-and-trade system of tradable emission allowances will eliminate half of the sulfer dioxide pollution at a cost of ___ million per year. If the permits are not? tradable, what will be the cost of eliminating half of the? pollution? If permits cannot be? traded, then the cost of the pollution reduction will be ___ mil per year.

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$5500 $6500

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Companies producing toilet paper bleach the paper to make it white. The bleach is discharged into rivers and lakes and causes substantial environmental damage. The diagram to the right illustrates the situation in the toilet paper market. The private profit -- maximizing output level is

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Q3. Intersecting Marginal private cost and Marginal Benefit.

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Companies producing toilet paper bleach the paper to make it white. The bleach is discharged into rivers and lakes and causes substantial environmental damage. The diagram to the right illustrates the situation in the toilet paper market. Suppose the government wants to use a Pigovian tax to bring about the efficient level of production. What should the value of the tax? be?

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$(P2-P0) per ton of output. Highest cost of benefit per unit - lowest cost of benefit.

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In England during the Middle? Ages, each village had an area of? pasture, known as a? commons, on which any family in the village was allowed to graze its cows or sheep without charge. Was the common land used? optimally?

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Grazing created a negative? externality, resulting in the commons being overused.

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Consider the market illustrated in the figure to the right for wood from a forest. Suppose the trees are a common resource. Supply curve S1 represents the private cost of production and demand curve D1 represents the private benefit from consumption. Show how the private market overuses common resources.

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S shifts up/left. Actual equilibrium is intersection of D1, S1. Efficient equilibrium is inter of D1, S2.

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A small town provides a fireworks? display, which is a public? good, every fourth of July. For? simplicity, assume the town only has two? residents: Hayden and Madison. Their demands for the fireworks display are illustrated in the figure to the right. Construct the market demand curve for this public good.

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Add price together for starting D. Add price together for ending D.

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Consider the consumption of electricity.What type of good is electricity? Electricity is

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a quasi-public good.

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Consider the market for fish in public water, illustrated in the figure to the right, where S1 is marginal private cost and D1 is marginal private benefit. Fish are an example of a _____. Suppose that the use of fish in public water generates a negative externality of $150 per unit. If so, then according to the figure, the optimal quantity of fish in public water for society is __ nits.

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common resource. 3

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Consider the market for a common resource such as fish in public water?, illustrated in the figure to the right where S1 represents marginal private costs and D1 represents marginal private benefits. The dashed green line represents the corresponding marginal social cost. The private market tends to _____ common resources. Use the triangle drawing tool to shade in the amount of deadweight loss created by the private market. Properly label this shaded area.

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overuse Shade above D1 line. Along dash and D1.

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Suppose a new recreational neighborhood park would cost? $20,000, including opportunity? costs, to construct and maintain. If? built, the park would be a public good. For simplicity, assume the neighborhood park would be used by three families, each of whom would derive a marginal benefit equivalent to $8,000 from the park. Should the neighborhood park be built? It would _____ for the park to be built. If left to the private? market, without private bargaining or government? intervention, would the park be? built? Without private bargaining or government? intervention, the park _____ be built.

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be optimal. would not.

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Suppose a common resource--wood in a public forest--is being overused because residents consider the benefits of gaining firewood or wood for building but do not account for the cost of deforestation when chopping down trees. What could be done to prevent wood in the forest from being? overused? To prevent overuse of the common? resource,

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the community could estab norms where social pressure limits deforestation.

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Consider a pair of Nike shoes. Is the consmption of Nike shoes rival and excludable? The consumption of Nike shoes is

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rival and excludable.

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How do property rights affect externalities and market failure?

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Externalities and market failure will result from incomplete property rights.

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What is an? externality? Which of the following is an example of a good or service having the effects of a positive? externality? Which of the folowing is an example of a good or service having the effects of a negative? externality?

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A benefit or cost that affects someone who is not directly involved in the production or consumption of a good or service. Medical research Education Cigarette smoking

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The private cost of producing a good will differ from the social cost

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When there is an externality, such as acid rain generated by the production of electricity.

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When will the private benefit from consuming a good differ from the social? benefit?

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when there is an? externality, such as? second-hand smoke generated by the consumption of cigarettes. when there is an? externality, such as fewer diseases generated by the consumption of vaccines.

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What is economic? efficiency? Externalities affect the economic efficiency of a market equilibrium by causing a difference between

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Economic efficiency is where consumer surplus and producer surplus are maximized. the private cost of production and the social cost of production. the private benefit of consumption and the social benefit of production.

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What is a market failure?

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A market failure is when the market fails to produce the efficient level of output.

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When is market failure likely to? arise?

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when property rights are incomplete when it is difficult to enforce property rights.

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Briefly discuss the relationship between property rights and the existence of externalities. Without property rights? (or if property rights are difficult to? enforce), externalities areFor? example, if you buy a house and the government protects your right to exclusive use of that? house, then your private benefit from the house will likely _____ the social benefit of the house. In another? example, if you buy a college education and you have no property right that will enable you to prevent others from benefiting from your? education, then your private benefit will likel

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likely to result equal be less than.

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The chapter states that your consuming a Big Mac does not create an externality. But suppose you arrive at your favorite? McDonald's at lunchtime and get in a long line to be served. By the time you reach the? counter, there are 10 people in line behind you. Because you decided to have a Big Mac for lunchlong dash—instead ?of, say, a pizzalong dash—each of those 10 people must wait in line an additional 2 minutes. Or suppose that after a lifetime of consuming Big? Macs, you develop heart disease. Because you are now over age? 65, the government must pay most of your medical bills through the Medicare system. Under these? circumstances, when you consume a Big Mac you create a _____ externality in _____. Might there be a justification here for the government to intervene in the market for Big? Macs? Explain.

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negative; consumption. Because the private benefit of your consuming a Big Mac is greater than the social? benefit, the government should intervene to internalize the externality.

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Your neighbor John has a barking dog. Which of the following statements is? true?

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It can create negative externalities by disrupting your sleep and can also create positive externalities by discouraging intruders.

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Yellowstone National Park is in bear country. The National Park? Service, at its Yellowstone Web? site, states the following about camping and hiking in bear? country: Do not leave packs containing food? unattended, even for a few minutes. Allowing a bear to obtain human food even once often results in the bear becoming aggressive about obtaining such food in the future. Aggressive bears present a threat to human safety and eventually must be destroyed or removed from the park. Please obey the law and do not allow bears or other wildlife to obtain human food. ?Source: National Park? Service, Yellowstone National? Park, "Backcountry Camping? & Hiking,"? www.nps.gov/yell/planyourvisit/backcountryhiking.htm. What externality does obtaining human food pose for the? bear? When campers and hikers leave human food for bears to? consume, that posesWhat externality does the? bear's obtaining human food pose for future campers and? hikers? When campers and hikers leave human food for bears to? consume, that poses

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a negative externality for the bears because the taste of human food often causes the bears to be aggressive and since they pose a threat to human? safety, they are eventually removed from the park or even destroyed. a negative externality for the future campers and hikers since they may be attacked by aggressive bears who are searching for more human food.

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Examples of transaction costs include When are we likely to see private solutions to the problem of? externalities?

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the cost of monitoring an agreement. the cost of drafting a contract or agreement. the time required to negotiate an agreement.When transaction costs are low. When the parties involved have information about the externality. When the number of parties involved is small.

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Is it ever possible for an increase in pollution to make society better? off? Referring to the graph to the? right,

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society would be better off increasing pollution if pollution reduction is at Q3.

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The following information regarding cable television is from the Federal Communications Commission? (FCC) Web? site: In? general, a cable television operator has the right to select the channels and services that are available on its cable system. With the exception of certain channels like local broadcast television channels which are required to be carried by federal? law, the cable operator has broad discretion in choosing which channels will be available and how those channels will be packaged and marketed to subscribers. With the exception of programming that is required to be carried on the basic? tier, the cable operator and the entity that owns the channel or programming service negotiate the terms and conditions for carriage on the cable system. Terms may include whether the channel or service will be offered in a package with other programming or whether the channel or service will be offered on a? per-channel or? pay-per-view basis. ?Source: Consumer and Government Affairs? Bureau, "Choosing Cable? Channels," ?www.fcc.gov/cgb/consumerfacts/cablechannels.html?, November? 6, 2008. Suppose you are a fan of The Daily Show with Jon Stewart and The Colbert Report?, both on the Comedy Central cable? channel, but the only way you can get Comedy Central from your local cable provider is to subscribe to a package that includes 30 other channels. Is there an externality involved? here? If? so, is it an externality in production or? consumption, and is it positive or? negative? If there is an? externality, discuss possible solutions. This is potentially an example of aWhat would be a possible solution to this? externality? ?(Mark all that? apply.)

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Positive externality in production. Have other components of the package pay Comedy Central a portion of their revenue. Allow Comedy Central to operate independently from the platinum package. Have other components of the package pay for a portion of Comedy? Central's costs of producing The Daily Show and The Colbert Report. Merge the companies in the package into one company. Have other components of the package pay Comedy Central a subsidy.

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CHAPTER 6 In fall? 2006, Pace University in New York raised its annual tuition from ?$24,750 to ?$29,000. Freshman enrollment declined from 1,425 in fall 2005 to 1,120 in fall 2006. Assuming that the demand curve for places in the freshmen class at Pace did not shift between 2005 and? 2006, use this information to calculate the price elasticity of demand. Use the midpoint formula in your calculation. ?Source: Karen W.? Arenson, "At? Universities, Plum Post at Top Is Now? Shaky," New York Times?, January? 9, 2007. The price elasticity of demand for Pace University for the fall of 2006 is ___.The demand for places in? Pace's freshman class is price Calculate the total revenue generated from? Pace's freshman class in 2005 ?$ Calculate the total revenue generated from? Pace's freshman class in 2006 ?$ The total amount of tuition Pace received from its freshman class _____ in 2006 compared with 2005.

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-1.50 (midpoint formula) elastic 35268750 (tuition X enrollment) 32480000 fell

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What is the formula for the price elasticity of? demand? The formula for the price elasticity of demand is

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the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price.

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Why? isn't elasticity just measured by the slope of the demand? curve?

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The measurement of slope is sensitive to the units chosen for quantity and price.

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In the 2010 holiday? season, Steve Richardson decided to cut the prices of his? hand-crafted wooden puzzles to increase sales. According to a newspaper? account, "the number of orders at Stave Puzzles? Inc., his? Norwich, Vt.? business, hasn't been enough to offset the price? cuts." ?Source: Emily? Maltby, "In Season of Big? Discounts, Small Shops? Suffer," Wall Street Journal?, November? 24, 2010. The demand for these puzzles

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must be inelastic because the percentage increase in the quantity demanded for orders is less than the percentage decrease in price of the puzzles.

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When demand curves? intersect, the curve with the larger slope in absolute value? (the steeper demand? curve) is more elastic.

answer

False.

question

CHAPTER 7 Match the countries below on the left with the health care system descriptions to their right. Do this by inserting into each? country's response box the number associated with the description of its health care system.Canada Japan UK US

answer

Has a ?single-payer health care system where the government provides national health insurance to all residents. Has a system of universal health insurance under which every resident is required to either enroll in a? non-profit health insurance society or in a government health insurance program. The government owns most hospitals and employs most? doctors, so the health care system is referred to as socialized medicine. Most people have private health insurance through? employers, with the government also providing insurance to the? poor, aged, and military veterans.

question

The main sources of health insurance in the United States include all of the following except

answer

household? co-operatives, or? co-ops.

question

Which of the following countries operates under a? single-payer health insurance? system? Which of the following best describes the system of socialized? medicine?

answer

Canada a health care system under which the government owns most of the hospitals and employs most of the physicians

question

Comparisons of health care outcomes across countries often concentrate on measures such as life expectancy and infant mortality since

answer

they are among the easiest outcomes to measure because a specific event? (death) has occurred.

question

Match the terms below on the left with the definitions to their right. Do this by inserting into each? term's response box the number associated with its correct definition. Health insurance Free-for-Service Single-payer health care system Socialized medicine

answer

A contract under which a buyer makes payments in exchange for the? provider's agreeing to pay some or all of the? buyer's medical bills. A type of health insurance plan under which doctors and hospitals receive a payment for each service they provide. A health care system where one? entity, usually the? government, provides national health insurance to all residents. A health care system in which the government owns most hospitals and employs most doctors.

question

The phrase? "health care? outcome" refers to _____ . Compared with those of other? high-income countries, health care outcomes in the United States areIn attempting to compare health care outcomes across? countries, a problem encountered is

answer

any indicator of societal health. better on some? indicators, inferior on others.A lack of data consistency getting an accurate Measurement of health care delivery Distinguishing health care effectiveness from lifestyle choices. Properly assessing consumer preferences.

question

Two health care analysts argue that in the United? States, ?"we have arrived at a moment where we are making little headway in defeating various kinds of diseases.? Instead, our main achievements today consist of devising ways to marginally extend the lives of the very? sick." ?Source: David? Brooks, "Death and? Budgets," New York Times?, July? 14, 2011. Should? "marginally extend[ing] the lives of the very? sick" be an important goal of a health care system? and, if? not, what other goals should have a higher? priority? While this normative question has no definite correct or incorrect? answer, it seems reasonable to expect that any health care system? would, at a minimum and through multiple? avenues,The success of health care systems of different countries in extending the lives of the very sick

answer

reduce human suffering may be measured by examining? illness/disease mortality ratios.

question

According to an article in the Economist about the health care system in the United? Kingdom, "A defining principle of the National Health Service is that it is? 'free at the point of? delivery'." ?Source: "Free-for-All," Economist?, June? 1, 2013. The reference to? "free at the point of? delivery" meansIs health care actually free to residents of the United? Kingdom?

answer

there is no charge to the health care system user. ?No, because they pay for these services through their taxes.

question

?Source: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development?, OECD Health Data 2013?, June 2013. According to the figure? above, health care is a normal good for

answer

all countries

question

CHAPTER 10 HW The table below shows the relationship between the number of movies seen per month and the total utility. Movies 0 1 2 3 4 5 Total Utility 0 48 80 96 104 108 In this? example, consuming additional movies _____ the law of diminishing marginal utility.

answer

Marginal Utility - 48 32 16 8 4Illustrates

question

If a 14 percent increase in the price of Cheerios causes a 26 percent reduction in the number of boxes of cereal? demanded, the price elasticity of demand for Cheerios is ___. The demand for Cheerios is _____.

answer

-1.86 Elastic

question

Refer to the graph to the? right, which shows two potential demand curves in the market for photocopies at a printing company. If you start at point A on D1?, what is the percentage change in quantity demanded when price falls from? $30 to? $20? Use the midpoint formula to calculate this percentage change. Quantity from 16 to 28. Price from 30 to 20

answer

Quantity demanded rises by 55%

question

?[Related to? Don't Let This Happen to? You] The publisher of a magazine gives his staff the information in the table below. He tells? them, ?"Our costs are currently? $150,000 more than our revenues each month. I propose to eliminate this problem by raising the price of the magazine to? $3.00 per issue. This will result in our revenue LOADING... being exactly equal to our? cost."

answer

Demand is perfectly inelastic.

question

If a 20 percent increase in the price of Red Bull energy drinks results in a decrease in the quantity demanded of 25? percent, demand for Red Bull is? _______ in this range.

answer

elastic

question

Which of the following is a primary determinant of the price elasticity of supply? The price elasticity of supply is affected byIn? particular, the supply curve for a particular product will be increasingly more elastic over a _____ period of time.

answer

The passage of time. longer

question

Consider the market for North Face coats. Suppose average household income increases from ?$36 thousand to ?$59 thousand per year. As a? result, the demand for North Face coats increases from 331 to 536. Using the midpoint? formula, what is the income elasticity of demand for North Face coats?? __For this instance, North Face coast are _____ good. Furthermore, North Face coats are a _____.

answer

.99 a normal necessity

question

Consider the demand curve illustrated in the figure to the right. Is demand elastic or? inelastic?At what price is total revenue? maximized? Total revenue is maximized when price equals

answer

Demand is elastic at all prices above ?$8.00 and inelastic at all prices below $8.00. 8

question

MIT economist Jerry Hausman has estimated the price elasticity of demand for Post Raisin Bran cereal to be minus?2.5 and the price elasticity of demand for all types of breakfast cereals to be minus?0.9. The price elasticity of demand for Post Raisin Bran cereal is _____, and the price elasticity of demand for all types of cereals are _____.Why might the price elasticity of demand for Post Raisin Bran cereal be more elastic than the price elasticity of demand for all types of breakfast? cereals? Post Raisin Bran cereal

answer

elastic; inelastic is defined more narrowly.

question

Suppose that you own an electronics store that sells LCD TVs. The demand for LCD TVsis illustrated in the figure to the right. If the price elasticity of demand for LCD TVs is elastic?, then you can increase your total revenue by _____ the price of LCD TVs.That being the? case, if you continue lowering the price of LCD TVs, will total revenue continue to? increase?

answer

lowering no

question

Economist X. M. Gao and two colleagues have estimated that the? cross-price elasticity of demand between beer and spirits is 0.15. If? so, then beer and spirits are _____.Gao and colleagues have estimated that the? cross-price elasticity of demand between beer and wine is 0.31. If the price of wine increases by 10? percent, then the quantity of beer demanded will In? addition, Gao and colleagues have estimated the income elasticity of demand for beer to be minus?0.09. If? so, then beer

answer

substitues. increase; 3.1 an inferior good

question

Suppose the demand for J. Crew sweaters is illustrated in the figure to the right. Suppose the price of J. Crew sweaters is ?$70. What is total ?revenue?Price increases to $80. Total revenue is

answer

$7000 (P X Q) $4000 elastic

question

Compare the price elasticity of demand for pencils with the price elasticity of demand for gasoline. The price elasticity of demand for pencils is likely

answer

more inelastic because pencils tend to represent a smaller fraction of a? consumer's budget.

question

Suppose the price of pepper increases by 20% and the quantity of salt demanded decreased by 4%. The cross-priced elasticity of demand between pepper and salt is ___.Pepper and salt are _____ If substitutes

answer

-.2 (4/20) complements. positive.

question

Consider the polar case where the price elasticity of demand is perfectly inelastic.

answer

D is vertical.

question

Compare the price elasticity of demand for water with the price elasticity of demand for wine. The price elasticity of demand for wine is likely

answer

relatively more elastic because wine is a luxury.

question

Suppose the demand for wheat increased only slightly between 1950 and 2000 but the equilibrium quantity increased dramatically. Absent any other? changes, what could explain the large increase in the equilibrium? quantity? The equilibrium quantity of wheat could have increased dramatically given a slight increase in demand because

answer

the price elasticity of supply is relatively elastic

question

The price elasticity of demand for milk is likely to be more inelastic than the price elasticity of demand for concert tickets because

answer

milk is more of a necessity.

question

Suppose a consumer is trying to decide how much to spend on housing and how much to spend on all other ?(non-housing?) consumption. The economic model of consumer behavior predicts that the consumer will

answer

Choose the combination of housing and ?non-housing consumption that makes her as well off as possible from among the combinations of housing and ?non-housing items she can afford.

question

The following table shows? Madison's utility from consuming popcorn and Coke. Suppose that Madison has income of ?$21.00?, the price of popcorn is ?$3.00?, and the price of Coke is ?$2.25. If Madison wants to maximize her? utility, how much popcorn and Coke should she? buy? Popcorn MU 192 144 96 48 24 12 Coke MU 144 108 72 36 18 9 Madison should buy __ boxes of popcorn and __ cans of Coke.

answer

4; 4.

question

Suppose you have a monthly entertainment budget that you use to rent movies and purchase CDs. You currently use your income to rent 5 movies per month at a cost of? $5.00 per movie and to purchase 5 CDs per month at a cost of? $10.00 per CD. Your marginal utility from the fifth movie is 10 and your marginal utility from the fifth CD is 28. Are you maximizing utility?

answer

You are not maximizing utility because the marginal utility per dollar spent on movies is not equal to the marginal utility per dollar spent on CDs.

question

Suppose ham is an inferior good. How will consumers adjust their buying decisions if the price of ham? changes? If the price of ham? increases, then consumers will demandSuppose ham is a normal good. If the price of ham increases, consumers demand ______ ham due to income effect and _____ ham due to the substitution effect.

answer

More ham due to the income effect because their purchasing power decreases and less ham due to the substitution effect because the opportunity cost of consuming ham is higher. Less; less.

question

What role does utility play in the economic model of consumer? behavior? When modeling consumer? behavior, utility

answer

Reflects the satisfaction a consumer receives from consuming a particular set of goods and services.

question

The table below shows the demand for tickets to professional basketball games for? you, Gina, and Chad.

answer

Graph starting point at highest price and all demands together; ending point at lowest price and demands together.

question

Giffen goods

answer

were not shown to exist til 2006.

question

The figure to the right represents the demand for ice cream cones. Which of the following statements is true??

answer

Points a and b are the utility?maximizing quantities of ice?cream cones at two different prices of ice?cream.

question

The figure to the right represents the demand for ice cream cones. When the price of ice cream cones increases from? $2 to? $3, quantity demanded decreases from 4 ice cream cones to 3 ice cream cones. This change in quantity demanded is due to

answer

the income and substitution effects.

question

For a demand curve to be upward? sloping, the good would have to be an inferior? good, and

answer

the income effect would have to be larger than the substitution.

question

What explanations have economists offered for why firms? don't raise prices when doing so would seem to increase? profits? Firms might not raise prices when doing so might increase profits because

answer

consumers find it unfair for firms to increase prices after an increase in demand.

question

What affects the desirability of a? product? Products become more desirable when

answer

Professional athletes use a product because consumers who use the same product may feel closer to famous people. celebrities use a product because consumers who use the same product may feel more fashionable. movie stars use a product because consumers perceive them to be particularly knowledgeable about it.

question

Are consumers only interested in making themselves as well off as possible in a material? sense? Consumers are

answer

also concerned with fairness as exemplified by tipping restaurants that will never be visited again

question

What effect does a network externality have on the market for a? product? If a network externality is present for a? product, then

answer

consumers may be more likely to buy the product because it is more useful.

question

Consider a form of public consumption such as attending sporting events. An? individual's demand for sporting events depends on

answer

the cost of the sporting event. the? individual's tastes and preferences. the popularity of the sporting event.

question

Identify the one statement that does not demonstrate how social effects influence consumer choice.

answer

Students in an Economics class are required to purchase a textbook assigned by the professor.

question

Consider the ultimatum game ?, where an? "allocator" is? given, say, ?$100.00 to decide how to divide with a? "recipient," who then decides whether to accept or reject the? allocation, ultimately determining whether the pair receives the allocation or nothing. What is the optimal play in the ultimatum? game?The optimal play in the ultimatum game is for the allocator to propose a division of the money such that the recipient receives ?__ and the recipient then _____ the division. When the ultimatum game experiment is carried? out, both allocators and recipients act as if fairness _____ important.

answer

$.01; accepts is

question

Research by Daniel? Kahneman, Jack? Knetch, and Richard Thaler has shown that companies like airlines were explicitly able to include a fuel surcharge in their prices because

answer

consumers see it as fair for firms to raise prices after an increase in costs.

question

In recent? years, some economists have begun studying situations in which people do not appear to be making choices that are economically rational. This new area of economics is calledWhy might consumers not act? rationally? Consumers might

answer

behavioral economics. Take into account monetary costs. Ignore nonmonetary opportunity costs. Fail to ignore skunk costs. Unrealistic about future goals.

question

Behavioral economist Richard Thaler has studied several examples of how businesses make use of inconsistencies in consumer? decision-making. Which of the following is an example of? this? An example of businesses taking advantage of inconsistencies in consumer? decision-making is

answer

credit card companies not allowing stores to charge a fee to consumers if they pay with a credit card but allowing stores to provide a discount to consumers if they pay in cash.

question

Behavioral economists attribute some consumer behavior to the endowment effect. Which of the following is an example of the endowment? effect? An example of the endowment effect is

answer

Being unwilling to sell a vase for a price that is greater than the price you would be willing to pay to buy the vase if you didn't already own it.

question

What explanation might an economist provide why some people smoke cigarettes when such behavior can lead to health? consequences? Some people likely smoke cigarettes because

answer

They overvalue the utility from current choices.

question

Which of the following is most likely to be a fixed cost for a farmer?

answer

insurance premiums on property.

question

Which of the following is most likely to be a variable cost for a business firm?

answer

cost of shipping products.

question

CHAPTER 11 HW Technology isAn example of technological change is

answer

the processes a firm uses to turn inputs into outputs of goods and services. Being able to produce more output using the same inputs. Being able to produce the same output using fewer inputs. A decline in the quantity of output that can be produced from a given quantity of inputs.

question

Suppose a pizza parlor has the following production? costs: ?$4.00 in labor per? pizza, ?$2.00 in ingredients per? pizza, ?$0.50 in electricity per? pizza, ?$4,000 in restaurant rent per? month, and ?$450 in insurance per month. Assume the pizza parlor produces 4,000 pizzas per month.The variable cost of production is _____. (Add labor, ingred, electricity) The fixed cost of production is _____. (Add rent and insurance)

answer

$26,000; $4450

question

Charles has decided to open a? lawn-mowing company. To do? so, he purchases mowing equipment for ?$3,000?, buys gasoline ?($1.60 in gas is required to mow each? yard), and pays a helper ?$15.00 per yard. Prior to opening the lawn? company, Charles earned ?$7,000 as a lifeguard at the neighborhood swimming pool. Assume the money he used to purchase the mowing equipment could otherwise have earned 2 percent per year in the bank and that the mowing equipment depreciates at 10 percent per year. Charles plans to mow 250 yards per year. Charles's implicit cost of production is _____ per year.

answer

$7360

question

Consider a production process where flowers are grown? (the output) using gardeners? (labor) and greenhouses? (capital). The quantity of flowers grown per day with various combinations of labor and capital are shown in the table below.

answer

Total cost is cost of labor and capital. Average total cost is Total cost/ Output.

question

The production function is the relationship between

answer

the inputs employed by a firm and the maximum output it can produce with those inputs.

question

What is the difference in the short run and the long? run? In the short? run,

answer

at least one of the? firm's inputs is? fixed, while in the long? run, the firm is able to vary all its? inputs, adopt new? technology, and change the size of its physical plant.

question

Suppose that last semester your semester GPA was 3.70 and your resulting cumulative GPA was 2.83. ?Next, suppose that this semester your semester GPA will be 3.10. If? so, then your cumulative GPA

answer

Will increase because your? "marginal" GPA will be above your cumulative GPA.

question

The marginal product of labor potentially increases? (from one to three? workers) due to

answer

specialization.

question

Which of the following is true of the relationship between the average product of labor and the marginal product of labor?

answer

Whenever the marginal product of labor is less than the average product of labor, the average product of labor must be decreasing.

question

The marginal cost of production shows the change in a? firm's total cost from producing one more unit of a good or service. What is the shape of the marginal cost? curve? Graphically, the marginal cost curve is

answer

a U? shape, initially falling when the marginal product of labor is rising and then eventually rising when the marginal product of labor is falling.

question

Marginal cost = change in Total cost/Output For? example, if the total cost of producing three units of output is ?$2,331 and the total cost of producing four units of output is ?$3,391?, then the marginal cost of the fourth unit is ?_____.

answer

3391-2331=1060.

question

When a firm produces? 50,000 units of? output, its total cost equals? $6.5 million. When it increases its production to? 70,000 units of? output, its total cost increased to? $9.4 million. Within this? range, the marginal cost of an additional unit of output is

answer

9.4-6.5=2.9/20000 .000145*1000 $145.

question

In the world oil? market, oil is supplied up to the point where

answer

the marginal cost of the last barrel is just equal to the price buyers are willing to pay for that last barrel.

question

The figure to the right illustrates the? short-run cost curves for a company that produces cell phones. Identify the average total cost curve? (ATC), the average variable cost curve? (AVC), the average fixed cost curve? (AFC), and the marginal cost curve? (MC) in the figure.

answer

ATC is C3 AVC is C2 AFC is C1 MC is C4

question

Refer to the diagram to the right. What happens to the average fixed cost of production when the firm increases output from 150 to? 200?

answer

It falls.

question

Refer to the table to the right which shows cost data for Lotus? Lanterns, a producer of whimsical night lights. What is the marginal cost per unit of production when the firm produces 100? lanterns?

answer

$32

question

If the average variable cost curve is above the marginal cost? curve, then

answer

marginal costs can be either increasing or decreasing.

question

Which of the following equations is incorrect??

answer

ATC = AVC - AFC

question

Average Fixed Cost Average Variable Cost Average Total Cost Marginal Cost Profit Maximizing Profit. Optimal Profit Total Revenue

answer

AFC = TC when Q is 0/Q AVC = Variable Cost/Output AVC = TC - (TC when Q is 0)/Q VC = AVC x Q ATC = Total Costs/Output = TC/Q TC = ATC X Q MC = Change in TC/Change in Q Total Revenue - Total Cost (TR - TC) MR = MC Competitive firm P = MR. TR - TC (TR = P x Q) OP = the next TC - this TC TR = P x Q

question

?[Related to Solved Problem ?#4?] Suppose you decide to open a copy store. You rent store space? (signing a? one-year lease), and you take out a loan at a local bank and use the money to purchase 10 copiers. Six months? later, a large chain opens a copy store two blocks away from yours. As a? result, the revenue you receive from your copy? store, while sufficient to cover the wages of your employees and the costs of paper and? utilities, doesn't cover all of your rent and the interest and repayment costs on the loan you took out to purchase the copiers. Should you continue operating your? business?

answer

Yes, because you are covering your variable costs.

question

According to an article in the New York Times?, interest payments on bank loans make up more than half the costs of the typical solar panel manufacturer. The owner of a firm that imports solar panels made this observation about solar panel? manufacturers: ?"So as long as companies can cover their variable costs and earn at least some revenue to put toward interest? payments, they will continue to operate even at a? loss."?Source: Diane? Cardwell, "Solar Tariffs? Upheld, but May Not Help in? U.S.," New York Times?, November? 7, 2012. The interest payments these firms make are a The quote describes logical behavior of solar panel firms in the

answer

fixed cost since they do not vary with output. short run

question

The figure to the right illustrates the? long-run average cost curve for a company that makes motors. Suppose the company produces 12 thousand motors per month. Is it experiencing economies of? scale, diseconomies of? scale, or constant returns to? scale? If the company produces 12 thousand? motors, then it experiences _____.At what level of output does the firm experience the minimum efficient? scale? The minimum efficient scale occurs when the firm produces __ thousand motors.

answer

diseconomies of scale. (line starts going up. 5. (lowest point)

question

Firms experience economies of scale LOADING... for several reasons. What is one such? reason? A firm might experience economies of scale because

answer

as a firm expands, it may borrow money more inexpensively.

question

Your company incurs a cost for factory rent?, ?which, in the short? run, is fixed. What happens to this cost in the long? run? In the long? run, the cost of factory rent

answer

becomes a variable cost.

question

Economies of scale exist as a firm increases its size in the long run because of all of the following except

answer

as a firm expands its production, its profit margin per unit of output increases.

question

All of the following statements are true of the minimum efficient scale except one. Which? one?

answer

An increase in the output level will reduce profit.

question

Any cost that remains unchanged as output changes represents a? firm's Any cost that changes as output changes represents a? firm's Which of the following is most likely to be a fixed cost for a? farmer? Which of the following is most likely to a variable cost for a business? firm?

answer

Fixed cost. Variable cost. Insurance premiums on property Cost of shipping products

question

What are implicit costs? An implicit cost isHow are implicit costs different from explicit costs?

answer

a nonmonetary opportunity cost. An explicit cost is a cost that involves spending? money, while an implicit cost is a nonmonetary cost.

question

Economies of scale occur For which of the following? reason(s) may firms experience economies of? scale?

answer

when a? firm's long-run average costs decrease with output. Firm's production may increase with a smaller proportional increase in at least one input. Large firms may be able to purchase inputs at lower costs than smaller? competitors; they can also borrow money at a lower interest rate. Both managers and workers may become more specialized and hence more productive as output expands.

question

Consider the production of hotdogs. Given the average total cost of producing hotdogs illustrated in the graph to the? right, which of the following is true of the marginal cost of producing? hotdogs? ATC at $0.18. Swoops down 400hotdogs up to $0.22.

answer

The marginal cost of producing up to 400 hotdogs is less than the average total? cost, but the marginal cost of producing more than 400 hotdogs is greater than the average total cost. The marginal cost of production is exactly equal to the average total cost at 400hotdogs.

question

Suppose a? firm's average total cost curve is decreasing with output. What can be said of its marginal cost? curve? The? firm's marginal cost curve must be

answer

below the average total cost curve.

question

What is the difference between technology and technological? change?

answer

Technology is the process of using inputs to make? output, while technological change is when a firm is able to produce more output using the same inputs.

question

Suppose a pizza parlor has the following production? costs: ?$2.00 in labor per pizza, $1.00 in ingredients per pizza, and $0.20 in electricity per pizza, $2,500 in restaurant rent per month and $450 in insurance per month. Assume the pizza parlor produces 5,000 pizzas per month. The variable cost of production is ?$ The fixed cost of production is ?$

answer

$16000 $2950

question

The marginal cost of production shows the change in a? firm's total cost from producing one more unit of a good or service. What is the shape of the marginal cost? curve? ?Graphically, the marginal cost curve is

answer

a U? shape, initially falling when the marginal product of labor is rising and then eventually rising when the marginal product of labor is falling.

question

Mr. Jernigan owns a piece of land on which he grows corn. Corn production annually requires ?$4,000 in seed, $3,000 in fertilizer, and $10,000 in pesticides. Mr. Jernigan uses his own labor to grow the corn and therefore hires no workers. If Mr. Jernigan did not use his time to grow corn, he would instead be able to sell insurance, earning $30,000 per year. Suppose another farmer has just offered to pay Mr. Jernigan rent of ?$20,000 per year for use of the land. If Mr. Jernigan refuses to rent the land to another? farmer, then what will be his accounting costs from farming corn himself on his? land? What will be his economic? costs? Mr.? Jernigan's accounting costs will be ?_____ per year, and his economic costs will be _____ per year.

answer

$17000 $67000

question

An example of technological change is

answer

a firm rearranging the factory floor to increase production. a firm's workers going through a training program.

question

What is the law of diminishing? returns? The law of diminishing returns states that

answer

adding more of a variable input to the same amount of a fixed input will eventually cause the marginal product of the variable input to decline.

question

Consider the production of slices of pizza. The average total cost (ATC) and average fixed cost (AFC) of producing slices of pizza are illustrated in the graph to the right. Use the? four-point curve drawing tool to graph the average variable cost of producing? one, two,? three, and four thousand slices of pizza.

answer

ATC-AFC = AVC

question

CHAPTER 12 Suppose Farmer Smith grows apples. The entire market for apples is shown in the figure below. Assume the market for apples is perfectly competitive.

answer

Demand curve is horizontal

question

What is the difference between a? firm's shutdown point in the short run and its exit point in the long? run? In the short? run, a? firm's shutdown point is the minimum point on the

answer

average variable cost? curve, while in the long? run, a? firm's exit point is the minimum point on the average total cost curve.

question

What is the relationship between a perfectly competitive? firm's marginal cost curve and its supply? curve?

answer

A? firm's marginal cost curve is equal to its supply curve for prices above average variable cost.

question

Why are firms willing to accept losses in the short run but not in the long? run?

answer

There are fixed costs in the short run but not in the long run. OR There are sunk costs in the short run but not in the long run.

question

What conditions make a market perfectly? competitive? A market is perfectly competitive if

answer

it has many buyers and many? sellers, all of whom are selling identical? products, with no barriers to new firms entering the market.

question

Assume the market for organic produce sold at? farmers' markets is perfectly competitive. All else? equal, as more farmers choose to produce and sell organic produce at? farmers' markets, what is likely to happen to the equilibrium price of the produce and profits of the organic farmers in the long? run?

answer

The equilibrium price is likely to decrease and profits are likely to decrease.

question

In perfect competition

answer

the market demand curve is downward sloping while demand for an individual? seller's product is perfectly elastic.

question

Farmer Jones grows oranges in Florida. Suppose the market for oranges is perfectly competitive and that the market price for a crate of oranges is ?$18 per crate. Fill in total? revenue, average? revenue, and marginal revenue in the table below.

answer

TR=MP*Q

question

Refer to the diagram to the right. If the firm is producing 700? units, what is the amount of its profit or? loss?

answer

Graph Market Price is through MC line. Right side of MC to MP are is filled in. There is insufficient information to answer the question.

question

If the firm is charging a price of? $12 per unit Graph Market price at 8, through MC line.

answer

it is not selling any output.

question

How should firms in perfectly competitive markets decide how much to? produce? Perfectly competitive firms should produce the quantity where

answer

the difference between total revenue and total cost is as large as possible.

question

Why do single firms in perfectly competitive markets face horizontal demand? curves?

answer

With many firms selling an identical product, single firms have no effect on market price.

question

Which of the following is an expression of profit for a perfectly competitive? firm? Profit for a perfectly competitive firm can be expressed as

answer

Profit = (P X Q) - (ATC X Q)?, where P is? price, Q is? output, and ATC is average total cost.

question

The figure to the right illustrates the average total cost? (ATC) and marginal cost? (MC) curves for an apple farmer. Assume the market for apples is perfectly competitive. If the market price for apples is ?$42.00 per? crate, then what will be this apple? farmer's profit?

answer

Click at $42, drag to ATC point vertical to MC.

question

Refer to the diagram to the right which shows the cost and demand curves for a profitminus?maximizing firm in a perfectly competitive market. If the market price is? $30, the? firm's profit maximizing output level isIf the market price is? $30, should the firm represented in the diagram continue to stay in? business?

answer

180 (Lower pt of ATC) Yes, because it is covering part of its fixed cost.

question

The figure to the right represents the cost structure for a perfectly competitive firm with its average total cost? (ATC) curve, average variable? (AVC) curve, and marginal cost? (MC) curve. Fixed costs are? $50.00. Suppose the market price is ?$15.00 per unit. Characterize the? firm's profit. If the firm produces? output, then it willShould the firm instead shut down in the short? run? In the short? run, the firm should

answer

experience losses. continue to produce because price is greater than average variable cost.

question

What is the supply curve for a perfectly competitive firm in the short? run? The supply curve for a firm in a perfectly competitive market in the short run is

answer

that? firm's marginal cost curve for prices at or above average variable cost.

question

Assume the market price is ?$26. The graph to the right shows a firm in a perfectly competitive market operating at a loss. The graph includes the? firm's marginal cost? curve, average total cost? curve, and average variable cost curve. ?1.) Use the line drawing tool to graph the? firm's demand curve. Label this line? 'Demand'. ?2.) Use the point drawing tool to plot the? firm's profit-maximizing price and quantity. Label this point? 'Point A'. ?3.) Use the rectangle drawing tool to shade in the? firm's profit? (Profit/Loss). Properly label this shaded area.

answer

Demand curve is horizontal at $26. Point A is at intersection of Demand and MC. Rectangle from Point A to price that's at the bottom of ATC.

question

How does perfect competition lead to allocative and productive? efficiency? Perfect competition leads to allocative and productive efficiency

answer

Because prices reflect consumer preferences. firms are motivated by profit.

question

Suppose the figure to the right illustrates the cost curves for a firm in a perfectly competitive market. Let MC be the marginal cost curve and ATC be the? long-run average total cost curve. At what point does the firm achieve productive? efficiency? Using the point drawing? tool, identify the quantity and the average cost at which the firm achieves productive efficiency. Label the point? "Productive efficiency."

answer

Bottom of ATC.

question

Farmer Brown grows cotton. The average total cost and marginal cost of growing cotton for an individual farmer are illustrated in the graph to the right. Assume the market for cotton is perfectly competitive and that the market price is ?$22 per bushel. Also assume that farmer Brown is producing the amount of cotton that maximizes profits. Use the rectangle drawing tool to shade in farmer? Brown's profit. Properly label this shaded area.

answer

From Price line @ $22, to bottom of ATC line, right of MC.

question

What is the difference between a? firm's shutdown point in the short run and its exit point in the long? run? In the short? run, a? firm's shutdown point is the minimum point on theWhy are firms willing to accept losses in the short run but not in the long? run?

answer

Average variable cost? curve, while in the long? run, a? firm's exit point is the minimum point on the average total cost curve. There are sunk costs in the short run but not in the long run.

question

The figure on the left represents the cost structure for a perfectly competitive wheat farmer with her average total cost? (ATC) ($5, 11bshl) curve and marginal cost? (MC) (Inters. ATC @ $5, 11bshl) curve-this ?firm's cost curves are representative of most firms in the market. The figure on the right represents the market for wheat. S starts at $5, 3bshl, goes to $9, 7bshl. D starts at $9.5, goes to $1, inters S at $7, 3.5bshl. Characterize profits for the firms in this industry. Firms in this market are currently What will be the market price at the? long-run competitive? equilibrium? The? long-run equilibrium price will be In? long-run, firms will _____ the market until the marginal firm is earning _____.

answer

making a profit (Above ATC) $500. enter; zero economic profit.

question

Which of the following best explains why firms? don't maximize revenue rather than profit? If a firm decided to maximize? revenue, would it be likely to produce a smaller or a larger quantity than if it were maximizing? profit? The firm would produce a _____ quantity of output.

answer

At the point where revenue is maximized, the difference between total revenue and total cost may not be maximized larger

question

The increase in total revenue that results from selling one more unit of output is What is the relationship between? price, average? revenue, and marginal revenue for a firm in a perfectly competitive? market?

answer

marginal revenue. Price is equal to both average revenue and marginal revenue.

question

How are prices determined in perfectly competitive markets?? In perfectly competitive? markets, prices are determined by

answer

the interaction of market demand and market supply because firms and consumers are price takers.

question

Which of the following is a characteristic of perfectly competitive? markets?

answer

The products sold by all firms in the market will be identical.

question

How is the market supply curve derived from the supply curves of individual? firms? The market supply curve is derived

answer

by horizontally adding the individual? firms' supply curves.

question

Total revenue is Marginal revenue is Maximizing profit when If next week the equilibrium price of desk lamps drops to? $30, should it be shut down?

answer

the total amount of funds received by a seller of a good or? service, calculated by multiplying price per unit by the number of units sold. TR = initial TR + first TC the change in total revenue from selling one more unit. TR2 - TR1. All the same. marginal revenue equals marginal cost. Output should be expanded up to this point. No because price is greater than minimum AVC

question

Edward Scahill produces table lamps in the perfectly competitive desk lamp market. The equilibrium price of lamps is ?$55. a. Fill in the blanks in the table for total revenue and marginal? revenue, as represented by ?(i and ii?). ?(Enter your responses as? integers.)How many table lamps will Edward produce to maximize profit? If next week the equilibrium price of desk lamps drops to? $30, should Edward shut down

answer

TR = initial revenue + 55. MR = change from selling 1 more unit. 55. Where MR = MC No because price is greater than minimum AVC.

question

When are firms likely to enter an industry ; when are they likely to exit?

answer

Economic profits will attract firms and economic losses will drive firms out

question

In the graph on the? right, the demand for syrup has changed because the price of frozen waffles has risen from ?$2.30 to ?$2.55 per package. The cross-price elasticity of demand between frozen waffles and syrup is ___.Graph: D1 @ 1.89, 9,000 D2 @ 1.75, 7,000

answer

-3.89

question

If demand is perfectly? elastic, then what is the effect of an increase in? price?

answer

a decrease in quantity demanded to zero

question

Which one of the following factors helps determine the marginal cost of reducing? crime? Which one of the following factors helps determine the marginal benefit of reducing? crime? Would it be economically efficient to reduce the amount of crime to? zero? Briefly explain.

answer

resources devoted to courts. personal injury from crime. No. It would not be efficient to completely reduce crime because the marginal cost of doing so likely exceeds the marginal benefit.

question

Suppose that you own an electronics store that sells Apple iPods. The demand for Apple iPods is illustrated in the figure to the right. If the price elasticity of demand for Apple iPods is elastic?, then you can increase your total revenue byThat being the? case, if you continue lowering the price of Apple iPods, will total revenue continue to increase?

answer

lowering the price of Apple iPods. No.

question

Health care costs in a country have traditionally been moderate.? However, some economists in this country predict that healthcare costs are likely to rise in the future. Which of the following? trends, if? true, would strengthen the argument of these? economists?

answer

The average population of the country is becoming older.

question

Refer to the table below. What is the marginal cost of producing the 200th? pizza?

answer

TC of Pizzas at quantity of 200 minus the initial cost, divided by 200 TC2 - TC1 = $$/Marg Prod of Labor

question

Refer to the table below. Which of the following costs are implicit? costs? Which of the following are sometimes called accounting? costs?

answer

the forgone salary and interest explicit costs

question

Use the graph to the right of the market for basketball tickets at State University to answer these? questions: The supply curve isSuppose the basketball team at State University goes undefeated in the first half of the? season, and the demand for basketball tickets increases. The equilibrium If State University basketball team continues to do very well in future? years, and a new bigger stadium is? built, then the price elasticity of supply would

answer

perfectly inelastic (Straight up) price of tickets increases but the equilibrium quantity stays the same. increase

question

Given this? information, compute the range of price elasticity of demand for cigarettes. ?Source: Shaila? Dewan, "States Look at Tobacco to Balance the? Budget," New York Times?, March? 20, 2009. According to the? article, the price elasticity of demand for cigarettes ranges from __ to __.Explain whether the demand for cigarettes is elastic, inelastic, or unit elastic. The price elasticities in this range

answer

.3; .5 are inelastic because they are less than one. increase because the percentage increase in price will be larger than the percentage decrease in quantity.

question

Why do most economists favor tradable emissions allowances to the? command-and-control approach to? pollution?

answer

Tradable emissions allowances eliminate pollution at lower cost than the? command-and-control approach.

question

How is the price elasticity of demand? measured? The price elasticity of demand is measured as

answer

the percentage change in the quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price.

question

What is the difference between the short run and the long? run? Is the amount of time that separates the short run from the long run the same for every? firm?

answer

In the short? run, at least one of a? firm's inputs is? fixed, while in the long? run, a firm is able to vary all its inputs and adopt new technology. No

question

A firm sells? 3,000 headphones at a price of? $3 per unit. Even though this price is slightly higher than competing? brands, the management is considering a further increase in price by 25 cents. The firm plans to focus advertising efforts on superior sound clarity.? Rachel, the? firm's marketing? head, feels confident that a price increase by 25 cents will increase revenue. Industry analysts are of the opinion that even though the revenue is likely to? increase, the firm must be careful of rivals who are actively competing for higher market share. The firm increased the price of headphones to? $3.25 and anticipated a decline in quantity demanded by only 100 units.? However, the firm was able to sell only? 2,769 headphones at this new price. Which of the following is most strongly implied by this? information?

answer

There will be almost no change in the total revenue after the price increase.

question

A Pigovian tax is At what level must a Pigovian tax be set to achieve? efficiency? A Pigovian tax must be set equal to

answer

a tax to bring about an efficient level of output in the presence of externalities. the cost of the externality.

question

An externality Which of the following are examples of activities that generate externalities in the market for health? care? ?(Check all that? apply.)

answer

interferes with the economic efficiency of a market equilibrium. refers to a benefit or cost of an economic activity that affects someone who is not directly associated with it. may require government intervention.Individuals engaging in injurious or reckless lifestyle choices. People receiving vaccinations against infectious diseases.

question

According to the Coase? theorem, a steel plant that creates air pollution would agree to curtail production? (and therefore? pollution) even if it were not legally liable for the damage the pollution was causing because According to the Coase? theorem, a pollutor such as the steel plant that creates air pollution will agree to reduce pollution and production

answer

the steel plant may receive payments from the victims of pollution that overcompensate it for the reduction of output. even if the victims of pollution do not have the property right to clean air.

question

Consider the demand for cigarettes. Suppose the government decreases the cost of cigarettes by lowering cigarette taxes. How will this affect the demand for cigarettes over? time? If the cost of cigarettes decreases?, then the quantity of cigarettes demanded will

answer

increase?, and this effect will likely become larger? (in absolute? value) over time.

question

What is free? riding?

answer

Free riding is benefiting from a good without paying for it. the market producing a quantity of public goods that is inefficiently low because they are nonexcludable.

question

A hospital provides? emergency-room medical care for local residents. Suppose the hospital currently provides this care for? 15,000 patients per year at a total cost of ?$45,000,000. If the hospital? expands, it can provide? emergency-room medical care for? 20,000 patients per year at a total cost of ?$60,000,000. If the hospital? expands, will it be experiencing economies of? scale, diseconomies of? scale, or constant returns to? scale? If the hospital? expands, it will be experiencing

answer

constant returns to scale

question

Compare the price elasticity of demand for water with the price elasticity of demand for wine. The price elasticity of demand for water is likely

answer

relatively more inelastic because water is a necessity.

question

As you move up a linear demand? curve, the price elasticity of demand in absolute value

answer

increases inelastic; increase

question

Match the terms below on the left with the definitions to their right. Do this by inserting into each? term's response box the number associated with its correct definition. Principal-agent problem Adverse selection Asymmetric information Moral hazard

answer

Results from agents pursuing their own interests rather than the interests of the principals who hired them. Is the situation in which one party to a transaction takes advantage of knowing more than the other party to the transaction. Occurs when one party to an economic transaction has less information than the other party. Refers to actions people take after they have entered into a transaction that make the other party to the transaction worse off.

question

What is the tragedy of the? commons? How can it be? avoided? The tragedy of the commons can be avoided by

answer

The tendency for a common resource to be overused. setting a tax equal to the external cost of overusing common resources. clearly defining and enforcing property rights.

question

Spending on health care has been growing faster than the economy as a whole for at least the past several decades. What has caused this? trend? Health care as a proportion of GDP has been increasing because

answer

expensive medical equipment has been invented.

question

Which costs are affected by the level of output? produced?

answer

variable costs.

question

What are the sources of externalities and market? failure?

answer

incomplete property rights. the difficulty of enforcing property rights in certain countries

question

Behavioral economics is the study of Three mistakes consumers often make are

answer

situations in which people make choices that do not appear to be economically rational. ignoring nonmonetary opportunity? costs, failing to ignore sunk? costs, and being overly optimistic about the future.

question

The? cross-price elasticity of demand is If the? cross-price elasticity of demand is? negative, then the products? are:

answer

the percentage change in quantity demanded of one good divided by the percentage change in the price of another good. ?complements, but if it is? positive, then the products are substitutes.

question

What is the difference between technology and technological? change?

answer

Technology is the process of using inputs to make? output, while technological change is when a firm is able to produce the same amount of output using fewer inputs.

question

The private benefit is? ________, while the social benefit is? ________. A positive externality causes

answer

the benefit received by the consumer of a good or? service; the total benefits from consuming the good or service the social benefit from consuming the good to be greater than the private benefit.

question

When XYZ firm entered the market for good A two years? back, it kept the price of its product low to attract customers away from its leading competitor. The firm has now established itself and has a market share of 20 percent. The management of XYZ is planning to increase price of A from the current? $6 per unit to? $7 per unit. Timothy? Walters, the marketing? head, however, feels this is not a good idea because it will reduce quantity demanded drastically from the current? 1,200 units to 900 units. His colleague and the head of the sales? department, Jake? Mayers, feels that the quantity demanded would only decline by 250 units. According to? Jake, the firm can afford to increase the price because even after the price increase they would still have significant market share.

answer

The quantity demanded declines by 10 percent in response to the? $1 price increase.

question

Sarah owns a bakery that sells cakes. The long run average cost of selling cakes is illustrated in the graph to the right. Suppose Sarah is currently selling 700 cakes. In the long run, Sarah should _____ output to reduce the long run average cost of production.Specifically, to sell on the minimum efficient scale in the long run, Sarah should expand output to _____ cakes.

answer

(Before minimum efficiency) expand. 900 cakes (Minimum efficiency)

question

Income elasticity of demand is Use income elasticity to distinguish a normal good from an inferior good. For a normal? good, the income elasticity of demand will be Is it possible to tell from the income elasticity of demand whether a product is a luxury good or a? necessity?

answer

the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income. ?positive, but for an inferior? good, the income elasticity of demand will be negative. Yes. If the income elasticity of demand is greater than? 1, then the good is a luxury. If the income elasticity of demand is positive but less than? 1, then the good is a necessity.

question

The Commerce Ministry of a country conducts regular surveys on goods and services sold within the country. Researchers at the Ministry study consumer behavior through the choices the consumers make while deciding what to buy. Their report on the industry for beverages last year indicated that the price elasticity of demand for fruit juices in the country was? -0.8, while the price elasticity of demand for a particular brand called Fruit Drops was? -1.2. According to the? report, an average consumer spends about 1 percent of his monthly income on fruit juices. A student of? economics, Julio, however feels that the current price elasticity of demand for Fruit Drops is actually higher than? -1.2, based on his own experience in purchasing fruit juices.

answer

Three new brands have been introduced in the market for fruit juices in the last month.

question

How is the price elasticity of demand? measured?

answer

by dividing the percentage change in the quantity demanded of a product by the percentage change in the? product's price

question

The figure to the right illustrates the demand for taxi rides in a large city. Suppose the price per ride is initially ?$10 but then falls to $5 due to a recession.What is the price elasticity of demand for taxi? rides? Using the midpoint? formula, the price elasticity of demand is ___.Demand is _____.

answer

-.16 inelastic

question

MIT economist Jerry Hausman has estimated the price elasticity of demand for Post Raisin Bran cereal to be ?2.5 and the price elasticity of demand for all types of breakfast cereals to be ?0.9. The price elasticity of demand for Post Raisin Bran cereal is _____, and the price elasticity of demand for all types of breakfast cereals is _____.Why might the price elasticity of demand for Post Raisin Bran cereal be more elastic than the price elasticity of demand for all types of breakfast? cereals? Post Raisin Bran cereal

answer

elastic; inelastic has more substitutes available.

question

What is the distinction between the economic short run and the economic long? run?

answer

In the short? run, at least one input is? fixed, but in the long? run, the firm can vary all inputs.

question

What is the definition of marginal? utility? The law of diminishing marginal utility suggests that Marginal utility is more useful than total utility in consumer decision making because

answer

The change in utility from consuming an additional unit of a good or service. consumers experience diminishing additional satisfaction as they consume more of a good or service. optimal decisions are made at the margin.

question

In the market for health? insurance, asymmetric information problems arise because

answer

buyers of health insurance policies always know more about the state of their health than do the insurance companies.

question

What is the focus of a? command-and-control approach to reducing? pollution?

answer

The government imposing quantitative limits on the amount of pollution firms are allowed to generate.

question

When lettuce prices? doubled, from about ?$1.40 per head to about ?$2.80?, the reaction of one consumer was quoted in a newspaper? article: ?"I will not buy? [lettuce] when? it's ?$2.80 a? head," she? said, adding that other green vegetables can fill in for lettuce.? "If bread were? $5 a loaf? we'd still have to buy it. But lettuce is not that important in our? family." ?Source: Justin? Bachman, "Sorry, Romaine? Only," Associated? Press, March? 29, 2002. For this? consumer's household, which product has the higher price elasticity of demand: bread or? lettuce?For this? consumer's household, is the cross-price elasticity of demand between lettuce and other green vegetables positive or? negative:

answer

lettuce positive

question

Refer to the table to the right. What portion of the marginal revenue of the 4th unit is due to the output effect and what portion is due to the price? effect? Q/P/R 1 ?$7.50 ?$7.50 2 7.00 14.00 3 6.50 19.50 4 6.00 24.00 5 5.50 27.50 6 5.00 30.00

answer

Output effect? = $6.00; Price effect? = ??$1.50

question

Refer to the diagram to the right. The marginal revenue from selling the additional unit Qb instead of Qa equals

answer

Area between Qa and Qb not along D line + area between Pa and Pb not along D line.

question

Suppose the figure to the right represents the market for a particular brand of? shampoo, such as? L'Oreal, Lancome, or Maybelline. Assume the market is monopolistically competitive. What is the? firm's profit-maximizing price and? quantity?

answer

pg. 429

question

Eco Energy is a monopolistically competitive producer of a sports beverage called Power On. The table to the right shows the? firm's demand and cost schedules. What is the marginal profit from producing and selling the 5th? case? 1 ?$75 ?$75 ?$60 2 70 140 85 3 65 195 105 4 60 240 115 5 55 275 130

answer

$20

question

Eco Energy is a monopolistically competitive producer of a sports beverage called Power On. The table to the right shows the? firm's demand and cost schedules. What is likely to happen to the? product's price in the long? run? 1 ?$75 ?$75 ?$60 2 70 140 85 3 65 195 105 4 60 240 115 5 55 275 130 6 50 300 155 7 45 315 190 8 40 320 230 9 35 315 280

answer

It will fall.

question

Suppose the market for? fast-food value meals is monopolistically? competitive, with many restaurants selling their own brand of food. Assume the restaurants in the industry behave optimally by maximizing profit. The figure to the right represents the market for one monopolistically competitive? firm's value meals. How will this figure change as the market moves toward? long-run equilibrium? In the long? run,ATC swoops above everything. MC swops below D1 and MR then comes up above ATC. Short-run at $4.80, 8meals. MC and MR cross @ $1.60, 8meals.

answer

the demand curve will shift to the right and become more inelastic because the firms are currently experiencing losses.

question

Suppose the figure to the right represents the market for a particular brand of soap such as? Zest, Dove, or Ivory. Suppose also that the market is monopolistically competitive and the firm behaves optimally to maximize profit.MC intersects MR @ $0.80, 8packs. MC, D1, and ATC intersect at $1.60, 12packs. Above ATC = profit. Profit = (P - ATC) X Q. In the long? run, will new firms enter the market or will existing firms? exit? In the long? run,

answer

Shade D1 point (that intersects MC/MR) to ATC directly up or down from it. New firms will enter because the firm is currently making profit.

question

Is zero economic profit inevitable in the long run for monopolistically competitive? firms? In the long? run, monopolistically competitive firms

answer

May continue to earn profit by convincing consumers their product is different. May continue to earn profit by improving their product.

question

Suppose the figure to the right represents the market for a particular brand of? shampoo, such as? L'Oreal, Lancome, or Maybelline. Assume the market is monopolistically competitive and is in? long-run equilibrium. How much excess capacity does the firm? have?Monopolastically competitive firm's excess capacity is ?Instead, suppose the market is perfectly competitive and is in? long-run equilibrium? (with the same cost structure as that illustrated in the? figure.) How much excess capacity does the firm? have? The perfectly competitive? firm's excess capacity is

answer

Difference of Qpc and Qmc = 4 thousand 0 thousand

question

Do consumers benefit in any way from monopolistic competition relative to perfect? competition? Compared to perfect? competition, when a consumer purchases a product from a monopolistically competitive? firm, the consumer benefits from purchasing a product

answer

That is appealing because it is differentiated. That is more closely suited to their tastes.

question

Are monopolistically competitive firms efficient in? long-run equilibrium? Monopolistically competitive firms

answer

are not productively efficient because they do not produce at minimum average total cost and they are not allocatively efficient because they produce where price is greater than marginal cost.

question

How does the? long-run equilibrium for a monopolistically competitive market differ from the? long-run equilibrium for a perfectly competitive? market? One way in which monopolistically competitive markets and perfectly competitive markets differ is that in? long-run equilibrium, monopolistically competitive firms

answer

Charge a price greater than marginal cost. OR Do not produce at minimum average total cost.

question

Many firms advertise. What effect does advertising have on firm? profits? One possible effect of advertising is to

answer

Increase profits by shifting the demand curve for the product to the right.

question

Suppose a firm introduces a significantly different version of an old product. How might that firm use brand management Such a firm might use brand management to

answer

to postpone the time when they will no longer be able to earn economic profits.

question

Which of the following is a threat to a trademarked company? name? Trademarked brands are threatened by

answer

their names becoming so widely used for a type of product that they no longer are associated with a specific company.

question

Which of the following is an example of a trademarked name that has become so widely used for a type of product that it is no longer associated with the product of a specific? company?

answer

Asprin OR esclalator thermos.

question

How do firms use? marketing? A firm might use marketing to

answer

Decide how to distribute the product OR determining which products to produce Designing the product. Advertising the product Monitoring how changes in consumer tastes are affecting the market for the product.

question

What factors under the control of owners and managers make a firm successful and allow it to earn economic? profits? Owners and managers control some of the factors that make a firm successful such as

answer

the firm's ability to produce its product at a lower average cost than competitors.

question

If buyers of a monopolistically competitive product feel the products of different sellers are strongly? differentiated, then

answer

the demand for each seller's product is relatively inelastic.

question

A firm that is first to the market with a new product frequently discovers that there are design flaws or problems with the product that were not anticipated. How do these problems affect the innovating? firm?

answer

They reduce profits for the new innovations and open the door to competitors who can enter the new market with a better product.

question

Some factors that allow firms to make economic profits are beyond its control. All but one of the following is an uncontrollable factor. Which factor is? controllable?

answer

product differentiation.

question

Which of the following statements is true??

answer

Sheer chance can play a significant role in the success or failure of a business.

question

CHAPTER 13 What is the difference between zero accounting profit and zero economic? profit?

answer

Zero economic profit includes a? firm's opportunity/implicit costs but zero accounting profit does not.

question

Brad owns a restaurant that sells soup in a monopolistically competitive market. The graph to the right depicts the demand and marginal revenue for his soup. Suppose that Brad?'s restaurant is maximizing profits at 30 bowls of soup ?(per day). Assume that restaurants in this market are earning positive economic profits in the short run. Use the? three-point curve drawing tool to add Brad?'s average total cost? (ATC) curve to the graph. Properly label this curve.

answer

First point at 1/2 Q and 1/2. Second point on maximized profit (35). Third point on D line, half the cost of when at 35.

question

Does the fact that monopolistically competitive markets are not allocatively or productively efficient mean that there is a significant loss in economic? well-being to society in these? markets? Though monopolistically competitive markets are not allocatively or productively? efficient, consumers benefit in that

answer

they are able to purchase a differentiated product that more closely suits their tastes.

question

With a? downward-sloping demand? curve, average revenue is equal to price

answer

?actually, average revenue is always equal to? price, whether demand is downward sloping or not.

question

With a? downward-sloping demand? curve, marginal revenue is below price

answer

because the firm must lower its price to sell additional units.

question

There are many wheat farms in the United? States, and there are also more than? 7,000 Starbucks coffeehouses. ?Why, then, does a Starbucks coffeehouse face a? downward-sloping demand curve when a wheat farmer faces a horizontal demand? curve?

answer

Wheat is a homogeneous? good, while Starbucks is able to differentiate its coffee from other coffeehouses.

question

What is a key factor that determines a? firm's profitability?

answer

Differentiation of a? firm's product from other products Chance events. A? firm's average cost of production relative to that of competing firms. Factors affecting a? firm's entire market.

question

(#9)Consider the graph to the right. Is it possible to say whether this firm is a perfectly competitive firm or a monopolistically competitive firm? The graph shows a _____ equilibrium because the firm is making _____ economic profits. What quantity on the graph represents long-run equlibrium if the firm were perfectly competitive? ___ lattes per week.

answer

Yes. This is a monopolistically competitive firm because its demand curve is downward sloping. Short-run; positive Where ATC intersects D. 6

question

What effect does the entry of new firms have on the economic profits of existing? firms? When new firms enter a monopolistically competitive? market, the economic profits of existing firms

answer

will decrease because their demand curves will shift to the left.

question

A monopolistically competitive? firm's demand curve ?(D?), marginal revenue curve ?(MR?), and marginal cost curve ?(MC?) are illustrated in the figure to the right. Is this firm maximizing profits if it chooses to produce 8 (pass MC intersection of MR) units of? output? Explain. If the firm chooses to produce 8 units of? output, then it is

answer

not maximizing profit because marginal cost is greater than marginal revenue, so the firm should produce less.

question

A monopolistically competitive firm? doesn't produce where P? = MC like a perfectly competitive firm because

answer

P exceeds MR for a monopolistically competitive? firm, and? it's MR that must equal MC for profit maximization.

question

Give two examples of products sold in perfectly competitive markets and two examples of products sold in monopolistically competitive markets.

answer

Wheat and corn are sold in perfectly competitive markets and Maybelline cosmetics and Ralph Lauren cologne are sold in monopolistically competitive markets. OR Apples and oranges are sold in perfectly competitive markets and Maybelline cosmetics and Ralph Lauren cologne are sold in monopolistically competitive markets.

question

What are the most important differences between perfectly competitive markets and monopolistically competitive? markets? Unlike in perfectly competitive? markets, in monopolistically competitive? markets,

answer

firms face? downward-sloping demand? curves, and the products competitors sell are differentiated.

question

Why would a monopolistically competitive firm? advertise? A monopolistically competitive firm would advertise to

answer

shift its demand curve to the right. More inelastic

question

What is marketing to an? economist?

answer

Marketing is monitoring how changes in consumer tastes affect demand for product. Marketing is maintaining product differentiation through brand management Marketing is advertising the product. Marketing is deciding how to distribute product.

question

A monopolistically competitive firm is not allocatively efficient because

answer

price exceeds marginal cost.

question

Many factors under a? firm's control affect profitability. Do factors that are not under a? firm's control also affect? profitability? Factors not under a? firm's control

answer

such as rising rising fuel prices affect profitability. OR terrorist events

question

CHAPTER 13 Suppose a monopolistically competitive firm sells a particular brand of jeans. The quantities of jeans sold per day at various prices are shown in the table below. Fill in total revenue and marginal revenue in the table below. ?

answer

TR = P X O MR = TR2 - TR1

question

Suppose a local? McDonald's hamburger restaurant raises the price of its cheeseburgers from? $2.00 to? $2.50. What will happen to the quantity of? McDonald's cheeseburgers? demanded? If? McDonald's raises the price of? it's cheeseburgers, then

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some of? McDonald's customers, but not all of? them, will still demand? McDonald's cheeseburgers because they may prefer McDonald's cheeseburgers to cheeseburgers at other fast-food restaurants.

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Suppose Abercrombie? & Fitch sells clothing in a monopolistically competitive market and that a farmer sells oranges in a perfectly competitive market. ?1.) Use the line drawing tool to draw the type of demand curve likely faced by Abercrombie? & Fitch. Label this line DAF. ?2.) Use the line drawing tool to draw the type of demand curve faced by an individual orange farmer. Label this line DOranges.

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Doranges is horizontal Daf slopes down

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Refer to the table to the right. What portion of the marginal revenue of the 4th unit is due to the output effect and what portion is due to the price? effect?

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Output effect = That quantity's price. Price effect = First price minus the price of this unit

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Refer to the diagram to the right. The marginal revenue from selling the additional unit Qb instead of Qa equals

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Change in quantity from Qb to Qa (Not including triangle) - Change in price from Pa to Pb (not including triangle)

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Suppose the figure to the right shows the demand curve for a monopolistically competitive firm. Show the? firm's marginal revenue curve. Using the line drawing? tool, graph the? firm's marginal revenue curve. Label this curve ?"MR?."

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Start up where it did, down to halfway between 0 and D.

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Suppose the figure to the right represents the market for a particular brand of? shampoo, such as? L'Oreal, Lancome, or Maybelline. Assume the market is monopolistically competitive. What is the? firm's profit-maximizing price and? quantity? The monopolistically competitive? firm's profit-maximizing quantity is ___ thousand bottles of shampoo, and it's profit-maximizing price is $2.00 per bottle.What are the firm's profits? Profit equals $___ thousand.

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Above intersec of MR and MC on D line. 10; $2.00 Dif between point on D and bottom of ATC. $2

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The graph to the right depicts the demand? (and marginal? revenue) for a monopolistically competitive? firm's perfume along with the average total cost and marginal cost of producing perfume in the short run. As the market for perfume moves toward a? long-run equilibrium, firms will _____ the industry.This will shift demand curves for existing firms to _____ and demand curves of existing firms will become _____ elastic.

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ATC is above everything. Exit. right;less

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CHAPTER 14 Why do oligopolies? exist? Oligopolies exist due to

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barriers to entry.

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Oligopolies exist because of barriers to entry. One of the most important barriers to entry is due to economies of scale. Why is this? true? It is more likely for an industry to be an oligopoly than competitive in the presence of economies of scale because

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minimum average cost occurs when firm output is a large fraction of industry output.

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The figure to the right shows the market demand for goods and services provided by discount department stores. Show how economies of scale in this industry can lead to an oligopolistic market by comparing the? long-run average cost curves for a typical firm assuming a competitive market with a typical firm assuming an oligopolistic market.

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LRAC for competitive is on far left side of graph,. LRAC for oligopolistic intersects LRAC and Demand curve.

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One measure of the extent of competition in an industry is the concentration ratio. What level of concentration indicates that an industry is an? oligopoly? Most economists believe that a? four-firm concentration ratio of ______ than ___ percent indicates that an industry is an oligopoly.Is the concentration ratio an accurate measure of the extent of? competition? The? four-firm concentration ratio

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greater; 40 is flawed in that it does not measure competition between industries.

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What effect might the government have on? oligopolies? In? oligopolies, the government might

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impose barriers to entry with a quota to limit foreign competition.

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Ocean Spray

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has had almost exclusive ownership of cranberries, which is a key input.

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Which of the following is not a reason why government officials are willing to impose entry? barriers?

answer

to promote an equitable distribution of income

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Consider the market for oil. Suppose for simplicity that there are only two oil producing countries—Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. Both countries must choose whether to produce a low output or a high output. These output strategies with corresponding profits are depicted in the payoff matrix to the right.? Kuwait's profits are in red and Saudi? Arabia's are in blue. Suppose the two countries form a cartel. What is the cooperative equilibrium??What is the Nash equilibrium for this? game?

answer

The cooperative equilibrium is for Saudi Arabia to produce a low output and Kuwait to produce a low output. The Nash equilibrium is for Saudi Arabia to produce a low output and Kuwait to produce a high output. (highest outputs)

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?Then, HP and Dell advertise that they will match any lower price of their competitors. For? example, if HP charges ?$350?, then Dell will match that price and also charge ?$350. What effect will matching prices have on profits? (relative to the Nash equilibrium without price? matching)?

answer

When both at higher price minus when both at lower price.

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Consider a market with two? firms, Kellogg and? Post, that sell breakfast cereals. Both companies must choose whether to charge a high price ?($5.00?) or a low price ?($2.50?) for their cereals. These price? strategies, with corresponding? profits, are depicted in the payoff matrix to the right.? Kellogg's profits are in red and? Post's are in blue. What is the cooperative equilibrium for this? game?Is the cooperative equilibrium likely to? occur? The cooperative equilibrium

answer

Both price $5.00 unlikely because $5 is not dominant strategy.

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Suppose Securitex is a small firm that has developed a new? anti-theft device for automobiles. Securitex currently sells its device online and earns profit of ?$17 million per year. GM is considering installing? Securitex's system on its automobiles. The two firms? first, however, must bargain over what price GM will pay Securitex for its software. GM chooses how much to offer Securitex for its system and then Securitex chooses whether to accept the offer and install its system on? GM's automobiles. The strategies and corresponding profits for GM? (GM) and Securitex? (SX) are depicted in the decision tree to the right. Profits are in? millions, and? GM's payoffs represent the additional profit it can earn on its automobiles with? Securitex's anti-theft system. What is the? subgame-perfect equilibrium?

answer

The? subgame-perfect equilibrium is for GM to offer a low price and for Securitez to accept the offer. (GM's most profitable/SX most profitable after low price.)

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How are games in game theory? played? In game? theory,How is game theory used in? economics? In? economics,

answer

rules determine what actions are? allowable, players employ strategies to attain their? objectives, and payoffs are the results of the interaction among the? players' strategies. the rules of the game include laws that a firm must obey, a strategy is a firm maximizing profits, and the payoffs are profits. OR the rules of the game include matters beyond a firm's control, a strategy is a firm maximizing profits?, and the payoffs are profits.

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Suppose Best Buy is the only electronics store in a particular? market, but RadioShack is thinking about entering the market. Best Buy chooses how much to produce first and then RadioShack chooses whether to enter the industry. The strategies and corresponding profits for Best Buy? (BB) and RadioShack? (RS) are depicted in the decision tree to the right. What will the firms? do?

answer

Best Buy will choose the large quantity and RadioShack will not enter. BB second best profit, but RS won't make anything.

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Rainbow Writer? (RW) is a small online company selling a highly rated software package for printing color labels directly onto CDs. The firm currently earns a profit of? $2 million per year selling its package exclusively on its website.? Odeon, the producer of the most popular software package for editing and burning CDs and DVDs has expressed interest in bundling Rainbow? Writer's product into its own package. Odeon expects that bundling would further boost its sales and allow it to sell the new bundled product at a higher? price, thus raising its profits beyond its current profit of? $12 million. The diagram above shows the decision tree for the Rainbow Writerminus?Odeon bargaining game. Refer to the decision tree above. What is the equilibrium outcome in this game and is this a subgameminus?perfect ?equilibrium?

answer

In the? equilibrium, Odeon offers? $40 per copy of the software package and is accepted but this is not a subgame-perfect equilibrium.

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In a decision? tree, the difference between a decision node and a terminal node is that

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at a decision? node, a decision must be made while a terminal node shows the payoff.

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In many business situations one firm will act? first, and then other firms will respond. To help analyze these types of situations economists use

answer

sequential games.

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When Wal-Mart decides to build a new retail store in a? town, it will decide to build a large store rather than a small store if the large store is expected to earn a greater economic profit. What other motive would Wal-Mart have for chooseing to build a large store?

answer

A larger store may deter entry into the town by a rival firm.

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A few years ago Netflix? (N) pioneered an online DVD rental service. Blockbuster? (B), a brick and mortar? DVD/video rental? company, waited until Netflix had been in business for over a year before deciding whether to establish its own online rental service. At this? point, Netflix had to decide whether or not to lower its subscription price in order to deter? Blockbuster's entry into the market. The figure above shows the decision tree for the Netflixminus?Blockbuster entry game. Refer to the figure above. Does it make sense for Netflix to lower its price in order to deter? Blockbuster's entry into the online DVD rental? market?

answer

?No, because Netflix will make a higher profit by keeping its subscription price? unchanged, whether Blockbuster enters the market or not.

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Firms must typically purchase inputs from suppliers to produce output. What effect might suppliers have on an? industry?

answer

If many firms can supply an input, then suppliers are unlikely to have the bargaining power to limit a? firm's profits.

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The five competitive forces model suggests the bargaining power of buyers may affect industry competition. Which of the following is an example of a way buyers might affect an? industry?

answer

GM has significant bargaining power in the tire market, which reduces the profitability of tire manufactures. OR Wal-Mart has significant bargaining power over it's supplier, which decreases the profitability of the suppliers.

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Encyclopedia Britannica is an encyclopedia publisher who sells printed encyclopedias. In the? 1990s, encyclopedias began to be sold electronically. What effect did electronic encyclopedias have on Encyclopedia? Britannica? Electronic encyclopedias

answer

served as a superior product to heavy-bulky, and expensive printed encyclopedias.

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What? "forces" does the five competitive forces model? address? The competitive forces in the five competitive forces model does not include

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technological change.

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The five competitive forces model suggests the threat from potential entrants affects industry competition. How might an existing firm deter entry of new? firms? An existing firm might

answer

advertise to create loyalty.

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Assume that the four-firm concentration ratio in an industry is 85 percent. Which of the following statements uses one of the five competitive forces to argue that this industry may be more competitive than its concentration ratio? suggests?

answer

The threat of entry into this industry can cause firms in the industry to lower their prices and profits in order to deter entry.

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In? 2013, the Educational Testing Service? (ETS) charged? $51 to take the Scholastic Aptitude Test? (SAT) but? $150 to take the Graduate Record Exam? (GRE). One reason for this difference in price is

answer

the ETS faces competition in the market for the SAT but no competition for the GRE.

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For many? years, the Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa) essentially operated as a monopoly. What made this company a monopoly. The Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa) was essentially a monopoly because

answer

it had almost exclusive control of the? world's supply of bauxite, used to make aluminum

question

CHAPTER 15 A form of market structure studied by economists is monopoly. When is a firm a? monopoly, or are monopolies only theoretical concepts that do not? exist?

answer

A firm is a monopoly if its economic profits are not competed away in the long run.

question

The reason that the? Fisherman's Friend restaurant in? Stonington, Maine had a monopoly on selling seafood dinners in that town is most likely due to

answer

no competitors apparently found the profit level attractive enough to enter the market.

question

A firm that has the ability to control to some degree the price of the product it sells

answer

is a price maker

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Which of the characteristics in the list above is shared by an oligopolist and a? monopolist?

answer

a market structure with barriers to entry. firm can reap long run profits.

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A narrow definition of monopoly is that a firm is a monopoly if it can ignore

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the actions of all other firms.

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A firm that is the only seller of a good or service that does not have a close substitute is called

answer

a monopoly

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The figure to the right illustrates market demand for a monopoly along with its average total cost? (ATC) curve. Is the monopoly a natural monopoly? The firmSuppose 18 units of output are supplied in the market. How much lower is the average total cost of production for one firm compared to two? firms? One firm can supply 18 units of output for ___ less per unit in ave total cost than two firms.

answer

is a natural monopoly because it can supply the entire market at lower average total cost than can two or more firms. Q at intersection of ATC and D divided by two.$1. Price if two firms minus price if one firm.

question

Governments often have the potential to influence whether firms are monopolies. How might the government affect whether a firm is a? monopoly? The government could

answer

grant a copyright to a firm, giving it the exclusive right to produce a product.

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To have a? monopoly, barriers to entering the market must be so high that no other firms can enter. Do network externalites create or remove barriers to? entry? Explain. Network externalities

answer

create barriers to entry because if a firm can attract enough customers? initially, it can attract additional customers as its? product's value increases by more people using? it, which attracts even more customers.

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Why does the government issue? patents? The government issues patentsHow long do patents? last?

answer

to encourage firms to spend money on the research and development necessary to create new products. 20yrs.

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Give an example of a public franchise and an example of a public enterprise. An example of a public franchise is

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a firm that is the? sole, government-designated provider of electricity, and an example of a public enterprise is the gov directly providing water.

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Many firms might like to be monopolies because such firms earn economic profits in the long run. What might cause a? monopoly? A firm is likely to be a monopoly if

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economies of scale are so large that the firm has a natural monopoly.

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Suppose a small town has only one artist who sells? paintings, making that artist a monopoly. One of the? artist's paintings is demanded at a price of ?$600?, two paintings are demanded at a price of ?$450?, three at ?$300?, four at ?$150?, and five if the paintings are given away? (with a price of? zero).

answer

Demand curve starts at 600,1 and goes to 0,5. Marginal Revenue goes from 600,1 to 0,3 MR = change in TR/change in Q. So pretty much just change in TR unless Q increases more than 1 each time.

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Describe a? monopoly's demand curve. A? monopoly's demand curve

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is the same as the demand curve for the product.

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What happens if a perfectly competitive industry becomes a? monopoly? Suppose the demand curve in the figure to the right is market demand and the corresponding market supply curve represents the marginal cost of production. Compared to perfect? competition, a? profit-maximizing monopoly would _____ output by __ units.In addition, a monopoly would _____ price by ___.

answer

decrease; 3. Quantity where D intersects S,MC - Quantitywhere MR intersects S, MC. raise; 3. Price where D intersects - Price where MR intersects.

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Suppose the figure to the right represents the market for diamond? necklaces, where the company that supplies necklaces is a monopoly because it is the only firm with access to diamond mines. What is the? firm's profit-maximizing price and? quantity? What are? profits?

answer

Profit-maximizing is on D curve, above intersection of MC and MR. Economic profits are point on D down to ATC

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Which are more economically? efficient, perfectly competitive markets or? monopolies? Compared to? monopolies, perfectly competitive markets are

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more economically efficient because they result in more economic surplus.

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Is the loss in efficiency due to market power large or? small? Explain. The loss in efficiency due to market power is

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small because firms with substantial market power are rare.

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What effect might market power have on technological? change? Market power results in

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economic profits that can be spent on research to develop new products.

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What is the? government's policy on collusion in the United? States? Explain the rationale for this policy. In the United States

answer

the government makes collusion illegal with antitrust laws because monopolies reduce economic efficiency.

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Are monopolies economically? efficient? Consider the market to the right. Compared to the perfectly competitive? outcome, what would be the change in surplus if instead the market had one supplier that was a ? monopoly?

answer

Deadweight loss is the triangle to the left along D and MC.

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The Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission must define the relevant market when determining whether to allow a merger. How do economists identify the relevant? market? The relevant market has been identified if

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a price increase results in higher? profits; otherwise, the market is too narrow.

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What happens if firms in an industry? merge? Suppose the figure to the right represents a perfectly competitive market.? Then, the firms in the industry? merge, forming a monopoly.

answer

S1, MC1 decrease (shift right) half.

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When a proposed merger between two companies is reviewed by the? government, the relevant market is defined by

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whether or not there are close substitutes for the products of the two firms.

question

A form of market structure studied by economists is monopoly. When is a firm a? monopoly, or are monopolies only theoretical concepts that do not? exist?

answer

A firm is a monopoly if its economic profits are not competed away in the long run.

question

Economists have developed broad and narrow definitions to identify monopolies. What is a characteristic that supports a firm being classified as a? monopoly? Economists could find that a firm is a monopoly if

answer

it earns profits in the long run.

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Substitutes exist for just about every? product, so can a firm ever really be a? monopoly? A firm can

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be a monopoly if it can ignore the actions of other firms.

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Why might a monopoly? arise? One firm will be present when

answer

it can supply the entire market at lower average fixed average fixed cost than can two or more firms.

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What is the definition of? monopoly?

answer

A monopoly is a firm that is created and regulated by the government. A monopoly is a firm that is the only seller of a product in a given industry. A monopoly is a firm that is the only seller of a product that can ignore the fixed cost of production. A monopoly is a firm that earns large economic profits.

question

Give an example of an antitrust law and give a brief description of how that law affects the? government's antitrust policy.

answer

The Clayton Act prohibited market entry of new firms if the result would reduce competition. OR The Robinson-Patman Act prohibited charging buyers different prices of the result would reduce competition.

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Suppose a market has 25 ?firms, each with 44 percent market share. What is the? Herfindahl-Hirschman Index? (HHI) of concentration for this? market? The HHI is ___. Higher HHI values correspond to _____ market concentration.

answer

4^2 X 25 = 400 greater

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How is the market supply curve derived from the supply curves of individual? firms? The market supply curve is derived

answer

by horizontally adding the individual? firms' supply curves.

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What term describes laws aimed at promoting competition among? firms? Which of the following laws was the first to make monopolization? illegal?

answer

antitrust aws Sherman Act

question

What is the value of the? Herfindahl-Hirschman Index? (HHI) when there are four firms in an industry and each firm has an equal market? share? The Department of Justice and the FTC consider markets as highly concentrated if the postmerger HHI for a proposed horizontal merger is

answer

2500 above 2500

question

?[Related to Making the? Connection] After a federal court judge had found Apple guilty of conspiring with book publishers to raise? e-book prices, the Department of Justice recommended that the judge order Apple not to sign agency model contracts with publishers for five years. The publishers objected to the? recommendation, arguing that the recommendation would? "effectively punish the publishers by prohibiting agreements with Apple using an agency? model." ?Source: Chad? Bray, "Publishers Object to? E-Book Plan for? Apple," Wall Street Journal?, August? 7, 2013. Under the agency? model, the publishers would set the The Department of Justice would want to keep Apple from signing agency model contracts with publishers because it wants to The publishers would want to continue signing such contracts because this would allow them to

answer

retail price of? e-books and Apple would keep 30 percent of the price of every? e-book it sold. keep firms from artificially restricting competition to raise prices. keep prices higher.

question

What is the difference between a horizontal merger and a vertical? merger? A horizontal merger is a mergerWhich type of merger is more likely to increase the market power of a newly merged? firm? _____ mergers are more likely to increase market power.

answer

between firms in the same? industry, while a vertical merger is a merger between firms at different stages of the production of a good. Horizontal

question

?[Related to Solved Problem ?#4?] According to an article in the Wall Street Journal?, in 2007 the insurance company AXA Equitable signed a? long-term lease on 2 million square feet of office space in a skyscraper on Sixth Avenue in Manhattan in New York City. In? 2013, AXA decided that it only needed 1.7 million square feet of office? space, so it subleased? 300,000 square feet of space to several other firms. Although AXA is paying a rent of? $88 per square foot on all 2 million square feet it is? leasing, it is only receiving? $40 per square foot from the firms subleasing the? 300,000 square feet. ?AXA's actions might make economic sense in the short run if? AXA's ?AXA's actions could make economic sense in the long run if? AXA's

answer

variable cost per square foot was equal to or less than? $40. total cost per square foot is equal to? $40 or less.

question

Refer to the graphs above. Suppose the graph on the left represents a typical? firm's supply curve in a perfectly competitive? industry, and there are 100 identical firms in the industry. Graph on right is graph left's Q x 100. What does the graph on the right? represent?

answer

the market supply curve.

question

Consider the market for oil. Suppose for simplicity that there are only two oil producing countries—Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. Both countries must choose whether to produce a low output or a high output. These output strategies with corresponding profits are depicted in the payoff matrix to the right.? Kuwait's profits are in red and Saudi? Arabia's are in blue. Suppose the two countries form a cartel. What is the cooperative equilibrium ?Kuwait Low - $12 high - $17 Low - $9 high - $12 Saudi Arabia Low - $125 Low - $70 High - $100 High - $75 What is the Nash equilibrium for this? game?

answer

The cooperative equilibrium is for Saudi Arabia to produce a low output and Kuwait to produce a low output. The Nash equilibrium is for Saudi Arabia to produce a high output and Kuwait to produce high output.

question

What is a sequential? game? A sequential game is a game

answer

where one firm acts first and then the other firms respond.

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A game theory analysis of deterring entry concludes that WM 10% T 10% - enter WM 22% T 0% WM 24% T 24% - enter WM 30% T 0% Given the decision tree above for an entry? game, Wal-Mart will

answer

deterring entry may be a good or a bad? idea, depending on the circumstances. build a small store

question

How are games in game theory? played? In game? theory,

answer

rules determine what actions are? allowable, players employ strategies to attain their? objectives, and payoffs are the results of the interaction among the? players' strategies.

question

How is game theory used in? economics? In? economics,

answer

the rules of the game include matters beyond a firm's control, a strategy is a firm's actions to achieve a goal, and the payoffs are profits.

question

Is the concentration ratio an accurate measure of the extent of? competition? The? four-firm concentration ratio

answer

is flawed in that it does not include sales in the U.S. by foreign firms.

question

The government indirectly influences the level of industry competition with its own barriers to entry. ? How? The government can restrict entry by

answer

requiring licenses for a firm to produce.

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The market for electronic readers consists of relatively few? firms, including? Amazon, Sony, and Plastic Logic. In an? interview, Walter Mossberg of the Wall Street Journal asked Rich? Archuleta, CEO of Plastic? Logic, what price the company would be charging for a new electronic reader that it was? developing, aimed at business users. Archuleta declined to give a specific? price, saying? instead, "The market sets pricing. We? don't set? pricing." But Plastic Logic is competing in an oligopolistic? industry, so? shouldn't the? firm, not the? market, be setting the? price? ?Source: "Plastic Logic Shows New? E-Book Reader," Wall Street Journal?, May? 27, 2009. Explain why Archuleta made the statement he made. Archuleta likely meant that

answer

although firms in an oligopoly select their? price, competitive? forces, such as competition from substitute goods, determine which price maximizes profit. NOT: although firms in an oligopoly are typically free to select their? price, his firm is unable to pick its price because it is colluding with other firms in the oligopoly. although firms in an oligopoly select their? price, competitive? forces, such as fixed costsfixed costs?, determine which price maximizes profit. although firms in an oligopoly select their? price, competitive? forces, such as government? regulations, determine which prices are legal. although some firms in an oligopoly select their? price, his firm is in an oligopoly where firms do not set their own price.

question

How can the government impose barriers to? entry?

answer

The government can require occupational licensing to provide goods and services.

question

Which of the following will influence the level of competition in an? industry?

answer

Competition from other firms in the form of longer warranties. The bargaining power of buyers. The threat of new entrants. The bargaining power of suppliers.

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Suppose Pfizer has been the only pharmaceutical company to produce a certain kind of? medicine, but a new firm? (Mimi's Drugs) is thinking about entering the market to produce a generic version of? Pfizer's drug. Absent? entry, Pfizer can maximize profits by producing a small quantity. ? However, by producing a large? quantity, Pfizer can attempt to deter entry by reducing prices? and, consequently, profits. Pfizer must choose how much to produce first and then? Mimi's Drugs will choose whether to enter the industry. The strategies and corresponding profits for Pfizer? (P) and? Mimi's Drugs? (MD) are depicted in the decision tree to the right. What is the Nash equilibrium of the? game?small quantity P: $47 MD: $47 P: $88 MD: $0 large quantity P: $0 MD: -$13 P: $60 MD: $0

answer

Pfizer will choose the large quantity and? Mimi's Drugs will not enter.

question

How are decision trees used to analyze sequential? games? A decision tree

answer

contains decision nodes where firms must make? decisions, arrows illustrating the? decisions, and terminal nodes showing the resulting rates of return.

question

Consider a market with two? firms, Coke and? Pepsi, that produce soft drinks. Both firms must choose whether to charge a high price ?($1.25?) or a low price ?($0.85?) for their soft drinks. These price strategies with corresponding profits are depicted in the payoff matrix to the right. ? Coke's profits are in red and? Pepsi's are in blue. ?Coke's dominant strategy is to pick a price of ___ and Pepsi's dominant strategy is to pick a price of ___.Nash equilibrium

answer

$0.85;$0.85 Both choose $0.85

question

Michael Porter has argued that in many industries ?" strategies LOADING... converge and competition becomes a series of races down identical paths that no one can? win." ?Source: Michael E.? Porter, "What Is? Strategy?" Harvard Business Review?, ?November-December 1996, p. 64. Are firms in these industries likely to earn economic? profits?

answer

No

question

Nutco is a? cashew-processing firm that operates in the developing country of Ecotopia. After procuring raw cashews from farms around the? country, Nutco processes them using a? labor-intensive method. The workers at Nutco recently demanded a 20 percent increase in their overtime wage rate. All members of? Nutco's labor? union, which was a substantial proportion of the? company's labor? force, went on an unannounced strike when the management only agreed to a 5 percent hike. During negotiations that? followed, the management informed the union leader that this was a? take-it-or-leave-it offer. The union leader was not convinced and declared that the workers would not come back to work unless their demands were fully met. Kurt? Whitman, Nutco's human resources? manager, however thinks that the strike will end soon because of the? company's strong stand. Which of the? following, if? true, would suggest that the? management's threat of not accepting the? workers' demands is not? credible?

answer

Due to the impact on production and the consequent delay in delivering export? orders, several of? Nutco's customers have indicated that they may cancel existing contracts.

question

Suppose that Symantec is a small firm that has developed? anti-virus computer software. Symantec currently earns ?$1 million per year in profits from selling its software. Dell informs Symantec that it is considering installing the software on every new computer it sells. Dell currently earns profits of? $30 million but expects to sell more computers at a higher price if it can install? Symantec's software. Dell first chooses whether to offer Symantec? $30 or? $20 for each copy of its? software, and then Symantec responds by either accepting or rejecting the offer. The strategies and corresponding profits? (in millions) for Dell? (D) and Symantec? (S) are depicted in the decision tree to the right. What is the Nash equilibrium of the? game?Offer $30 D: $35 S: $12 D: $30 S: $1 - reject Offer $20 D: $46 S: $9 D: $30 S: $1

answer

Dell will offer? $20 per copy of the software and Symantec will accept the offer.

question

For many? years, the Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa) essentially operated as a monopoly. What made this company a monopoly?? The Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa) was essentially a monopoly because

answer

it had almost exclusive control of the? world's supply of bauzite, used to make aluminum.

question

The graph to the right depicts the average total cost of producing meals for Ryan's Restaurant. Suppose this? industry's total sales equals 10,000 meals. According to the average total cost of producing meals?, this industry has room for ____ firms.

answer

10,000 is to the right of the ATC's lowest point. Many.

question

The reason that the? Fisherman's Friend restaurant in? Stonington, Maine had a monopoly on selling seafood dinners in that town is most likely due to

answer

no competitors apparently found the profit level attractive enough to enter the market.

question

A firm that has the ability to control to some degree the price of the product it sells

answer

is a price maker

question

Which of the characteristics in the list above is shared by an oligopolist and a? monopolist?

answer

a market structure with barriers to entry firm can reap long run profits.

question

A narrow definition of monopoly is that a firm is a monopoly if it can ignore

answer

the actions of all other firms

question

A firm that is the only seller of a good or service that does not have a close substitute is called

answer

monopoly

question

Governments often have the potential to influence whether firms are monopolies LOADING... . How might the government affect whether a firm is a? monopoly? The government could

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grant a copyright to a firm, giving it the exclusive right to produce a product.

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To have a? monopoly, barriers to entering the market must be so high that no other firms can enter. Do network externalites create or remove barriers to? entry? Explain. Network externalities

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create barriers to entry because if a firm can attract enough customers? initially, it can attract additional customers as its? product's value increases by more people using? it, which attracts even more customers.

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The figure to the right illustrates market demand for a monopoly along with its average total cost? (ATC) curve. Is the monopoly a natural monopoly? The firmSuppose 18 units of output are supplied in the market. How much lower is the average total cost of production for one firm compared to two? firms? One firm can supply 18 units of output for ___ less per unit in average total cost than two firms.

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slopes down with Demand is a natural monopoly because it can supply the entire market at lower average total cost than can two or more firms.1; point half of 18

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Why does the government issue? patents? The government issues patentsHow long do patents? last? A patent is the exclusive right to a product for a period of ___ year from the date the patent is filed with the gov.

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to encourage firms to spend money on the research and development necessary to create new products. 20

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Substitutes exist for just about every? product, so can a firm ever really be a? monopoly? A firm can

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be a monopoly if it can ignore the actions of other firms.

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Economist Harvey Leibenstein argued that the loss of economic efficiency in industries that are not perfectly competitive has been understated. He argues that when competition is? weak, firms are under less pressure to adopt the best techniques or to hold down their costs. He refers to this effect as? "x-inefficiency." If? x-inefficiency causes a? firm's marginal costs to? rise, how is the deadweight loss caused by a monopoly? understated? Suppose MC1 is the marginal cost of production with perfect competition and MC2 is the marginal cost of production with? x-inefficiency.

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shade out to intersection of MR and MC2. Down to MC line up to Demand line.

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Economists have developed broad and narrow definitions to identify monopolies. What is a characteristic that supports a firm being classified as a? monopoly? Economists could find that a firm is a monopoly if

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it earns profits in the long run.

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What is the definition of? monopoly?

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A monopoly is a firm that is the only seller of a product in a given industry.

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Monopolies are recognized to create deadweight loss. How large are the efficiency losses due to? monopoly? Economists generally agree that efficiency losses due to monopolies in the economy are

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small because true monopolies are very rare.

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What happens if a perfectly competitive industry becomes a? monopoly? Suppose the demand curve in the figure to the right is market demand and the corresponding market supply curve represents the marginal cost of production. Compared to perfect? competition, a? profit-maximizing monopoly would _____ output by ___ units.In addition, a monopoly would _____ price by ___.

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decrease; 3 raise; 3

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Suppose a market has twenty?five ?firms, each with 4 percent market share. What is the? Herfindahl-Hirschman Index? (HHI) of concentration for this? market? The HHI isHigher HHI values correspond to _____ market concentration.

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400 greater

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The Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission must define the relevant market when determining whether to allow a merger. How do economists identify the relevant? market? The relevant market has been identified if

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a price increase results in higher? profits; otherwise, the market is too narrow.

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Governments often have the potential to influence whether firms are monopolies . How might the government affect whether a firm is a? monopoly? The government could

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grant a firm a public franchise, making it the exclusive legal provider of a good or service.

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The figure to the right shows the average cost of production ?(AC?) for a cable company that is a monopoly as well as the corresponding demand ?(D?) for cable subscriptions in the city to which the company provides service. AC decreases with D then slopes up after intersect. Is this company a natural? monopoly? This firm

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is a natural monopoly because average cost is decreasing when it crosses demand.

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How do network externalities affect barriers to? entry? Network externalities

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serve as barriers to entry because new products are less useful.

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Recent medical reports have brought forth some negative health implications from the use of this? product, especially for the young people. As a? result, Susanna? Campbell, the marketing head of this? firm, is anticipating a decline in demand. While the? firm's costs have increased on the one? hand, she is expecting the market price to decline to? $5. If? Susanna's prediction does hold? true, which of the following will most likely? occur?

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The firm will have to shut down.

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EXAM 3 A? fast-food restaurant decides to raise the price of its hamburgers. Assume the firm is in a monopolistically competitive industry. What will happen to the demand for its? hamburgers? When the? fast-food restaurant raises the price of? hamburgers,

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some of its customers will be willing to pay a higher price because they prefer this brand of hamburgers.

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The stocks of Walker Industries have gained considerably following the announcement of a merger with Vicenza Inc. Walker Industries is a? family-owned firm that has been in the diamond jewelry business for decades. Vicenza is a luxury jewelry company that also has several fashion labels. In response to queries from the? media, John? Antonio, a spokesperson for? Vicenza, says that the merger will not violate any antitrust laws and will lead to efficiency gains for both firms. Maria? Crusoe, a business? reporter, claims that the merger will result in even higher diamond prices for consumers. Which of the following questions would be most important to answer in order to determine whether? Maria's claim is? accurate?

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What is the combined market share of the merged entity in the diamond jewelry? market?

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Farmer Brown grows peaches. The average total cost and marginal cost of growing peaches for an individual farmer are illustrated in the graph to the right. Assume the market for peaches is perfectly competitive and that the market price is ?$20 per box. Also assume that farmer Brown is producing the amount of peaches that maximizes profits.

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From price line intersection to MC to bottom of ATC

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Why are consumers so powerful in a market? system?

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Because it is? consumers' demand that influences the market price and dictates what producers will supply in the market.

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Are monopolies economically? efficient? Consider the market to the right. Compared to the perfectly competitive? outcome, what would be the change in surplus if instead the market had one supplier that was a ? monopoly? Use the triangle drawing tool to shade in the change in surplus. Properly label this shaded area.

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shade along left side of MC and along D. Deadweight loss.

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Why might a monopoly? arise? One firm will be present when

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the government blocks entry of more than one firm by granting a copyright.

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Farmer Brown grows blueberries. The average total? cost, average variable? cost, and marginal cost of growing blueberries for an individual farmer are illustrated in the graph to the right. Farmer Brown will incur losses if the market price falls below ___ per crate?Furthermore, farmer Brown should shut down in the short run if the market price falls below ?___ per crate.

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Where ATC slopes lowest. $18 Where AVC slopes lowest. $14.

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What is a key factor that determines a? firm's profitability?

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Factors affecting a? firm's entire market. Chance events. A? firm's average cost of production relative to that of competing firms. Differentiation of a? firm's product from other products.

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Farmer Smith grows apples. The average total cost and marginal cost of growing apples for an individual farmer are illustrated in the graph to the right. Suppose the market for apples is perfectly competitive. If the market price is ?$24 per box?, then to maximize? profits, farmer Smith should produce

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Where MC intersects Price line. 60

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Suppose the market for Christmas trees is perfectly competitive and that the market price for Christmas trees is ?$76 per tree. How many Christmas trees should Sophia? grow?

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market price for product X amount of trees sold minus Total cost. MP X Q = ? - TC

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How does the? long-run equilibrium for a monopolistically competitive market differ from the? long-run equilibrium for a perfectly competitive? market? One way in which monopolistically competitive markets and perfectly competitive markets differ is that in? long-run equilibrium, monopolistically competitive firms

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charge a price greater than marginal cost.

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One of the reasons why monopolies exist is because the government blocks the entry of more than one firm into a market. How might the government do? this? The government could block entry by

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issuing patents to firms that develop new products or new ways of making existing products.

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The figure to the right represents the market for peaches. Assume the market for peaches is perfectly competitive and a? constant-cost industry. Also assume the industry is initially in? long-run equilibrium. ?Then, the demand for peaches increases?, as? shown, from D1 to D2.

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Supply shifts to right, intersecting D and Slr.

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What is a? monopoly? A monopoly is

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a firm that is the only seller of a good or service that does not have a close substitute.

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The market for corn is perfectly competitive with? 1,000 farmers. Suppose the farmers have identical? short-run cost? curves, which are illustrated in the figure below. Describe the? market's supply curve. Use the line drawing tool to draw the? short-run market supply curve for corn. Label this line? 'Supply'.

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Suppy is same as MC

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Suppose Farmer Smith grows apples. The enitre market for apples is shown in the figure below. Assume the market for apples is perfectly competitive

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Demand is horizontal, through D and S intersection.

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The figure to the right shows the average cost of production ?(AC?) for a cable company that is a monopoly as well as the corresponding demand ?(D?) for cable subscriptions in the city to which the company provides service. Is this company a natural? monopoly? This firm

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is a natural monopoly because average cost is decreasing when it crosses demand.

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Lauren grows grapes. Her average variable cost ?(AVC?), average total cost ?(ATC?), and marginal cost ?(MC?) of production are illustrated in the figure to the right. Assume the market for grapes is perfectly competitive and that the market price is ?$4.00 per crate. Characterize? Lauren's economic profits. Assume she produces such that she maximizes profits in the short run.

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ACT is above MC at this price. Price loss where MC intersects market price to where ACT intersects market price.

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A representative monopolistically competitive? firm's demand ?(D?), marginal revenue ?(MR?), marginal cost ?(MC), and? long-run average cost ?(AC?) curves are illustrated in the figure to the right. AC is above everything. Is this industry in? long-run equilibrium? This industry is

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not in? long-run equilibrium because firms are incurring losses, which will result in firms exiting.

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Suppose the figure to the right illustrates the cost curves for a firm in a perfectly competitive market. Let MC be the marginal cost curve and ATC be the? long-run average total cost curve. At what point does the firm achieve productive? efficiency?

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Productive efficiency is intersection of MC and ATC.

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Farmer Jones grows oranges in Florida. Suppose the market for oranges is perfectly competitive and that the market price for a crate of oranges is ?$14 per crate. Fill in total? revenue, average? revenue, and marginal revenue in the table below.

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AR = TR/Q MR = change in TR/change in Q(same as price)

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Suppose the top figure to the right illustrates the? long-run average cost curve ?(AC?) and the marginal cost curve ?(MC?) for a representative firm in a perfectly competitive market. Assume all firms in the industry have the same cost structure. The bottom figure illustrates the? market, with a market supply curve ?(S?) and a market demand curve ?(D?). MC intersects AC at bottom of AC slope at $40,5. S and D intersect at $60,300 How many firms are there? initially? The industry has ___ firms.Will new firms enter or will existing firms exit in the long? run? In the long? run, firms will _____. How many firms will there be at the? long-run equilibrium? In the? long-run equilibrium, there will be ___ firms.

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50 enter 160

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Farmer Jones grows applesapples. The average total cost and marginal cost of growing applesapples for an individual farmer are illustrated in the graph to the right. Assume the market for applesapples is perfectly competitive. According to the? graph, farmer Jones will earn profit? (positive economic profit as opposed to? losses) at any market price above ___ per box.Assume that the market price specifically is $32 per box. If farmer Jones produces the profit maximizing quantity, what will be her profit? ___

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At ATC slope. $18. subtract point where new Q intersects ATC by 32, market price, Xs new Q. $900

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