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Other names for microscopic organisms

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Microorganisms
Microbes
Germs
Bugs

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Microorganisms include:

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Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Protozoa, Helminths (Parasitic worms), and Algae

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Meaning being or seeming to be everywhere.

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Ubiquitous

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Category of Prokaryotes (single cell no nucleus) with peptidoglycon in their cell walls (outside membrane) and a single, circular chromosome (genetic material). This group of small cells is widely distributed in the earths habitats.

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Bacteria

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Microscopic, acellular (no cells) agent composed of necleic acid surrounded by a protein coat.

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Viruses

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Heterotropic (feed off other organisms) unicellular (one cell) or multicellular (lots of cells) eukaryotic (complex with a nucleus) organism that may take the form of a larger macroscopic organism, as in the case of yeast or molds.

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Fungi

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A group of single-celled, eukaryotic organisms.

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Protozoa

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A term that designates all parastic worms.

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Helminths

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Photosynthetic, plantlike organisms that generally lack the complex structure of plants; they may be single-celled or multicellular and inhabit diverse habitats such as marine and freshwater environments, glaciers, and hot springs.

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Algae

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Simple cells with no nucleus are called:

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Prokaryotes

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Complex cells with a nucleus are called:

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Eukaryotes

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Microscopic, unicellular organisms, lack nuclei and membrane-bound organelles are called:

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Prokaryote

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Unicellular (microscopic) and multicellular, nucleus and membrane-bound organelles are called:

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Eukaryote

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Are all prokaryotes microorganisms?

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Yes

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Are all eukaryotes microorganisms?

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No

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Viruses (characteristics)

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-Are not cells.
-Acellular, parasitic particles.
-Composed of a small amount of hereditary material (nucleic acid) wrapped up in a protien covering.
-Much simpler than cells.
-Can not be active outside their host.

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Light fueled coversion of carbon dioxide to organic materical is called:

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Photosynthesis

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Breakdown of of dead matter and wastes into simple compounds is called:

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Decomposition

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Production of foods, drugs, and vaccines using living organisms is called:

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Biotechnology

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Manipulating the genes of organisms to make new products is called:

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Genetic engineering

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Using living organisms to remedy and environmental problem is called:

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Bioremediation

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Two of the top causes of deaths caused by microorganisms are:

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Infuenza and pneumonia, and Speticemia (blood infection)

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Ability to enlarge an object is called:

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Magnification

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Ability to show detail is called:

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Resolving Power

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Magnification in most microscopes results from interaction between:

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Visible light waves and Curvature of the lens.

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Angle of light passing through convex surface of glass changes:

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refraction

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Focuses all the light beams into one beam on the microscope:

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Condenser

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What three things can regulate the light on a microscope?

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Rheostat, Iris Diaphram lever, and the Condenser (by moving it up and down).

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Magnification occurs in two phases-

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-The objective lens forms the magnified real image.
-The real image is projected to the ocular where it is magnified again to form the virtual image.

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Do shorter wavelengths provide better resolution?

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Yes

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T/F - The higher the Numerical Aperture (NA), the higher the resolving power.

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True

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Why do Oil immersion lens require the use of oil?

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To prevent refractive loss of light.

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Most widely used type of microscopy; specimen is darker than surrounding field; used for live and preserved stained specimens:

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Bright-field microscopy

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Brightly illuminated specimens surrounded by dark field; used for live and unstained specimens:

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Dark-field microscopy

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Transforms subtle changes in light waves passing through the specimen into differences in light intensity, best for observing intracellular (within) structures:

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Phase-contrast microscopy

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-Modified microscope with an ulraviolet radiation source and filter.
-Uses dyes that emit visible light when bombarded with shorter UV rays - fluorescence.
-Useful in diagnosing infections.

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Fluorescence Microscope

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What type of mounts allow ecamination of characteristics of live cells: Size, motility, shape, and arrangement?

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Wet mounts and hanging drop mounts

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What type of mounts are made by drying and heating a film of specimen. This smear is stained using dyes to permit visualization of cell parts.

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Fixed mounts

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What types of dyes are cationic, positevely charged chromophore?

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Basic dyes

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Surfaces of microbes are negatively charged and attract basic dyes this is called:

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Positive staining

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List examples of basic dyes used in simple stains:

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Methelene blue, Crystal violet, and Safranin

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What type of dyes are anionic negatively charged chromophore (chemical component)?

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Acidic dyes

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Surfaces of microbe repels dye, the dye stains the backdround. This is called:

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Negative staining

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List examples of Acidic dyes used:

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Nigrosin and India Ink

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Do bacterial cells have a positive or negative charge?

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Negative charge

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Early belief that some forms of life could arise from vital foces present in nonliving or decompoing matter (flies from manure, etc.)

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Spontaneous Generation

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Prominent discoveries in Microbiology include:

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Microscopy, Scientific Method, Delvelopment of medical microbiology, and micrbiology techniques.

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Who is the father of bacteriology and protozoology?

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Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

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-Dutch linen merchant
-First to observe living microbes
-Single-lens magnified up 300X
-Sent his observations to the Royal Society in London
-Called bacteria and protozoa "animalcules
-Constructed more the 250 microscopes
-first observed a drop of water off a clay pot
-later observed plaque from his teeth

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Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

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-Approach taken by scientists to explain a certain natural phenomenon
-Form a hypothesis - a tentative explanation that can be supported or refuted (proven false)
-A lengthy process of experimentation, analysis, and testin either supports or refutes the hypothesis

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Scientific Method

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A bacterial cell that is a dormant version of itself that will germinate under favorable growth condition and return to a vegetative state is called a

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Endopsore

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In scientific method when a hypothesis is supported by a growing body of evidence and survies rigorous scrutiny, it moves to the next level of confidence it becomes:

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Theory

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In Scientific Method if the evidence of a theory is so compelling that the next level of confidence is reached, it becomes

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Law or principle

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a metabolically active feeding and dividing form, as opposed to a dormant, nondividing form is called:

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Vegetative State

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Collection of statements, propositions or concepts that explain or account for a natural event is called

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Theory

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T/F - Boiling water kills all vegetative forms of bacteria, but will not kill endospores.

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True

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Resulted in the use of sterile, aseptic, and pure culture techniques:

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Germ theory of disease

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-English physicist
-Provided intial evidence that some of the microbes in dust and air have very high heat resistance and that vigorous treatment is required to destroy them.

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John Tyndall

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-German botanist
-clarifed the reason that heat would sometimes fail to completely eliminate all microorganisms.

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Ferdinand Cohn

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-Microbiologist that clearly linked a microscopic organism with a specific disease.
-Verified the germ theory and could establish whether a organism was pathogenic and which disease it caused.
-Identified cause of anthrax, TB, and Cholera.
-Developed pure culture methods.

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Robert Koch (1843-1910)

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-American physician
-Observed that mother who gave birth at home had fewer infections than those who gave birth in hospitals.

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Dr. Oliver Wendell

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-Hungarian
-Correlated infections with phusician coming directly from autopsy room to maternity ward.

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Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis

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Introduced aseptic techniques reducing microbes in medical settings and preventing wound infections.

-Involved disinfection of hand using chemicals prior to surgery.
-Use of heat for sterilization.

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Joseph Lister

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-Showed microbes caused fermentation and spoilage
-Disproved spontaneous generation of microrganisms
-Developed pasteurization
-Demonstrated what is now know as Germ Theory of Disease

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Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

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One of the first to test the spontaneous generation theory by doing a experiment with meat and flies.

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Francesco Redi

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To expose to an elevated temperature for a period of time suficient to destroy microrganisms and those that can produce disease or cause spoilage of food.

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pasteurization

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biological catalysts that lover the energy of activation for a reaction.

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Enzymes

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What type of environment has no net movement of water?

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Isotonic Environment

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What type of environment causes water to move into a cell and causes the cell to swell?

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hypotonic environment

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What type of environment cause water to move out of the cell causing the cell to shrink?

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hypertonic environment

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Movement of water through a semipermeable membrane is called

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Osmosis

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Totality of adaptation organisms make to heir habitat is called

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Niche

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What are the environmental factors that affect the function of metablic enzymes?

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-Temperature
-Oxygen requirements
-pH
-Osmotic pressure
-Barometic pressure

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Lowest temperature that permits a microbe's growht and metabolism

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Minimum temperature

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Highest Temperature that permits a microbe's growth and metabolism

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Maximum temperature

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Promotes the fastest rate of growth and metabolism

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Optimum temperature

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Optimum temperature below 15`C; capable of growth at 0`C

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Psychrophiles

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Optimum temperature 20`C-40`C; most human pathogens

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Mesophiles

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Optimum temperature greater than 45`C

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Thermophiles

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Normal body temperature in `C

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37`C

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Utilizes oxygen and can detoxify it

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Aerobe

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cannot grow without oxygen

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Obligate aerobe

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Utilizes oxygen but can also grow in it absense

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Facultative anaerobe

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Requires only a small amount of oxygen

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Micraerophilic

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As oxygen is utilized it is transformed into several toxic products:

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Singlet oxygen, Superoxide ion, peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals

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Most cells have developed enzymes that neuralize these chemicals:

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Superoxide dismutase, catalase

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Does not utilize oxygen

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Anaerobe

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Lacks the enzymes to detoxify oxygen so cannot survive in an oxygen environment

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Obligate anaerobe

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DO NOT ultilize oxygen but can survive and grow in it presence

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Aerotelerant anaerobes

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Do all microbes require some carbon dioxide in their metabolism?

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Yes

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Grow better at higher Carbon Dioxide tensions than normally present in the atmosphere.

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Capnophile

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Do the majority of microorganisms grow at a pH between 6 and 8?

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yes

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Grow at extreme acid pH

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Obligate acidophiles

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Grow at extreme alkaline pH

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Alkalionphiles

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T/F - most microbes exist under hypotonic or isontoic conditions

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True

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Require a high concetration of salt

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Halophiles

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Do not require high concentration of solute but can tolerat it when it occurs

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Osmotolerant

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Can survive under extreme pressure and will rupture if exposed to normal atmospheric pressure

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Barophiles

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Organisms live in close nutritional relationships required by one or both members

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Symbiotic

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Obligatory Dependent: both member benefit

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Mutualism (Symbiotic)

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The commensal benefits; other member not harmed

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Commensalism (Symbiotic)

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Parasite is dependent and benefits; host harmed

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Parasitism (Symbiotic)

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Organisms are free-living; relationships not required for survival

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Nonsymbiotic

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Members cooperate and share nutrients.

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Synergism (Nonsymbiotic)

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Some members are inhibited or destroyed by others.

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Antagonism (Nonsymbiotic)

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Interrelationships between Microbes and Humans

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-Human body is a rich habitat for symbiotic bacteria, fungi, and a few protozoa - normal microbial flora

-Commensal, parasitic, and synergistic relationships.

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________ results when organisms attach to a substrate by some form of extracellular matrix that binds them together in complex organzed layers.

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Biofilms

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Dominate the structure of most natural environments on earth.

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Microbial Biofilms

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Communicate and cooperate in the formation and function of biofilms.

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quorum sensing

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Organism that relies upon organic compounds for it carbon and energy needs.

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Heterotroph

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A network of polysaccharide chains cross-linked by short peptides that forms the rigid part of bacterial cell walls. Gram-negative bacteria have a smaller amount of this rigid structure than do gram-positive bacteria.

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Peptidoglycan

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Amino acids make

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protein

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nucleic acids make

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DNA and RNA

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spherical or ball-shaped bacteria

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coccus (pl. cocci)

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rod-shaped bacteria, longer than wide

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bacillus (pl. bacilli)

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spiral shaped cylinder, corkscrew

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spirillum (pl. spirilla or spirilli)

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Diplo-

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pairs

ex: diplococci (meaning spherical or ball-shaped pairs)

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Staphylo-

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cluster

ex: staphylococci (meaning spherical or ball-shaped cluster)

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Strepto-

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chain
ex: steptococci (meaning spherical or ball-shaped chain)

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meaning without contamination of the culture

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aseptically

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An organism that uses carbon dioxide as its carbon source and is not nutritionall dependent on other living things is called a(n)

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Autotroph

Microbiology Lecture Exam #1 – Flashcards

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