Microbiology Dr.O – Flashcards
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Unlock answers| Soil born viruses are caused by? |
Pathogens entering the body through cuts, wounds, on fingers, hands, toes.
Ex: Gardening |
T or F 79.8% of pathogens come from the gastrointestinal tract of large animals? |
False 80%. But it is true they do come from the GI of large animals. |
T or False? This is the correct formation after a pathogen-spore has entered the body?
Spores----> Blood----->Germinates----->Produce more cells----->toxins. |
True Germinate referrs to "opens up" |
True or false
This germ ,Bacillus anthracis, causes "Anthrax" and was discovered by Robert Koch? |
| True |
| What shape is Bacillus anthracis and in what location is it's spore? |
| Square ended rods;with Central spores |
T or False ; Bacillus anthracis is G+? |
| True |
| Spores cause which three diseases when entered into the human body? |
1) Local Disease (Specific location) 2);;Food Posioning (Ex: Rice, because it comes from ground) 3); Inhalation of anthrax - Very dangerous (Ex: Vet shaves animal, Dr. Inhales spores) *Spores are airborn after chemicles are added *Incubation 2 days |
| Inhalation of spores causes which disease? |
Wound sorters disease, which is caused by the toxins (Exotoxins G+) Incubation: 2 days |
| Name;a characteristic of wound sorters disease? |
Difficulty breathing. The toxins can cause paralysis of the respiratory tract. |
What are the;symptoms;of wound sorters disease? ; (Hint: from inhalation of spores) |
High Fever Chest pains(due to lungs being infected) ; |
| What Rx is provided to a patient with;wool sorters disease?; |
| Any broad spectrum antibiotic |
| Is there a vaccine for Wool sorters disease? |
| Yes |
| What makes spores airborn? |
| When chemicals are added to spores it allows the spores to become airborne and not fall to the ground. |
| What occurs when patient has not been Dx (Diagnosed) properly? |
| Patient may die within a week |
| What are three soil born diseases? |
1) Wool sorters disease 2) Clostridium tetani 3) Clostridium perfringens |
True or False ; Toxins from Clostridium tetani can cause the following symptoms ....... * First attack muscles of the face and neck *;LockJaw *;Death could result due to paralysis of the respiratory tract. |
| True |
| What shape is Clostridium tetani and where is the spore located? |
| Square ended with terminal spores |
| Clostridium tetani causes what? |
| Tetanus |
True or False? ; Spores of clostridium tetani are very heat resistant? |
| True |
| For how long do you boil to destroy the spores of Clostridium tetani? |
| 20 minutes |
| Is there a Vaccine for Clostridium tetani? |
| Yes |
| What is the incubation period for clostridium tetani? |
| 5-7 Days |
| How do the spores enter into the blood circulation? |
| Through open cuts, wounds. |
| Clostridium perfringens are microorganisms which cause? |
; Gangrene |
True or False? ; Gangrene, tetnus and wound sorters disease all have vaccins to prevent contamination? |
False. Tetnus and Wound sorters do...However, there is no vaccine for Gangrene. |
Clostridium perfringens produce toxins? Yes or no- ; Exotoxins or Endotoxins? |
; Yes ; Exotoxins |
| What is the shape of Clostridium perfringens and it's spores? |
| Cigar shaped rods with central spores |
| What is the incubation period for Clostridium perfringens? |
| 7-10 days |
| Clostridium perfringens not only produces toxins, it also produces ____________, which can breakdown proteins and tissues. The broken down proteins / tissues produce __________. |
Enzymes, Gas Gas gas horrible smell which is cause by the tissues being broken down. |
| What two exzymes does Clostridium perfringens produce? |
Hemolysis and Lecithinase
**Hemolysis, breaks down RBC's** **Lecithin, breaks down lecithin (Amino Acid) which contains sulter. ** |
True or False? ; LECITHINASE, an exzyme produced by Clostridium perfringens, contains sulfer? |
| True |
; ; What is the incubation period for Clostridium perfringens ? |
| 7;to 10 days |
| What is the microorganism which typically invades fingers, toes, ear lobes and the nose and causes discoloration from light purple to dark purple? |
| Clostridium perfringens |
| The only way to stop the spread of gangrene is to _____________ the infected body part. |
| amputate |
| Clostridium perfringens thrives on______________. Therefore, ____________ must keep an eye on their blood sugar levels inorder;to prevent this;microorganism from taking over the body. |
| sugar, diabetics |
True or False: ; It is recommended that ALL diabetics;be on a low dosage of antibiotics consistantly,;just incase;the diabetic patient;comes in contact with;clostridium;perfringens.; |
| True |
| Invasion of Clostridium perfringens occurs how? |
| By a pathogen entering the body of an open cut/wound. |
When must a diabetic suffering from an infection caused by clostridium perfringens have a limb amputated? ; . |
| When the skin is the color of eggplant. At this point, amputation is the only way to prevent furthur infection. |
| Who discovered Mycobactrerium leprea? |
Hansen AKA "Hansen's Disease" |
| Mycobacterium Leprea cause which disease? |
| Leprosy |
True or False: ; Leprosy is not contagious? |
; False Leprosy is HIGH CONTAGIOUS |
True or False? ; Leprosy is a soil born disease? |
| False |
| What is the shape of Mycobacterium leprea? |
| Short rods |
| The RX to treat Leprosy is any broad spectrum antibiotic? |
| NO! Dapson is the Rx used to treat Leprosy! |
True or False: ; The incubation period for Leprosy is 3-6 years? |
; True Leprosy multiplies very slowly |
True or False: ; Microbacterium lepre can grow anywhere? |
; False! Mycobacterium leprea will only grow in live tissue cultures |
This microorganism;destroys muscles of the infected area and;also;damages nerve endings? Examples of infected areas could be: numbness of fingers, nose, earlobes and legs |
Mycobacterium leprea. This microorganism gradually destroys the muscles of the infected area and also causes damage to the;nerve endings. |
| Clawhand is a name which generally refers to leprosy. why? |
| Because Mycobacterium leprea causes damage to muscles and nerve endings. This horrible disease will leave you with no fingers at all. NASTY disease! |
| IF a patient has been diagnosed with Leprosy what occurs immediately? |
| Isolation |
| What;disease has been eradicated in North America and Europe, with the help from Dapson? |
Leprosy ; |
| Dapson, is in which class of Rx? |
| Chemotheropeutic synthetic antibiotic |
| What year did Dr. Hansen discover Mycobacterium leprea? |
; 1974 |
| The discovery of the electron microscope and the discovery of live cultries;in the late 1930's has led to the discoveries of? |
| Viruses |
| Where is the hospital located that houses patients who once had leprocy but their families are too scared to live with them? |
| New Orleans |
| Define virology: |
| Discovery of viruses. |
| The food we eat contains proteins, carbs, lipids which stick to the enamel of the tooth. This is the first formation of ____________, and is the 1st step toward diseases of dental ___________. |
| plaque, cavities |
| Microorganisms which cause dental cavities feed of the? |
| Dental plaques |
In the mouth sucrose,a sugar, is broken down to glucose and fructose.
Glucose can be converted into a _______________ called ______________. Fructose an be converted into ________ _________. |
| Polysaccharide, Dextran, Lactic Acid |
| Why are viruses known as "obligate intracellular parasites"? |
Because viruses CAN NOT surrive outside of the body of the host cell (of human/animal) and must enter into a living organism. Viruses MUST enter into the cell inorder to survive.
|
| What it referring to when someone says " A peice of bad news wrapped in a protein "? |
OBP Obligate intracellular parasite Virus must enter into the cell inorder to survive. |
True or False:
A Virus can contain Rna and DNA at the same time? |
FALSE NEVER AT THE SAME TIME |
True or False:
Viruses are very large- larger than a red blood cell and can be seen from the naked eye? |
False *A virus is VERY small in size. *1/10 the size of a RBC *Can only be viewed from an electron microscope |
| Enabel is very hard and can be damaged by? |
| Chewing ice, cracking nuts, etc.... |
| When enamel is cracked ______ _______ will get in an will destroy the enamel. |
| Lactic Acid |
| Name 2 natural microorganisms which are in the mouth? |
Streptococcous Salvirus Streptococcous Mutans |
| Streptococcus Salvirus and Streptococcus mutans take the food from the _________ and can enter through cracks in the enamel. |
| plaque |
True or False?
Cavities are caused by a combination of lactic acid and the two natural microorganisms which are present in the mouth? |
True This does not cause pain to occur |
| Why do people get back breath? |
| Because microorganisms are brewing. This also makes your mouth takes very dirty. |
| Why does heat or cold temperatures cause pain in the tooth/teeth? |
As a small cavity which does not cause pain gets bigger, the nerves become present.
If the cavity gets bigger and bigger (with time) a root canal will need to be administered.
If you ignore the signs and symptoms then the cavity goes below the gum line. Then with no suprise- gingivitis! |
Gingivitis is an infection of the gum caused by a microorganism known as :_________________________.
|
Fusobacterium nucleatum small rods) This microorganism is Anaerobic. The mouth is closed providing less oxygen. |
True or False: Fusobacterium nucleatum is areobic? |
| Anaerobic |
| What occurs when Gingivitis is not taken care of properly? |
| You will lose all of your teeth and gums |
| When should you brush and use mouth wash? |
| Brush after each meal and use mouthwash each night before bed. |
True or False: Your gum line is considered an organ? |
| True--so be sure to message them too! |
| Nosocomial Infections are usually affected by what 4 things: |
*Age of patient(very old/very old) *Type of germ involved *Condition of patient *Type of procedure used/type of treatment (surgury) |
| Name two Nosocomial Infections: |
Exogenous Endogenous |
| What does Exogenous mean when referring to a type of Nosocomial Infection? |
It is caused by a germ which comes from the outside the body of the patient. (Come from food, air, other people) |
| What does Endogenous mean when referring to Nosocomial Infections? |
Endogenous is caused by germs WITHIN the patient. (an opportunist such as E coli.) |
| Describe Nosocomial Infections: |
Nosocomial infections (hospital acquired infections)
**each year in the US there are approx 200,000 with roughly 20,000 deaths** |
| Name a 4 causes of Nosocomial Infections.... |
1) Hospital Employees (Doctors-janitors) 2) use of contaminated equipment 3) use of contaminated food 4) Contaminated air system -Example: legionaire's disease- |
| Viruses can have 3 Different structural shapes...those are? |
1)Helix Example: Rabies ; 2)Icosahedron Example: Hepatitis, Herpes ; 3);Complex a) Honey Comb Example: Smallpox b) Irregular Example: Influenza |
True or False: A naked virus contains the nucleur envelope and spikes? |
| False! |
| A Naked virus |
| Has a mininum of CAPSID and Genome. Every virus has these. |
| A bacteriophage is a virus which attaches to _________________. |
| Bacteria |
| On a virus what acts as a cell wall? |
| Capsomer. Capsomers are made of protein and are underneath the peeling. They look like circles. |
| A genome contains? |
| Genetic material that could be RNA or DNA, but not both at the same time. |
| What is the part of a virus which contains a Capsid and a Genome? |
| Nucleocapsid |
True or False: A Viron is a complete virus? |
; True. A Viron;contains a Capsid and Genome plus the nucleur envelope (made of proteins and lipids) and spikes (which are made of glycoproteins) |
True;or False: ; If a virus is surrounded by a nucleur envelope, does that indicate that the virus is more pathogenic? |
| Yes! It is even more pathogenic with spikes attached. |
| A viron contains? |
| Nucleur Envelope, Spikes, Genome, and a Capsid. |
| All viruses are very specific in their _________? |
| actions |
| The flu virus attacks the __________________ Cells, while HIV attacks;the T4 cells. |
| Respiratory |
Discuss Burst time: ; |
| Burst time is the time from attachment to the release of new virons. This can occur from virus to virus. |
Explain Burst size: ; |
Burst size is the # of new virons which are produced as a result of the replication. This also varies virus to virus. |
| What do burst size and Burst time have in common? |
| They both can vary from virus to virus |
Viral replication: ; Describe the attachment process |
| During attachment the complete virus attaches to the cell membrane. |
Viral Replication: ; Describe the Penetration phase |
During replication, only the capsid (hexagon shaped) and genome (squiggly line)"penetrates" into the cell. ; NO ENVELOPE;NO SPIKES.; |
Viral Replication: ; Describe Biosynthesis |
| At this time genome (squiggly line) enters into the nucleus. The genome now takes over all functions of the cell. It begins to produce carbon copies of itself. |
Viral Replication: ; Describe the maturation process |
| The new viruses (Genome) ;that are produced in the nucleus now exit into the cytoplasm. Once they enter into the cytoplasm they are considered baby virons (complete viruses). |
Viral Replication: ; Describe the release phase |
| During the releasing phase, the new virons rupture the cell membrane and travel to the exact same cells and begin to kill. |
| In what phase does the genum enter into the nucleus? |
| Biosynthesis |
| In which phase of viral replication;does genum enter into the cytoplasm? |
Maturation Complete baby virons are produced |
Viral Diseases: ; Name the four groups |
1) Pneumotropic 2) Neurotropic 3) Viscerotropic 4) Dermotropic |
What is the tissue affected by this viral disease: -;Pneumotropic- ; Name an example of this disease... |
Respiratory Tract ; Example of disease: Influenza |
This viral disease attaches to the Central Nervous System? ; Give an example of a disease;which affects the CNS.. |
Disease 2- Neurotropic ; Rabies, Polio |
| Rabies have what type of structural shape? |
| Helix |
| Influenza have what type of structural shape? |
Lots of squigglys all over (looks like a 2 year olds coloring job) |
| Rabies and;polio are an example of what group of viral diseases? |
Group 2-- Neurotropic *Naked Virus *Found in contaminated food / water entered into human body *First invades the lymph nodes *Effects Medulla Oblongata- causes numbness of digits *Numbness then affects limbs till patient becomes paralyzed. |
Viral diseases:
What group/name of group, effects viscera blood, organs and causes Hepatitis A and B, yellow fever, and HIV |
| Group 3 - Viscerotropic |
True or False:
Group 4- Dermotropic- the tissue it effects is the skin?
The disease is Herpes? |
True or False: Pneumotropic is High Pathogenic because their spikes contain 2 enzymes?
|
TRUE 1- Hemaglutinin- causes attachment of virus to resp tract cells. 2) Neuraminidase- causes penetration of the virus into respiratory cells. |
Information on Pneumotropic: *Highly contagious *spikes contain 2 enzymes: Hemalutinin -causes attachment Neuraminidase- penetration *contains 8 strands of RNA * transmitted air droplets / sharing utensils. *Incubation 48 hours *Symptoms- sudden chill-followed by fever (104*F) *Rx: Antiviral drug--Amantadine |
Time line of disease 1918- Spanish Flu- Killed 50 million 1950- Asian Flu- killed 20 million 1968- Hong Kong Flu- Killed 10 million NO MAJOR FLU OUTBREAKS SINCE 1968
Complications of flu- Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) causes paralysis. virus become neurotropic due to mutations
Reyes Syndrome- Virus attachs internal organs of the patient. No asprin to children- link between reyes / asprin |
| Amantadine is used for which type of disease? |
| Influenza |
| Which diseases are associated with neutropic diseases? |
Rabies (Helix shaped) Polio (Naked Virus) |
Facts about Rabies: *Helix shaped *Complete virus with RNA genome *Transmitted to humans through bites and scratches from animals *most common in racoons/wild animals *also common in dogs and cats *Incubation: 6 days-1 year (depends on amount of virus transmitted) *Virus first attacks tissues around the tonsils |
Continues...... *attacks CNS* *can cause paralysis* *Symptoms- Sight becomes red, excessive saliva *Treatment- 5 shots to arm of patient
|
Facts about POLIO *Naked virus with RNA genome *Found in contaminated food/water *Enters body and first invade lymph nodes then go to medulla of brain which causes limbs to become numb then paralysis. * Incubation- Week to 10 days *VACCINE: now injection in dead form Previous Vaccine: was given in a live form on sugar cube.
|
| Vaccine was created in 1955 by Dr. Salk's |
| Who created the Vaccine for Polio in 1955? |
| Dr. Salk's |
