Microbiology Chapter 1 Answers – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answers| Microorganisms |
| organisms too small to be seen with unaided eye |
| Pathogenic microorganism |
| One that is disease causing very few are pathogenic |
| Microbes' functions |
Decompose organic waste producers in the ecosystem by photosynthesis produce industrial chemicals such as ethanol produce fermented food such as vinegar, cheese, etc. produce manufacturing and disease preventing products (e.g. cellulose and insulin) |
| Knowledge of microorganisms allows humans to |
| prevent food spoilage and disease occurrence; led to aseptic techniques to prevent contamination in medicine and in microbiology laboratories |
| Naming and Classifying organisms "scientific nomenclature"; |
| established by Linnaeus each has genus and specific epithet, or "species"; |
| Escherichia coli (E. coli); |
| Honors the discoverer, Theodor Escherich describes the baterium's habitat, the large intestine or colon |
| Straphylococcus aureus |
clustered spherical cells describes gold-colored colonies |
| Types of Microorganisms |
Algae Archaea Bacteria Fungi Multicellular animal parasites Protozoa Viruses |
| Bacteria |
Prokaryotes Pepidoglycan cell walls Binary fission uses organic/inorganic chemicals or photosynthesis for energy |
| Archaea |
Prokaryotic Lack peptidoglycan Live in extreme environments Include Methanogens, extreme halophiles, and extreme thermophiles |
| Fungi |
Eukaryotes Chitin cell walls use organic chemicals for energy molds and mushrooms are multicellylar, consisting of masses of mycelia yeasts are unicelluar |
| Protozoa |
Eukaryotes Absorb or ingest organic chemicals motile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella ex) amoeba |
| Algae |
Eukaryotes Cellulose cell walls photosynthesis for energy produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds |
| Viruses |
Acellular consist of DNA or RNA core core is surrounded by protein coat coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope replicate only when they are in a living host cell |
| Multicellular Animal Parasites |
Eukaryotes Multicellular animals Parasitic flatworms and roundworms are called helminths Microscopic stages in life cycle |
| 3 Domains |
Bacteria- Mitochondria and Chloroplasts originates Archaea Eukarya- degeneration |
| Microbiology History |
Ancestors of bacteria were first life on Earth First microbes were observed in 1673 |
| Robert Hooke |
1665 |
| Rudolf Virchow |
1858: Said cells arise from preexisting cells |
| Cell theory |
| All living things are composed of cells and come from preexisting cells. |
| Anton van Leeuwenhoek |
1673-1723: described live microorganisms in Letters to the Royal Socity of London. Teeth scrapings, rain water, and peppercorn infusions. |
| Spontaneous generation |
the hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter; a "vital force" forms life. |
| Biogenesis |
the hypothesis that living organisms arise from preexisting life |
Francesco Redi Experiment 1668 |
| 3 jars covered with net 3 open jars showed that: maggots came from flied and the covering was to keep flies out. Biogenesis! |
John Needham Experiment 1745 |
nutrient broth was heated and covered and showed microbial growth, supporting spontaneous generation! |
Lazzaro Spallanzani Experiment 1765 |
Sealed flask before heating and no microbial growth supporting biogenesis! |
Louis Pasteur 1861 |
| Demonstrated that microorganisms are in the air. First proved biogenesis through short necked flasks then used S-shaped flask to keep microbes out but to let air in. Tilted it and let microbes in and saw growth |
| Golden Age of Microbiology |
1857- 1914: Begun with Pasteur's work |
| Fermentation |
-the conversion of sugar to alcohol to make beer or wine - Found that spoilage could be killed by heat that couldnt evaporate wine or alcohol |
| Pasteurization |
| the application of a high heat for a short time |
| Agostino Basi |
1835: Showed that a silkwork disead was caused by fungus |
| Pasteur |
1865: another silkworm disease was caused by protozoan |
| Ignaz Semmelweis |
1840s: advocated handwashing to prevent transmission to puerperal fever from one obstetrical patient to another |
| Lister |
1827-1912: used phenol to prove that surgical wound infections were caused by microbes |
| Robert Koch |
1876: proved that a bacterium causes anthrax and provided the experimental steps, "Koch's postulates", to prove that a specific microve causes a specific disease. |
| Edward Jenner |
1796: inoculated a person with cowpox virus and protected them with it. |
| Vaccines today |
| produced from avirulent microbes, or genetic engineering |
| Chemotherapy |
treatment with chemicals antibiotics or synthetic drugs |
| Antibiotics |
| Chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes |
| Quinine |
| from treebark, used to treat malaria |
| Paul Ehrlich |
speculated about a magic bullet that could destory a pathogen without harming the host. -Developed a synthetic arsenic drug, salvarsan, to treat syphilis in 1910. -Sulfonamides were synthesized in the 1930s |
| Alexander Fleming |
1928: Discovered first antibiotic, penicillin, that killed S. aureus; |
| Bacteriology |
| study of bacteria |
| Mycology |
| study of fungi |
| Virology |
| study of viruses |
| Parasitology |
| study of protozoa and parasitic worms |
| Immunology |
-Study of immunity -Vaccines and interferons are being investigated to prevent and cure viral diseases -Proposed by Rebecca Lancefield in 1933 (streptococci) |
| Microbial genetics |
the study of how microbes inherit traits |
| Molecular biology |
| the study of how DNA directs protein synthesis |
| Genomics |
the study of an organism's genes; has provided new tools for classifying microorganisms |
| Recombinant DNA |
| DNA made from two different sources |
| Berg |
| 1960s: inserted animal DNA into bacterial DNA and the bacteria produced an animal protein. |
| 1941 Beadle and Tatum |
| genes encode cell's enzymes |
| 1944 Avery, McLeod, McCarty |
| DNA is hereditary material |
| 1961 Jacob and Monod |
| role of mRNA in protein synthesis |
| Microbial Ecology |
Bacteria recycle carbon, nutrients, sulfur, and phosphorus that can be used by plants and animals |
| Bioremediation |
Bacteria degrade organic matter in sewage Bacteria degrade or detoxify pollutants such as oil and mercury |
| Biological Insecticides |
alternatives to pesticides, prevent insect damage Bacillus thuringiensis infections are fatal in many insects but harmless to other animals |
| Biotechnology |
the use of microbes to produce foods and chemicals -recombinant DNA technology -gene therapy |
| Microbiota |
normally present in and on human body prevent growth of pathogens produce growth factors (Vitamin K ; folic acid) Resistance (skin, stomach acid, and antimicrobial chemicals) |
| Biofilms |
Microbes attach to solid surfaces and grow into masses grow on rocks pipes teeth and medical implants |
Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) |
new or changing diseases that have potential for increasing or are increasing in incidence |
