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Prokaryotes

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a cell whos genetic material is not enclosed in a nuclear envelope

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binary fission

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procaryotic cell reproduction by division into two daughter cells

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Eukaryotes

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a cell having DNA inside a distinct membrane-encosed nucleus

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coccus

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spherical

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bacillus

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rod-shaped

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spiral

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spiral

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diplococci

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cocci that divide and remain attached in pairs

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streptococci

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(1) cocci that remain attached in chains after cell division
(2) when written as a genus, refers to gram-positive, catalase-negative bacteria

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tetrads

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a group of 4 cocci

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sarcinae

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(1) a group of 8 bacteria that remain in a packet after dividing
(2) when written as a genus, refers to gram-positive, anerobic cocci

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staphylococci

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cocci in a grapeilke cluster or broad sheet

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diplobacilli

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rods that divide and remain attached in pairs

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streptobacilli

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rods that remain attached in chains after cell division

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coccobacilli

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bacterium that is an oval rod

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vibrios

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(1) curved or comma-shaped bacterium
(2) written as genus (Vibrio), a gram-negative, motile, facltatively anerobic curved rod

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sprilla

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helical or corkscrew-shaped bacterium

When written as a genus, refers to aerobic, helical bacteria with clumps of polar flagella

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spirochetes

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corkscrew-shaped bacterium with axial filaments

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monomorphic

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maintain a single shape

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pleomorphic

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able to have many shapes

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Glycocalyx

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gelatinous polymer surrounding a cell

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capsule

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outer, viscous covering on some bacteria composed of a polysaccharide or polypeptide

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slime layer

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a glycocalyx that is unorganized and loosely attached to the cell wall

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extracellular polymeric substance (EPS)

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a glycocalyx that permits bacteria to attach to various surfaces

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flagella

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thin appendage from surface of a cell
used for cellular locomotion
composed of flagellin in procaryotic cells
composed of 9 + 2 microtubules in eukaryotic cells

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atrichous

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without projections

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peritrichous

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distributed over the entire cell

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monotrichous

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single flagellum at one pole

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lophotrichous

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tuft of flagella coming from one pole

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amphitrichous

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flagella at both poles of the cell

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motility

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ability of an organism to move by itself

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taxis

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movement in response to an environmental stimulius

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chemotaxis

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movement in response to the presence of a chemical

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phototaxis

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movement in response to the presence of light

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H antigen

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flagella antigens of enterics, identified by serological testing

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serovars

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variation within a species
aka: serotype

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axial fimaments

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structure for motility found in spirochetes
aka: endoflagellum

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fimbriae

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appendage on a bacterial cell used for attachment

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pili

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appendge ona bacterial cellused for conjugation and gliding motility

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twitching moility

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a type of motility where a pilus extends by the addtion of subunits of pilin, makes contact with a surface of another cell, and retracts as the pilin subunits are disassembled (short jerky movements)

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gliding motility

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smooth gliding movement of myxobacteria

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cell wall

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outer covering of most bacterial, fungal, algal, and plant cells
(in bacteria- consists of peptidoglycan)

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peptidoglycan

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(aka murein) structural molecule of bacterial cell walls consisting of the molecules N-acetlglucosamine, N-acetymuramic acid, tetrapeptide side chain, and peptide side chain

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polypeptide

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(1) chain of amino acids
(2) group of antiobiotics

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lysis

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(1) destruction of a cell by the rupture of the plasma membrane, resulting in a loss of cytoplasm
(2) in disease, a gradual period of decline

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porins

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type of protein in the outer membrane of gram-negative cell wals that permits the passage of small molecules

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lipolysaccharide (LPS)

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molecule consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide, forming the outer membrane of gram-negative cell walls

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Lipid A

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component of the gram-negative outer membrane (endotoxin)

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core polysaccharide

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Structure- to provide stability
attached to lipid A and contains unusual sugars

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O polysaccharide

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Functions as antigen and is useful for distinguishing species of gram-negative bacteria
extends outward from core polysaccharide and is composed of sugar molecules

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mycolic acid

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long-chained, branched fatty acids characteristic of members of genus Mycobacterum

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protoplast

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gram-positive bacterium or plant cell treated to remove the cell wall

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L forms

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prokaryotic cells that lack a cell wall
can return to walled state

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spheroplast

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gram-negative bacterium treated to damage the cel wall, resulting in a spherical cell

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osmotic lysis

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rupture of the plasma membrane resulting from movement of water into the cell

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plasma(cytoplasmic) membrane

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(inner membrane) selectively permeable membrane enclosing the cytoplasm of a cell
outermost layer in animal cells, internal to cell wall in other organisms

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glycoproteins

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proteins attached to carbs

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glycolipids

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lipids attached to carbs

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fluid mosaic model

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way of describing the dynamic arrangement of phospolipids and proteins comprising the plasma membrane

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selective permeability

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(semipermeability)property of a plasma membrane to allow certai molecules and ions to move through the membrane while restricting others

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chromatophores

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infolding in the plasma membrane whre bacteriochlorophyll is located in photoautotrophic bacteria
(AKA thylakoids)

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mesosomes

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irregular fold in the plasma membrane of prokaryotic cell that is an artifact of preparation for microscopy

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simple diffusion

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net movement of molecules or ions from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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facilitated diffusion

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movement of a substance across a plasma membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
mediated by transporter proteins

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osmosis

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net movement of solvent molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an areal with high concentration of solvent molecules to an area of low concentration of solute molecules

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osmotic pressure

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pressure required to prevent movement of pure water into a solution containing some solutes

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isotonic solution

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medium with the overall concentration of solutes equals that found inside a cell
(iso means equal)

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hypotonic solution

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solution that has a lower concentration of solutes than an isotonic solution

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active transport

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net movement of a substance across a membrane against a concentration gradient
requires cell to expend energy

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group translocation

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in prokaryotes, active transport in which a substance is chemically altered during transport across the plasma membrane

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cytoplasm

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in prokaryotic cell, everyting inside the plasma membrane
in eukaryotic cell, everyting inside plasma membrane and external to the nucleus

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nucleoid

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region in a bacterial cell containing the chromosome

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bacterial chromosome

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single long, continous, and frequently circularly arranged thread of double-stranded DNA

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plasmid

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small circular DNA molecule that replicated independently of the chromosome

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ribosome

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site of protein synthesis in a cell
composed of RNA and protein

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inclusions

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material held inside a cell, often consisting of reserve deposits

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metachromatic granules

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granule that stores inorganic phosphate and stains red with certain blue dies

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volutin

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stored inorganic phospate in a prokaryotic cell

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polysaccharide granules

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consist of glycogen and starch
presence can be demondstated when iodine is applied to the cells

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carboxysomes

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prokaryotic inclusion containing ribulose 1, 5-diphosphate carboxylase

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gas vacuole

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prokaryotic inclusion for buoyance compensation

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magnetosomes

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inclusions of irod oxide
produced by some gram-negative bacteria that acts like a magnet

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sporulation / sporogenesis

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process of spore and endospore formation

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germination

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process of starting to grow from a spore or endospore

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microtubules

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long, hollow tubes made up of a protein called tubulin

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glycocalyx

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layer of material containing substantial amounts of sticky carbohydrates

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endocytosis

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process by which material is moved inot eukaryotic cell

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cortosol

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fluid portion of cytoplasm

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cytoskeleton

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microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules that provide support and movement for eukaryotic cytoplasm

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cytoplasmic streaming

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movement of cytoplasm in a eukaryotic cell

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organelles

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membrane-enclosed structure within eukaryotic cells

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nucleus

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(1) part of an atom consisting of the protons and nucleus
(2) part of eukaryotic cell that contains the genetic material

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nuclear envelope

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double membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm and exit the nucleus

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nuclear pore

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opening in the nuclear envelope through which materials enter and exit the nucleus

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nucleoli

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area of eukaryotic nucheus where rRNA is synthesized

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histones

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protein associated with DNA in eukaryotic chromosomes

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chromatin

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threadlike, uncondensed DNA in an interphase eukaryotic cell

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chromosomes

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structure that carries hereditary information, chromosomes contain genes

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endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

answer

membranous netowork in eukaryotes connecting the plasma membrane with the nuclear membrane

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cisterns

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flattened membranous sacs or tubules

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rough ER

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endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes on surface

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smooth ER

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endoplasmic reticulum without ribosomes

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golgi complex

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organelle involved in teh secretion of certain proteins

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transport vesicle

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membrane-bound sacs that move proteins from the rough ER to the Golgi complex

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transfer vesicles

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membrane-bound sacs that move proteins from the Gilgi complex to specific areas in the cell

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secretory vesicles

answer

membrane-enclosedsac produced by the ER
transports synthesized material into cytoplasm

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storage vesicles

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organelles that form from Golgi complex
contain proteins made in the rough ER and processed in the Golgi complex

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vacuole

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space or cavitiy in cytoplasm of a cell that is enclosed by a membrane called a tonoplast

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mitochondria

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organelle containing Krebs cycle enzymesn and electron transport chain

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cristae

answer

folding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion

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matrix

answer

center of the mitochondrions semifluid substance

question

choloroplast

answer

organelle that performs photosynthesis in photoautotrophic eukaryotes

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thylakoids

answer

flattened membrane sacs containing chlorophyll

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centromere

answer

region in a eukaryotic cell consisting of pericentriolar area and a pair of centrioles
involved in formation of mitotic spindle

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peroxisomes

answer

organelles similar in structure to lysosomes but smaller

question

endosymbiotic theory

answer

model for the evolution of eukaryotes which states organelles arose from prokaryotic cells living inside a host prokaryote

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