Microbiology Lecture Exam #1 – Flashcards
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| Microscopic, acellular (no cells) agent composed of necleic acid surrounded by a protein coat. |
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| Viruses |
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| Heterotropic (feed off other organisms) unicellular (one cell) or multicellular (lots of cells) eukaryotic (complex with a nucleus) organism that may take the form of a larger macroscopic organism, as in the case of yeast or molds. |
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| Fungi |
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| A group of single-celled, eukaryotic organisms. |
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| Protozoa |
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| A term that designates all parastic worms. |
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| Helminths |
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| Photosynthetic, plantlike organisms that generally lack the complex structure of plants; they may be single-celled or multicellular and inhabit diverse habitats such as marine and freshwater environments, glaciers, and hot springs. |
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| Algae |
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| Simple cells with no nucleus are called: |
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| Prokaryotes |
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| Complex cells with a nucleus are called: |
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| Eukaryotes |
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| Microscopic, unicellular organisms, lack nuclei and membrane-bound organelles are called: |
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| Prokaryote |
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| Unicellular (microscopic) and multicellular, nucleus and membrane-bound organelles are called: |
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| Eukaryote |
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| Are all prokaryotes microorganisms? |
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| Yes |
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| Are all eukaryotes microorganisms? |
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| No |
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| Viruses (characteristics) |
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-Are not cells. -Acellular, parasitic particles. -Composed of a small amount of hereditary material (nucleic acid) wrapped up in a protien covering. -Much simpler than cells. -Can not be active outside their host. |
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| Light fueled coversion of carbon dioxide to organic materical is called: |
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| Photosynthesis |
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| Breakdown of of dead matter and wastes into simple compounds is called: |
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| Decomposition |
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| Production of foods, drugs, and vaccines using living organisms is called: |
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| Biotechnology |
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| Manipulating the genes of organisms to make new products is called: |
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| Genetic engineering |
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| Using living organisms to remedy and environmental problem is called: |
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| Bioremediation |
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| Two of the top causes of deaths caused by microorganisms are: |
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| Infuenza and pneumonia, and Speticemia (blood infection) |
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| Ability to enlarge an object is called: |
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| Magnification |
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| Ability to show detail is called: |
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| Resolving Power |
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| Magnification in most microscopes results from interaction between: |
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| Visible light waves and Curvature of the lens. |
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| Angle of light passing through convex surface of glass changes: |
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| refraction |
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| Focuses all the light beams into one beam on the microscope: |
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| Condenser |
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| What three things can regulate the light on a microscope? |
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| Rheostat, Iris Diaphram lever, and the Condenser (by moving it up and down). |
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| Magnification occurs in two phases- |
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-The objective lens forms the magnified real image. -The real image is projected to the ocular where it is magnified again to form the virtual image.
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| Do shorter wavelengths provide better resolution? |
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| Yes |
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| T/F - The higher the Numerical Aperture (NA), the higher the resolving power. |
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| True |
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| Why do Oil immersion lens require the use of oil? |
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| To prevent refractive loss of light. |
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| Most widely used type of microscopy; specimen is darker than surrounding field; used for live and preserved stained specimens: |
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| Bright-field microscopy |
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| Brightly illuminated specimens surrounded by dark field; used for live and unstained specimens: |
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| Dark-field microscopy |
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| Transforms subtle changes in light waves passing through the specimen into differences in light intensity, best for observing intracellular (within) structures: |
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| Phase-contrast microscopy |
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-Modified microscope with an ulraviolet radiation source and filter. -Uses dyes that emit visible light when bombarded with shorter UV rays - fluorescence. -Useful in diagnosing infections. |
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| Fluorescence Microscope |
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| What type of mounts allow ecamination of characteristics of live cells: Size, motility, shape, and arrangement? |
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| Wet mounts and hanging drop mounts |
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| What type of mounts are made by drying and heating a film of specimen. This smear is stained using dyes to permit visualization of cell parts. |
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| Fixed mounts |
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| What types of dyes are cationic, positevely charged chromophore? |
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Basic dyes
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| Surfaces of microbes are negatively charged and attract basic dyes this is called: |
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| Positive staining |
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| List examples of basic dyes used in simple stains: |
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| Methelene blue, Crystal violet, and Safranin |
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| What type of dyes are anionic negatively charged chromophore (chemical component)? |
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| Acidic dyes |
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| Surfaces of microbe repels dye, the dye stains the backdround. This is called: |
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| Negative staining |
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| List examples of Acidic dyes used: |
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| Nigrosin and India Ink |
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| Do bacterial cells have a positive or negative charge? |
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| Negative charge |
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| Early belief that some forms of life could arise from vital foces present in nonliving or decompoing matter (flies from manure, etc.) |
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| Spontaneous Generation |
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| Prominent discoveries in Microbiology include: |
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| Microscopy, Scientific Method, Delvelopment of medical microbiology, and micrbiology techniques. |
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| Who is the father of bacteriology and protozoology? |
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| Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) |
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-Dutch linen merchant -First to observe living microbes -Single-lens magnified up 300X -Sent his observations to the Royal Society in London -Called bacteria and protozoa "animalcules -Constructed more the 250 microscopes -first observed a drop of water off a clay pot -later observed plaque from his teeth |
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| Antonie van Leeuwenhoek |
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-Approach taken by scientists to explain a certain natural phenomenon -Form a hypothesis - a tentative explanation that can be supported or refuted (proven false) -A lengthy process of experimentation, analysis, and testin either supports or refutes the hypothesis |
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| Scientific Method |
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| A bacterial cell that is a dormant version of itself that will germinate under favorable growth condition and return to a vegetative state is called a |
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| Endopsore |
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| In scientific method when a hypothesis is supported by a growing body of evidence and survies rigorous scrutiny, it moves to the next level of confidence it becomes: |
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| Theory |
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| In Scientific Method if the evidence of a theory is so compelling that the next level of confidence is reached, it becomes |
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| Law or principle |
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| a metabolically active feeding and dividing form, as opposed to a dormant, nondividing form is called: |
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| Vegetative State |
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| Collection of statements, propositions or concepts that explain or account for a natural event is called |
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| Theory |
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| T/F - Boiling water kills all vegetative forms of bacteria, but will not kill endospores. |
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| True |
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| Resulted in the use of sterile, aseptic, and pure culture techniques: |
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| Germ theory of disease |
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-English physicist -Provided intial evidence that some of the microbes in dust and air have very high heat resistance and that vigorous treatment is required to destroy them. |
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| John Tyndall |
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-German botanist -clarifed the reason that heat would sometimes fail to completely eliminate all microorganisms. |
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| Ferdinand Cohn |
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-Microbiologist that clearly linked a microscopic organism with a specific disease. -Verified the germ theory and could establish whether a organism was pathogenic and which disease it caused. -Identified cause of anthrax, TB, and Cholera. -Developed pure culture methods.
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| Robert Koch (1843-1910) |
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-American physician -Observed that mother who gave birth at home had fewer infections than those who gave birth in hospitals. |
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| Dr. Oliver Wendell |
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-Hungarian -Correlated infections with phusician coming directly from autopsy room to maternity ward. |
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| Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis |
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Introduced aseptic techniques reducing microbes in medical settings and preventing wound infections.
-Involved disinfection of hand using chemicals prior to surgery. -Use of heat for sterilization. |
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| Joseph Lister |
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-Showed microbes caused fermentation and spoilage -Disproved spontaneous generation of microrganisms -Developed pasteurization -Demonstrated what is now know as Germ Theory of Disease
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| Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) |
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| One of the first to test the spontaneous generation theory by doing a experiment with meat and flies. |
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| Francesco Redi |
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| To expose to an elevated temperature for a period of time suficient to destroy microrganisms and those that can produce disease or cause spoilage of food. |
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| pasteurization |
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| biological catalysts that lover the energy of activation for a reaction. |
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| Enzymes |
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| What type of environment has no net movement of water? |
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| Isotonic Environment |
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| What type of environment causes water to move into a cell and causes the cell to swell? |
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| hypotonic environment |
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| What type of environment cause water to move out of the cell causing the cell to shrink? |
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| hypertonic environment |
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| Movement of water through a semipermeable membrane is called |
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| Osmosis |
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| Totality of adaptation organisms make to heir habitat is called |
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| Niche |
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| What are the environmental factors that affect the function of metablic enzymes? |
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-Temperature -Oxygen requirements -pH -Osmotic pressure -Barometic pressure |
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| Lowest temperature that permits a microbe's growht and metabolism |
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| Minimum temperature |
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| Highest Temperature that permits a microbe's growth and metabolism |
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| Maximum temperature |
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| Promotes the fastest rate of growth and metabolism |
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| Optimum temperature |
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| Optimum temperature below 15`C; capable of growth at 0`C |
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| Psychrophiles |
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| Optimum temperature 20`C-40`C; most human pathogens |
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| Mesophiles |
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| Optimum temperature greater than 45`C |
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| Thermophiles |
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| Normal body temperature in `C |
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| 37`C |
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| Utilizes oxygen and can detoxify it |
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| Aerobe |
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| cannot grow without oxygen |
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| Obligate aerobe |
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| Utilizes oxygen but can also grow in it absense |
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| Facultative anaerobe |
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| Requires only a small amount of oxygen |
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| Micraerophilic |
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| As oxygen is utilized it is transformed into several toxic products: |
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| Singlet oxygen, Superoxide ion, peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals |
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| Most cells have developed enzymes that neuralize these chemicals: |
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| Superoxide dismutase, catalase |
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| Does not utilize oxygen |
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| Anaerobe |
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| Lacks the enzymes to detoxify oxygen so cannot survive in an oxygen environment |
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| Obligate anaerobe |
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| DO NOT ultilize oxygen but can survive and grow in it presence |
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| Aerotelerant anaerobes |
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| Do all microbes require some carbon dioxide in their metabolism? |
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| Yes |
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| Grow better at higher Carbon Dioxide tensions than normally present in the atmosphere. |
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| Capnophile |
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| Do the majority of microorganisms grow at a pH between 6 and 8? |
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| yes |
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| Grow at extreme acid pH |
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| Obligate acidophiles |
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| Grow at extreme alkaline pH |
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| Alkalionphiles |
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| T/F - most microbes exist under hypotonic or isontoic conditions |
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| True |
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| Require a high concetration of salt |
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| Halophiles |
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| Do not require high concentration of solute but can tolerat it when it occurs |
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| Osmotolerant |
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| Can survive under extreme pressure and will rupture if exposed to normal atmospheric pressure |
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| Barophiles |
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| Organisms live in close nutritional relationships required by one or both members |
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| Symbiotic |
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| Obligatory Dependent: both member benefit |
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| Mutualism (Symbiotic) |
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| The commensal benefits; other member not harmed |
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| Commensalism (Symbiotic) |
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| Parasite is dependent and benefits; host harmed |
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| Parasitism (Symbiotic) |
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| Organisms are free-living; relationships not required for survival |
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| Nonsymbiotic |
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| Members cooperate and share nutrients. |
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| Synergism (Nonsymbiotic) |
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| Some members are inhibited or destroyed by others. |
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| Antagonism (Nonsymbiotic) |
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| Interrelationships between Microbes and Humans |
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-Human body is a rich habitat for symbiotic bacteria, fungi, and a few protozoa - normal microbial flora
-Commensal, parasitic, and synergistic relationships. |
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| ________ results when organisms attach to a substrate by some form of extracellular matrix that binds them together in complex organzed layers. |
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| Biofilms |
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| Dominate the structure of most natural environments on earth. |
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| Microbial Biofilms |
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| Communicate and cooperate in the formation and function of biofilms. |
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| quorum sensing |
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| Organism that relies upon organic compounds for it carbon and energy needs. |
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| Heterotroph |
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| A network of polysaccharide chains cross-linked by short peptides that forms the rigid part of bacterial cell walls. Gram-negative bacteria have a smaller amount of this rigid structure than do gram-positive bacteria. |
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| Peptidoglycan |
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| Amino acids make |
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| protein |
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| nucleic acids make |
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| DNA and RNA |
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| spherical or ball-shaped bacteria |
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| coccus (pl. cocci) |
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| rod-shaped bacteria, longer than wide |
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| bacillus (pl. bacilli) |
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| spiral shaped cylinder, corkscrew |
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| spirillum (pl. spirilla or spirilli) |
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| Diplo- |
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pairs
ex: diplococci (meaning spherical or ball-shaped pairs) |
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| Staphylo- |
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cluster
ex: staphylococci (meaning spherical or ball-shaped cluster) |
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| Strepto- |
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chain ex: steptococci (meaning spherical or ball-shaped chain) |
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| meaning without contamination of the culture |
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| aseptically |
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| An organism that uses carbon dioxide as its carbon source and is not nutritionall dependent on other living things is called a(n) |
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| Autotroph |
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