Microbiology Exam #3 Review – Flashcards
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| Sterilization |
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| Destruction or removal of all forms of microbial life; ideal goal. Usually done with steam under pressure or sterilizing gas |
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| Aseptic |
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| prevent contamination |
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| Disinfection |
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| Destruction of vegetative pathogens; may use physical or chemical methods. |
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| Antisepsis |
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| Destruction of vegetative pathogens on living tissue; usually done with chemical antimicrobials. |
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| Degerming |
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| Removal of microbes from a limited area, such as the skin around an injection site; alcohol soaked swab. An example is also taking a shower. |
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| Sanitation |
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| Treatment intended to lower microbial count on eating and drinking utensils. |
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| Pasteurization |
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| Process that is done to avoid food spoilage; involves heating food to between 55-60C to kill mesophyles. |
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| Vegetative form |
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| feeding form of microorganisms; all other forms are survival forms. |
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| Stasis |
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| Inhibit microorganism activity |
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| Cidal |
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| killing microorganisms |
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| Moist heat |
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| Physical method of microbial growth control which denatures proteins through boiling or flowing steam; not as effective on endospores. |
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| Autoclaving |
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| Physical method that denatures proteins by putting microorganism in 15psi of pressure and 121C for 15 minutes; kills all vegetative forms and endospores. |
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| Refrigeration & Freezing |
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| Physical method of microbial growth control that does not lead to cidal event, only stasis. |
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| Filtration |
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| Physical method of microbial growth control that removes microbes by passage of a liquid or gas through a screen like material; usually consists of cellulose acetate or nitrocellulose. |
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| Desiccation |
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| Physical method that involves drying; ancient form of sterilization. |
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| Lyophilization |
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| Physical method that is used to preserve microorganisms; combination of freezing and drying. |
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| Osmotic pressure |
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| Physical method where an organism is suspended in a hypertonic solution; ancient form. |
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| Radiation |
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| Physical method where nucleic acids are killed through the use of UV light. |
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| Alcohols & Phenols |
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| Chemical method that denatures proteins. |
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| Halogens |
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| Chemical method that involves the use of chemicals in group 7 such as iodine (antiseptic), chlorine (bleach), fluorine (toothpaste), and bromine (hot tubs). |
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| Peroxides & Ozone |
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| Reactive oxygen that kills microbes by oxidizing their enzymes and preventing metabolism; chemical methods. |
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| Surfactants |
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| Soaps and detergents that reduces the surface tension of solvents and disrupts cell membranes; chemical method. |
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| Heavy metals |
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| Chemical method that alter the 3d shape of proteins. |
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| Zinc (Zn), Arsenic (As), Mercury (Hg), Copper (Cu), and Silver (Ag) |
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| Heavy metals |
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| Aldehydes |
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| Compounds containing a CHO group that denatures proteins; no longer used to disinfect medical and dental equipment. |
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| Gaseous agents |
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| Used to sterilize plastic lab ware, mattresses, and things that cannot be easily sterilized by heat, chemicals, or radiation. Examples include ethylene dioxide, propylene oxide. |
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| Quaternary ammonium compounds (cationic detergents) |
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| Antiseptic for skin, instruments, utensils, and rubber goods. Bacteriocidal, Bacteriostatic, fungicidal, and virocidal against enveloped viruses; examples are Zephiran and Cepacol. |
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| Organic acids |
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| Metabolic inhibition mostly affecting molds. |
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| Nitrates/Nitrites |
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| Preferred use is in meat and prevents clostridium botulinum. |
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| Paul Ehlrich |
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| Reasoned the 'magic bullet' theory of developing a compound that only targets the desired illness. |
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| Alexander Flemming |
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| Discovered antibiotics |
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| Inhibits cell wall synthesis |
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| Penicillin, cephalosporins, vancomycin, bacitracin |
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| Inhibits protein synthesis |
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| chroramphenicol, erythromycin, tetracyclines, streptomycin, gentamycin. |
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| Disruption of cytoplasmic membranes |
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| Amphotericin B, Polymyxin B |
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| Inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis |
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| quinolones, rifampin; can be used to treat tuberculosis |
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| Inhibiting metabolites |
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| sulfonamide, trimethoprim |
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| Sulfonamide |
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| structural analog of PABA which competes to synthesize folic acid, therefore, inhibiting bacterial growth. |
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| Rifampin |
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| Inhibits RNA polymerase |
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| Quinolones |
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| Act against prokaryotic DNA |
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| Aminoglycosides |
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| amino sugars that change the shape of 30S subunits of ribosomes; streptomycin and gentamycin. |
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| Treats fungi |
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| Ketoconazole |
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| Treats malaria (protozoa) |
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| Mefloquine |
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| Treats tapeworms |
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| Niclosamide |
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| Treats flukes |
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| Praziquantel |
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| Treats mycobacteria |
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| Sterptomycin and Isoniazid |
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| Protista |
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| algae and protozoa |
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| Fungi |
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| yeasts and molds |
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| Platyhelminthes |
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| flatworms |
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| Tapeworms |
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| cestodes; a type of flatworm |
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| Flukes |
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| trematodes; a type of flatworm |
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| Roundworm |
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| nematoda |
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| Coccus |
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| round |
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| Bacillus |
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| cigar shaped |
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| Coccobacillus |
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| round and cigar shaped (mixed) |
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| Vibrio |
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| comma shaped; resists high osmotic pressure |
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| Cholera is shaped like |
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| Vibrio |
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| Spirilum |
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| spiral shaped (short) |
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| Sphirochate |
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| spiral shaped (long) |
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| Sphirochate shaped bacteria causes |
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| syphilis |
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| Pleomorphic |
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| can take any shape |
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| Streptococci |
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| chain of prokaryotic cells |
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| Tetrad |
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| Four prokaryotic cells |
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| Sarcinae |
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| eight prokaryotic cells |
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| Staphylococci |
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| Many prokaryotic cells; looks like grapes |
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| Palisade |
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| bacilli prokaryotic cells lined parallel to each other |
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| Streptobacilli |
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| Chain of of bacillus shaped cells |
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| Endospore |
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| Produced by the gram positive bacteria bacillus, and clostridium. They are extremely resistant to drying, heat, radiation and lethal chemicals. Not reproductive but a defense strategy against hostile environments. |
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| Vegetative cells |
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| Cells that produce endospores. |
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| Bacteriophage |
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| Viruses that infect and usually destroy bacterial cells. |
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| Basidiomycetes |
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| club fungi |
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| Ascomycetes |
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| cup fungi |
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| Zygomycetes |
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| bread mold fungi |
