Microbiology final exam – Flashcards
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What are the six characteristics of living systems? [image][image][image][image] |
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Required: Metabolism Reproduction Differentiation Optional: Communication Movement Evolution |
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| What is the maximum resolution of a light microscope? |
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| 0.2 µm |
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| What are the three domains of comparitive rRNA sequencing? |
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| Bacteria (prokaryotic) Archaea (prokaryotic) Eukarya (eukaryotic) |
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| What are the two functions of cytoplasmic membranes? |
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| Highly selective Permeability Barrier Carrier-Mediated Transport Systems |
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| What is metabolism? |
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| The sum of all chemical reactions (anabolism and catabolism) |
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| What are the two reaction serieses linked to energy conservation in chemoorganotrophs? |
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Fermentation Respiration |
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| What is the electron transport system within the cytoplasmic membrane that separates protons as electrons are transported? |
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| Proton motive force |
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| In aerobic respiration, what is the final electron acceptor? |
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| Oxygen |
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| The electrochemical potential across the cytoplasmic membrane results in a pH gradient due to the acumulation of what molecules on either side of the barrier? |
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H+ outside OH- inside |
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| Through what metabolic pathway is pyruvate completely oxidized into CO2? |
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Citric acid cycle Tricarboxylic acid cycle Krebbs cycle |
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| What process converts glucose to pyruvate? |
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| glycolysis |
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| Per glucose molecule, how many ATP are generated through aerobic respiration? |
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38 2 from glycolysis, 6 from NAD generated in glycolysis in the electron transport chain and 15 through the CAC twice (one for each pyruvate) |
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| How many CO2 are released per molecule of glucose aerobically respirated? |
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| 6 |
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| What is the killing, or removal, of all viable organisms within a growth medium? |
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| Sterilization |
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| What is the ammount of time required to reduce the viability of an organism tenfold at a given temperature? |
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| Decimal reduction time |
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| What are the most successful and commonly use antivirals? |
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| Nucleoside analogs |
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| What are the to types of lymphocytes? |
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B cells T cells |
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| Where do B cells mature? |
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| Bone marrow |
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| Where do T cells mature? |
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| Thymus |
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| What do microorganisms display that immune reactions use to identify them? |
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| Pathogen associated molecular patterns |
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| What are used to identify pathogen PAMPs? |
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Pathogen recognition molecules Pathogen recognition receptors Toll-like receptors |
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| Which helper subset activates macrophages by secreting cytokines? (cell mediated) |
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| TH1 |
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| Which helper subset plays a crucial role in B cell activation and antibody production? (antibody mediated) |
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TH2
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| What are the five classes of immunoglobulins? |
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IgG IgA IgM IgE IgD
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| Which immunoglobulin is the most common circulating antibody, has a molecular weight of around 150,000 and is made up of four polypeptide chains? |
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| IgG |
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| What is formed by the cooperative interaction between variable domains of both light and heavy chaines in antibodies? |
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| The antigen-binding site |
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| Which immunoglobulin forms an aggregate of five immunoglobulin molecules with at least one J-chain? |
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| IgM |
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| Which immunoglobulin is generally the first produced in response to a pathogen? |
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| IgM |
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| Which immunoglobulin is found in bodily fluids such as saliva, tears, breast milk and mucosal secretion from the genital and digestive systems? |
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| IgA |
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| Which immunoglobulin tends to form dimers of two anitbodies? |
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| IgA |
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| What is a J chain? |
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| Protein component of combined antibody structure |
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| Which cell recognizes the antigen presented by MHCI? |
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| TC |
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| Which cells interact with the peptide MHCII? |
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TH1 and TH2
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Which interaction causes the TH1 cells to produce cytokines that activate the macrophages? [image][image][image][image] |
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| Cell-mediated immunity |
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| Which interaction uses cytokines to stimulate antigen-reactive B cells to produce antibodies? |
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| Antibody mediated response |
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What are the general antibody receptors called on phagocytes? [image][image][image][image] |
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| Fc receptors |
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What bind to any antibody attached to an antigen and their interaction results in enhanced phagocytosis of the antibody-sensitized cells?
[image][image][image][image] |
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| Fc receptors |
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What process results in enhanced phagocytosis? [image][image][image][image] |
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| Opsonization |
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When is energy from light is used in the reduction of CO2 to organic compounds ? [image][image][image][image] |
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| Photoautotrophy |
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When is phototrophs use organic compound as their carbon source? [image][image][image][image] |
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| Photoheterotrophy |
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| What process converts light energy into chemical energy? |
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| Photosynthesis |
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| What is the first step of the Calvin cycle catalyzed by? |
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| ribulose biphosphate carboxylase (RubisCO) |
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| What molecule catalyzes the formation of two molecules of 3-phosphoglyceric acid (PGA) from ribulose biphosphate and CO2? |
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| RubisCO |
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| What word describes DNA replication? |
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| Semiconservative |
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| In what direction does DNA replication proceed? |
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From 5' to 3' [image][image][image][image] |
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| In which direction does RNA transcription proceed? |
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| From 5' to 3' |
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| What enzyme is used to replicate chromosomal DNA? |
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| DNA polymerase III |
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| To replicate DNA, DNA polymerase requires what? |
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| A primer |
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| What is a primer made of? |
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| RNA |
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| In prokaryotes, what enzyme is used in transcription? |
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| RNA polymerase |
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| What doesRNA polymerase use as a template? |
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| DNA |
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| How many strands of DNA are used during the transcription of a given gene? |
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| 1 |
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| What does RNA polymerase recognize during transcription? |
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| Promoters |
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| What is the site of the initiation of transcription? |
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| Promoter |
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| What recognizes promoters during transcription? |
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| Sigma factor of RNA polymerase |
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| Where does transcription terminate? |
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| transcription terminators |
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What is located 10 bases before the start of transcription? [image][image][image][image] |
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-10 region Pribnow box |
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| What is located 35 bases before the start of transcription? |
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| -35 region |
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| In prokaryotes, what two regnions within promoters are highly conserved? |
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| Pribnow box (-10) and -35 |
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| What base sequence is associated with the -35 region? |
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| TTGACA |
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| What is a grop of related genes that are cotranscribed on a polycystronic mRNA? |
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| Operon |
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| This type of code transribes for a single amino acid, but can consist of different codons. |
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| Degenerate code |
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| This is found on tRNA and recognizes a codon. |
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| Anticodon |
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| In prokaryotes, this ensures proper reading-frame. |
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| Shine-delgarno sequence |
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| What sequence makes up the start codon? |
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| AUG |
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| What codons make up stop codons? |
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| UAA, UAG and UGA |
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| Tese consist of three bases of tRNA. |
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| Anticodon |
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| What are the three stages of RNA processing? |
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| Splicing, capping and tail |
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| What is RNA splicing? |
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| The removal of introns from RNA transcripts |
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| What performs RNA splicing |
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| Splicosome |
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| In eukaryotes, what enzyme transcribes protein encoding genes? |
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| RNA polymerase II |
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| What enzyme distinguishes retroviruses (Types VI and VII) from other virues? |
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| Reverse transriptase |
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| What is a heritable change in DNA sequence that can change phenotype of an organism? |
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| Mutation |
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| What is a strain of any cell or virus that differes from its parental strain in genotype? |
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| Mutant |
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| What is a mutation that changes only one base pair? (This can lead to a single amino acid change in a protein or even no change.) |
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| Point mutation |
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| A mutation that does not affect the amino acid sequence. |
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| Silent mutation |
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| A mutation that changes an amino acid, and thus a polypeptide. |
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| Missense mutation |
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| A mutation that changes a codon to a stop codon, thus encoding for an incomplete polypeptide. |
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| Nonsense mutation |
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| A mutation where the deletion or insertion cause a shift in reading frame. (This often results in a complete loss of gene function.) |
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| Frameshift mutation |
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| What are the six basic genetic engineering techniques? |
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Restriction enzymes Gel electrophoresis Nucleic acid hybridization Nucleic acid probes Molecular cloning Cloning vectors |
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| These DNA ends form bonds with complementary pairs, then are removed by DNA lisage. |
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| Sticky ends |
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| An end to DNA where there are no unpaired bases. |
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| Blunt end |
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| These can be stained with ethidium bromide so that DNA can be visualized under UV light. |
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| Gels |
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| This genetic engineering technique takes the base pairing of a single strande of DNA or RNA from two different sources to get a hybrid double helix. |
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| Nucleic acid hybridization |
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| This single-stranded DNA segment is used in nucleic acid hybridization has a predetermined identity. |
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| Nucleic acid probe |
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| This hybridization proceedure uses DNA in gel and uses DNA or RNA as a probe. |
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| Southern blot |
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| This hybridiation proceedure uses RNA in a gel. |
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Northern blot
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| Most cloning vectors are derived from what? |
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| plasmids or viruses |
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| When inserting a DNA fragment into a cloning vector, how is it generally inserted? |
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| in vitro |
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| What enzyme is used to combine two DNA molecules? (works on both sticky or blunt ends.) |
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| DNA lingase |
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| This form of mutenogenisis is performed in vitro and introduces a mutation at a precise location. |
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| Site-directed mutenogenisis |
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| These promoters or coding sequences of genes of interest can be swapped with those of reporter genes to elucidate gene regulation under various conditions. |
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| Gene fusions |
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| What common cloning vector contains ampicillin resistance and IacZ gene (with polylinker (multiple cloning site) inside the gene)? |
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| pUC19 |
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Which category of bacteria carries out anoxyogenic photosynthesis and contains bacteriochlorophylls and cartenoid pigments? |
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Purple phototrophic bacteria |
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What category is purple nonsulfur bachteria? |
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Purple phototrophic bacteria |
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Autotrophic reaction that uses H2 as the sole electron donor and O2 as the electron acceptor. |
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Knallgas reaction |
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Which type of bacteria uses a knallgas reaction? |
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Hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria |
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| What does a blue color indicate in screening? |
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| Absence of the vector with the foreign DNA inserted |
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| What does a white color indicate in screening? |
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| Presence of the vector with the foreign DNA inserted |
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| Which bacteria are straight or curved rods with polar flagella, chemoorganotrophs and obligate aerobes? |
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| Pseudomonas |
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| What class of energy users are most gram-positive bacteria? |
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| Chemoorganotropes |
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| What tyoe of bacteria plays an important role in the production of buttermilk, silage and other products? |
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| Streptococcus |
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| Which bacteria is of dairy significance? |
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| Lactococcus |
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| Which metabolic reaction uses a dipeptide? |
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| Strickland reaction |
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| Which bacteria perform Strickland reactions? |
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| Clostridia |
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| Which bacteria was first discovered in Swiss cheese? |
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| Propionic acid bacteria |
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| Which bacteria is primarily found in soil. filamentous and gram-positive? |
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| Streptomyces |
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| What is the earthy smell bacterial metabolism can cause called? |
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| Geosmins |
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| Which bacteria has 50% of its species produce antibiotics? (Over 500 different antibiotics produced.) |
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| Strptomyces |
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| What genus of bacteria are Oscillatoria and Nostoc? |
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| Cynobacteria |
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| Which bacteria is a facutative aerobic chemoorganotroph, stalked, budding, primarily aquatic organism with an extensive cell compartementalization including a membrane-enclosed nuclear structure? |
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Planctomyces
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| What bacteria is responsible for lyme disease? |
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| Borrelia burgdorferi |
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| What are the two major groups of Archaea? |
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Crenarchaeota Euryarchaeota |
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| This phylogenetic group has traits of bacteria and eukarya, but most resembles eukayra despite being prokaryotic. |
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| Archaea |
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| This euryarchaeota is one of the smallest cellular organisms at .4 ?m. |
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| Nanoarchaeum |
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| This group of archaea inhabit temperature extremes, many are hyperthermophiles, while others are found in the extreme cold. |
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| Crenarchaeota |
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| Which group of organisms has a membrane-enclosed nucleus and several other organelles? |
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| Eukaryotes |
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| Respiration (CAC) and oxydative phosphorylation occur here. |
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| Mitochondrion |
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Similar to mitochondria, these lack TCA cycle enzymes and cristae. Through the oxidation of pyruvate, they release H2, CO2 and acetate. [image][image][image][image]2Wikipedia: Year 2 was a common year starting on Sunday or Monday of the Julian calendar and a common year starting on Sunday of the Proleptic Julian calendar. > |
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| Hydrogenosome |
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| Chlorophyll-containing organelle found in phototrophic eukaryotes. The lumen is called a stroma, which contains lots of RubisCO for the Calvin cycle. |
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| Chloroplast |
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| This organelle stacks separately from the ER, but in concert with it to modify the products of the ER for secretion. |
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| Golgi apparatus |
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| Membrane-enclosed compartments full of digestive enzymes used for hydrolysis. |
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| Lysosome |
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| Compartments that oxidize various compounds and also function in the synthesis of bile salts. |
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| Peroxisome |
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| Fungi form multicellular networks called... |
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| hyphae |
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| Hyphae grow together to form compact tufts called... |
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| mycelia |
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| Hyphae that extend above the surface can produce asexual spores called... |
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| conidia |
