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5 types of microorganisms:

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bacteria
fungi (yeasts, molds)
protozoa
algae
viruses

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List several ways in which microbes affect our lives.

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disease, infection
- spoil food
- basis of water food chains
- break down wastes
- fix nitrogen
- synthesize vitamins, acids, enzymes, industrial alcohols, drugs
- foods: vinegar, pickles, alcohol, olives, cheese, yogurt, bread

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the system of scientific nomenclature that uses two names: a genus and a specific epithet.

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Binomial nomenclature

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Fungi/characteristics

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Eukaryotes, single or multicellular, NO photosynthesis, absorb organic matter

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Bacteria/characteristics

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Prokaryotes, peptidoglycan cell walls, reproduce by binary fission, nutritionally diverse.

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Protozoa

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unicellular microscopic organisms, eukaryotes. Motile with flagella or amoeba.

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Virus/characteristics

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non cellular, reproduce only in other cells, contain EITHER dna or rna, not in any domain.

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Algae/characteristics

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A large group of simple nonflowering plants containing chlorophyll but lacking true stems, roots, leaves, and vascular tissue

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List the two types of cells

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prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

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Prokaryotic cells/characteristics

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lack a membrane-bound nucleus, Binary fission, organelles, Bacteria
Archaea cyanobacteria (also known as blue-green algae)

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Eukaryotes:

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Have organelles, nuclei, mitosis, can be multi-cellular and reproduce sexually.

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the three domains:

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Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarea

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Six kingdoms:

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– Bacteria
– Archaea
– Protists
– Fungi
– Plants
– Animals

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Robert Hooke

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observed that cork was composed of boxes";
he introduced the term cell (1665)

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Anton van Leeuwenhoek,

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using a simple microscope, was the first
to observe microorganisms (1673).

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spontaneous generation:

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life from unlife

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Biogeneration

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life begets life

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Louis Pasteur

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demonstrated that microorganisms are in the air everywhere and offered proof of biogenesis (1861).Pasteur found that yeast fe rment sugars to alcohol and that
bacteria can oxidize the alcohol to acetic acid. A heating process called pasteurization is used to kill bacteria in some alcoholic beverages and milk.

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Rudolf Virchow

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introduced the concept of biogenesis: living cells can arise only from preexisting cells (1858).

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John Needham

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claimed that microorganisms could arise spontaneously from heated nutrient broth (1745).

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Francesco Redi

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demonstrated that maggots appear on decaying meat only when flies are able 10 lay eggs on the meat (1668).

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Archaea

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consist of prokaryotic cells; they lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls.
include methanogens, extreme halophiles, and extreme thermophiles.

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Joseph Lister

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introduced the use of a disinfectant to clean surgical wounds in order to control infections in humans (1860s).

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Identify the importance of Koch’s postulates.

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proves that a particular microorganism causes a particular disease.

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Edward Jenner

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In 1798, demonstrated that inoculation with cowpox material provides humans with immunity to smallpox.

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Paul Ehrlich

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introduced an arsenic-containing chemical called sal-varsan to treat syphilis (1910) .

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4 beneficial functions of microbes

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fermentation, digestion, sewage treatment, biotechnology, nitrogen fixing

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Define emerging infectious disease

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an infectious disease whose incidence has increased in the past 20 years and threatens to increase in the near future.

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biofilm,

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a complex aggregation of microbes. The slime covering a rock in a lake is a biofilm.

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An atom is

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the smallest unit of a chemical element that exhibits the properties of that element.

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The atomic number is

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the number of protons in the nucleus;

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atomic weight

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the total number of protons
and neutrons

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isotopes

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Atoms that have the same atomic number (are of the same element) but different atomic weights

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The chemical properties of an atom are due largely to

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the number of electrons in its outermost shell.

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valence

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The combining capacity of an atom- the number of chemical bonds the atom can form with other atoms

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chemical bonds

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Attractive forces that bind the atomic nuclei of two atoms together

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3 types of bonds in order of strength:

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Covalent, Ionic, Hydrogen

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Ionic Bond

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one element gives an electron (ion) to the other

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Covalent Bond

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shared electrons

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A hydrogen bond

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exists when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one oxygen or nitrogen atom is
attracted to another oxygen or nitrogen atom.

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In a synthesis reaction,

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atoms, ions, or molecules are combined to
form a larger molecule.

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Describe the importance of carbon in macromolecules.

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Carbon has a valence of 4 which makes it capable of entering into 4 covalent bonds. Can make long chains of itself and can create incredibly complex macromolecules.

This situation allows carbon to form many different chemical compounds.

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In a decomposition reaction,

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a larger molecule is broken down
into its component molecules, ions, or atoms.

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Inorganic eompounds are usually

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small, ionically bonded molecules.

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salts are

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ionic compounds that result from the neutralization reaction of an acid and a base.

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an acid is

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a electron donator, has a pH <7

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a base is:

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an electron acceptor, a pH >7

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pH

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measure of H+ in a substance

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Water is

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the most abundant substance in cells .
polar
solvent
temp buffer

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Functional groups are

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groups of atoms found within molecules that are involved in the chemical reactions characteristic of those molecules. ETOH, Carboxyl, Aldehyde, etc.

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the building blocks of carbohydrates:

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monosaccharides

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the uses of different types of carbohydrates

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the major source of fuel for metabolism, in biosynthesis. Stored as glycogen in animals and starch in plants.

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Two joined monosaccharides are called a

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disaccharide. Examples include sucrose and lactose.

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oligosaccharide

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is a saccharide polymer containing a small number (typically two to ten[1]) of simple sugars (monosaccharides).

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Polysaccharides are

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long carbohydrate molecules of repeated monomer units joined together by glycosidic bonds, have a general formula of Cx(H2O)y where x is USUALLY a large number between 200 and 2500.

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Simple lipids

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(fats) consist of a molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acids.

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A saturated lipid has:

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no double bonds between carbon atoms in the fatty acids;

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an unsaturated lipid has

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one or more double bonds.

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Saturated lipids have higher/lower melting points than unsaturated
lipids.

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higher

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Steroids have:

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carbon ring structures;

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sterols have

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a functional hydroxyl group.

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the building blocks of proteins

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amino acids

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Amino acids consist of

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carbon. hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and
sometimes sulfur.

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By linking amino acids, _______ _____(formed by dehydration
synthesis) allow the formation of _________ chains.

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peptide bonds
polypeptide

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Proteins have four levels of structure:

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primary (sequenu of amino acids), secondary (helices or pleats), tertiary (overall thrcedimensional
structure of a polypeptide), and quaternary ( two or more polypeptide chains).

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Enzymes are

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the proteins that speed up biochemical
reactions.

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Transporter proteins

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help transport certain chemicals into and
out of cells.

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proteins are integral parts of

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cell structures such as
walls, membranes, and cytoplasmic components.

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the building blocks of nucleic acids:

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Each nucleotide has three parts: a nitrogen-containing base, a pentose (five-carbon ) sugar (either deoxyribose or ribose), and
a phosphate group (phosphoric acid). The nitrogen-containing
bases arc cyclic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms.

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types of nucleic acids:

answer

adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U). A and G arc double-ring structures called purines, whereas T, C. and U arc single-ring structures referred to as pyrimidines.

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Inorganic compounds:

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typically lack carbon usually ionic bonds – somewhat strong transfer of electrons usually small & simple

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Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle –

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it’s impossible to know exactly where subatomic particles are

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