Microbiolgy final – Flashcards
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| pathogen |
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| a disease causing agent |
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| decomposers |
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| breakdown of dead matter and waste into simple compounds |
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| Koch's postulate, steps, what does it establish |
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| -a series of proofs that verified the germ theory and could establish whether an organism was pathogenic and which disease it caused -steps 1. find evidence of a particular microbe 2.isolate the microbe from infected subject and cultivate it 3.innoculate a susceptible healthy subject with the lab. isolate and observe the same result 4.re-isolate the agent from the subject |
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| Basic charactaristics of prokaryotes |
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| -no nucleus -no membrane bound organelles |
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| Basic charactaristics of eukaryotes |
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| -true nucleus -complex organelles |
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| Basic charactaristics of fungi |
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| -eukaryotes -molds -yeasts -large mushrooms |
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| Pasteur |
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| -disproved spontaneous generation -rabies |
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| Koch |
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| -germ theory -developed pure culture |
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| Lister |
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| -aseptic technique -medical settings -heat sterilization |
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| Jenner |
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| -first vaccination -cowpox |
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| Leewoenhoek |
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| -first to observe living microbes |
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| Semmelweis |
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| doctor who showed that women were becoming infected by physicians who were coming from the autopsy room |
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| How scientific names are written? |
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| Genus: first and capitalized Species: second, not capitalized -both in italics or underlined |
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| cation |
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| a positively charged ion |
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| anion |
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| a negatively charged ion |
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| polar molecule |
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| when atoms are not shared equally, they are pulled to one side or the other |
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| solvent |
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| dissolving medium for solutes -example: water |
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| pH |
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graduated numerical scale that ranges from 0 to 14 (acidic to basic) -a solution is basic when a component releases excess hydroxide ionsand is more acidic when it releases more hydrogen ions |
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| monomers |
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| -repeating subunits in a process -polymerization |
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| elements |
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| a substance of only one kind of atom that cannot be degraded without losing chemical charactaristics |
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| Examples of carbohydrate |
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| -glucose -fructose |
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| Examples of lipids |
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| -triglycerides -phospholipid -waxes -steroid |
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| Examples of protein |
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| -polypeptides -amino acids -enzymes -antibodies -cell membrane |
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| Nucleic acid |
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| -RNA -DNA |
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| ATP |
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| high energy compound that gives off energy to power reactions in the cell |
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| resolving power |
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| the ability to show detail |
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| magnification |
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| the ability to make objects appear enlarged |
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| refraction |
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| bending or change in the angle of light ray as it psses through a medium (lens) |
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| total magnification |
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| objective lens times the power of ocular lens -example: 100x X 10x =1000x |
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| dark-field |
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| best for observing live, unstained specimens; specimen is bright, field is black; provides outline of specimen with reduced internal cellular detail |
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| bright-field |
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| common multipurpose microscope for live and preserved stained specimens; specimen is dark, field is white; provides fair cellular detail |
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| phase-contrast |
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| used for live specimens; specimen is contrasted against gray background; excellent for internal cellular detail |
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| fluorescence |
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| specimen stained with fluorescent dyes, specificity makes an exellent diagnostic tool |
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| electron microscope |
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| forms image with beam of electrons, travel in wavelike patterns |
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| simple stain |
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| one dye, used to see shapes and arrangement |
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| gram stain |
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| diagnostic staining technique for bacteria |
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| acid-fast |
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| a term referring to the property of mycobacteria carbol fuchsin even in the presence of acid alcohol. the staining procedure is used to diagnose tuberculosis |
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| negative stain |
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| dye does not stick to specimen dries around it to form silhouette, cells do not shrink, not heat fixed |
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| components of bacterial cells |
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| appendages, glycocalyx, capsule, slime layer,cell wall, cytoplasm, ribosomes, inclusions, nucleoid, actin |
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| gram + cell wall |
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| one layer, peptidoglycan, thicker, more penetrable, no membrane, narrow periplasmic space |
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| gram - cell wall |
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| 2 layers, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), porin proteins, thinner, outer membrane |
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| endotoxins |
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| bacterial intracellular toxin in gram - wall, can cause shock and fever, not normally released |
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| exotoxins |
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| a toxin, usually protein, secreted and acts on a specific cellular target -botulin, diptheria toxin |
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| cytoplasm |
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| internal matrix |
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| nucleoid |
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| the basophilic nuclear region or nuclear body that contains the bacterial chromosome |
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| plasmids |
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| not essential DNA, but often confer protective traits (ex: resisting drugs) tiny strands |
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| inclusions |
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| storing nutrients |
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| mitochondria |
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| power house |
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| ribosomes |
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| protein synthesis |
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| golgi apparatus |
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| where proteins are collected, packaged to transport to final destination |
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| endoplasmic reticulum |
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| series of tunnels used in transport, synthesis and storage of modified proteins |
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| saprobes |
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| dead subtrates |
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| spores |
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| a differentiated, specialized cell form that can be used for dissemination, for survival in times of adverse conditions, and/or for reproduction. are usually unicellular and may develop into gametes or vegetative organisms |
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| dimorphic |
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| can take either yeast or hyphae form |
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| -intestinal pathogen; contaminated food and water -Giardiasis -Beaver fever |
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| mode of transmission and disease caused by Giardia |
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| lungs, fungal infection, dimorphic, inhale spores -Ohio valley fever |
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| Mode of transmission and disease Histoplasma |
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| -STD -Trichomoniasis |
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| mode of transmission and disease Trichomonas |
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| -protozoan parasite -malaria |
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| mode of transmission and disease Plasmodium |
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| -yeast used in making bread and beer -antibodies |
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| mode of transmission and disease Sacchoromyces |
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| characteristics and reproductive modes of helminths |
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| -well developed sex organs: sperm and eggs -proglottids, scolex, digestion, larval periods for eggs |
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| components and main characteristics of viruses |
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| protein capsid surrounded nucleic acid core, outer layer made of protein subunits capsomers |
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| 1. adsoption 2. penetration 3. uncoating 4. synthesis replication and protein production 5. assembly 6. release |
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| sequence events in viral replication |
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| viral envelope |
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| mostly animal viruses, acquired when virus leaves host cell, exposed to proteins on outside of envelope spikes. They are essential for the attachment of a virus to a host cell. it protectt the nucleic acid, assists in the penetration of viral DNA or RNA into host. |
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| viroids |
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| -an infectious agent that lacks a capsid and consists of a closed circular RNA molecule; plant pathogen |
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| prions |
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| -a concocted word to denote "proteinaceous infectious agent"; a cytopathic protein associated with the slow-virus spongiform encephalopathies of humans and animals |
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| heterotroph |
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| organism must obtain its carbon in an organic form; nutritionally dependent on others |
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| autotroph |
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| organism uses inorganic CO2 as its carbon source |
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| chemotroph |
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| gain energy from chemical compounds |
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| osmosis |
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| the diffusion of water; passive transport |
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| facilitated diffusion |
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| passive transport, utilizes a carrier protein in the membrane that binds to a specific substrate |
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| simple diffusion |
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| movement of small nonpolar molecuels such as oxygen or lipid solubles that readily pass through membranes |
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| active transport |
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| bringing in molecules against a gradient, permease and pumps. uses ATP |
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| endocytosis |
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| the process whereby solid and liquid materials are taken into the cell through membrane invagination and engulfment into a vesicle |
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| exocytosis |
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| the process that releases enveloped viruses from the membrane of the host cytoplasm |
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| halophile |
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| can grow in high salt environments; hypertonic |
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| mesophile |
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| grown at intermediate temperatures 20-40 C |
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| anaerobe |
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| lacks the metabolic enzyme systems for using oxygen gas in respirations |
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| facultative anaerobe |
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| not obligate; can grow in the presence of oxygen |
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| psychrophile |
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| grows at cold temperatures, below 15 C |
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| capnophile |
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| grows at higher carbon dioxide tensions |
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| thermophile |
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| grows at high temperatures, about 45 C |
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| commenalisms |
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| commensal member benefits other member neither harmed nor benefited |
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| parasite |
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| utilizes the tissues, fluids of a live host; harms host |
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| mutualist |
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| obligatory dependent and both members benefit |
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| generation time |
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| the time required for a complete fission cycle from partent to two daughter cells |
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| competitive inhibition |
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| substance that resembles the normal substrate competes with the substrate for the active site |
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| negative feedback |
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| enzyme regulation of metabolism by the end product of a multi-enzyme system that blocks the action of a "pacemaker" enzyme at or near the substrate for the active site |
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| -anaerobic pathway that converts glucose to pyruvic acid -begining molecule-glucose -molecules generated: 2 pyruvic acid, 4 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 water |
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| glycolysis |
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| -transition step: turns pyruvate into acetyl CoA and release 2 CO2 and 2 NADH -Kreb's cycle: 6 NADH, 4 CO2, 2 FADH, and 2 ATP |
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| Transition step and Kreb's cycle |
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| 36 ATP: oxygen accepts the electrons, picks up H+ ions and make 6 H2O |
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| Electron Transport Chain |
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| structure of DNA molecule |
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| -double helix nucleotides (phosphate, dexoyribose sugar and nitrogen base) -antiparallel arrangement |
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| replication |
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| uncoiling, unzipping H-bonds, synthesizing 2 new strands. DNA unwound by RNA polymerase |
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| transcription |
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| information stored on the DNA molecule is conveyed to RNA molecules |
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| translation |
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| protein synthesis; the process of decoding the mRNA code into a polypeptide |
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| differences between DNA and RNA |
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| -DNA: a polymer of nucleotides that occurs as a double stranded helix with it bonding in pairs between the helices -DNA contains A C G and T -sugar is deoxyribose -RNA: sugar is ribose -nucleotides A G C and U |
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| conjugation |
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| attachment of 2 related species, direct formation (sex pili) of a bridge that transports DNA |
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| transformation |
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| -entails the transfer of naked DNA, and requires no vehicle -indirect |
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| transduction |
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| -DNA transfer mediated through the action of a bacterial virus -indirect |
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| contaminants |
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| an impurity, undesirable material of an organism |
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| disinfection |
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| use of chemical agent to destroy vegetative pathogens, not endopores |
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| sterilization |
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| a process that destroys all viable microorganisms, including viruses |
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| antisepsis |
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| antiseptics are applied directly to exposed body surface |
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| pasteurization |
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| technique in which heat is applied to liquids to kill potential agents of infections |
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| ionizing radiation |
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| radiation ejects orbital electrons from an atom, causes ions to form |
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| how can sterilization be achieved? |
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| heat and sterilants |
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| Fleming |
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| discovered penicillin |
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| Ehrlich |
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| -salvarsan -chemotherapy |
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| Domagk |
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| -first sulfa drug -true begining of broad scale usage of drugs |
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| Florey and Chain |
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| -industrial production of penicillin in war |
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| Watson and Crick |
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| discovered the structure of DNA |
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| metabolic pathway |
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| mode of action sulfonamides |
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| protein synthesis |
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| mode of action gentamicin |
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| cell wall |
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| mode of action vancomycin |
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| cell wall |
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| mode of action cephalosporins |
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| cell wall |
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| mode of action penicillins |
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| protein synthesis |
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| mode of action aminoglycosides |
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| protein synthesis |
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| mode of action tetracyclines |
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| protein synthesis |
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| mode of action erythromycin |
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| metabolic pathway |
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| mode of action trimethoprim |
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| protein synthesis |
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| mode of action chloramphenicol |
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| tuberculosis drugs |
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| -isoniazid -rifampin -ethambutol |
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| fungal infection drugs |
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| -macrolides -amphotericin B -azoles |
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| why is drug sensitivity testing done? |
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| provides data for drug selection |
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| virulence factors |
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| any characteristic or structure of the microbe that contributes to the infection or disease state |
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| fimbriae |
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| a short, numerous surface appendage on some bacteria that provides adhesion but not locomotion |
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| capsule |
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| adherent, extracellular, made of slime or other sticky substance |
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| coagulase |
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| enzyme, produced by pathogenic staphylococcus, causes clotting of blood or plasma |
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| leukocidins |
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| substances that are toxic to WBCs |
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| hemolysins |
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| bacterial endotoxin that dirupts cell membrane on RBC-hemolyze |
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| -incubation: from initial contact to 1st symptom; agent is multiplying -prodromal stage: earliest notable symptoms, appear as vague discomfort (1-2 days) -period of invasio: multiplies at high levels, exhiits its greatest toxicity and becomes established in its target tissue (fever and prominent signs) -convalescent period: patients strenth and health gradually return, healing nature of immune system |
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| stages of infection |
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| secondary infection |
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| antoher infection after initial infection, caused by a different microbe |
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| mixed infection |
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| several microbes grow simultaneously at the infection site |
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| acute infection |
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| comes on rapidy, with severe but short lived effects |
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| local infection |
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| microbes enter the body and remains confined to a specific tissue |
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| toxemia |
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| an abnormality associated with cerain infectous diseases, caused by toxins or other;noxious substances released by microorganisms circulating in the blood |
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| sign |
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| an objective assessment of disease |
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| symptom |
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| subjective assessment perceived by the patient |
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| syndrome |
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| the collection of signs and symptoms that, taken together, paint a portrait of the disease |
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| endemic |
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| a native disease that prevails continuously in a geographic region |
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| pandemic |
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| a disease afflicting an increased proportion of the population over a wide geographic area (often worldwide) |
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| epidemic |
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| a sudden and simultaneously outbreak or increase in the number of cases in a community |
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| sporadic |
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| description of a disease that exhibits new cases at irregular intervals in unpredictable geographic locales |
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| chronic |
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| any process or disease that persists over a long duration |
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| vector |
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| -an animal that transmits infectious agents from one host to another -biological: actively participates in a pathogen's life cycle -mechanical: not necssarily to the life cycle of an infectous agent and merely transports it without being infected |
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| fomite |
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| virtually any inanmate object an infected individual has contact with that can serve as a vehicle for the spread of disease |
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| carrier |
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| a person who harbors infections and inconspicuously spreads to others |
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| reservoir |
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| primary habitat of a pathogen in the natural world |
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| source |
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| the person or item from which an infection is immediately acquired |
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| components of the 1st line of defense |
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| -physical barriers: skin, tears, coughing and sneezing -chemical barriers: low pH, lysozyme, digestive enzymes -genetic barriers: resistant inherent in genetic makeup of host (pathogen cannot invade) |
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| neutrophils |
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| phagocytes; active engulfers and killers of bacteria; pH neutral, lavender granules, multi-lobed nucleus |
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| basophils |
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| respond to large eukaryotic pathogens and recruit other leukocytes; pH basic, dark blue granules, horseshoe nucleus |
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| eosinophils |
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| destruction of large eukaryotic pathogens such as worms and fungi; pH acidic, red granules, bi-lobed nucleus |
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| monocytes |
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| phagocytosis; followed by final differentiation into macrophages and dendritic cells; largest WBC, kidney bean shaped nucleus |
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| lymphocytes |
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| specified (acquired) immunity; size of a RBC, very little cytoplasm |
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| -thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, SALT, MALT, GALT |
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| Name of the organs of the lymphatic system |
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| phagocytosis |
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| cell eating |
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| opsonization |
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| the process of stimulating phagocytosis by affixing molecules to the surfaces of foreign cells or particles |
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| helper T cells |
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| facilitate various immune activities such as assisting B cells and macrophages |
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| cytotoxic T cells |
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| a T lymphocyte programmed to directly affix cells and kill them |
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| B cells |
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| a WBC that gives rise to plasma cells and antibodies |
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| MHC I |
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| -markers that display unique characteristics of self-molecules and regulation of immune reaction (all nucleated cells) -required for T lymphocytes |
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| MHC II |
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| -regulatory receptors found on macrophages, dendritic cell, and B cells -involved in presenting antigen to T cells |
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| Antigen Presenting Cells (APC) |
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| a macrophage or dendritic cell that ingest and degrades an antigen and subsequently places the antigen determinant molecules on its surface for recognition by CD4 T lymphocytes |
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| IgG |
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| -long term immunity; memory antibodies neutralizes toxins and viruses -pass across the placenta -monomer, produced by plasma cells (primary response) and memory cells (secondary) most prevalent |
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| IgD |
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| -receptor on B-cells for antigen recognition -monomer,serves as a receptor for anitgen on B cells |
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| IgE |
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| antibody of allergy; worm infections |
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| IgA |
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| -secretory antibody; on mucous membranes -monomer circulates in blood, dimer in mucous and serous secretions |
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| IgM |
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| -produced at 1st response to antigen; can serve as a B-cell receptor -five monomers, 1st class synthesized following antigen encounter |
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| natural passive immunity |
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| the consequence of one person receiving preformed immunity made by another person -breastfeeding |
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| natural active immunity |
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| -the consequence of a perosn developing his own immune response to a microbe -a cold or virus |
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| artificial active immunity |
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| -the consequence of a person developing his own immune response to a microbe -vaccination |
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| artifical passive immunity |
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| -the consequence of one person receiving preformed immunity made by another perosn -immunotherapy |
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| attenuated/live vaccines |
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| -process that substantially lessens or negates the virulence of viruses or bacteria -active but not virulent |
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| killed/inactive vaccines |
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| -cultivating the desired strain or strains of a bacterium or virus and treating them formalin, radiation, heat or some other agent that does not change the antigenic structure |
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| toxoid |
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| inactive exotoxin |
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| What are the advatages and disadvantages to attenuated vaccines to killed vaccines? |
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| advantages -organisms can multiply and produce infection(but not disease) like the natural organism -confer long lasting protection -usually require fewer doses and boosters Disadvantages -require special storage -can be transmitted to other people -can conceivably mutate back to virulent strain |
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| agglutination test |
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| antibody cross lins whole cell antinges forming complexes that settle out and form visible clumps |
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| precipitation test |
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| soluble antigen is made insoluble by an antibody |
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| Type I: Immediate hypersensitivity |
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| -IgE mediated; involves mast cells, basophils and allergic mediators -examples: anaphylaxis, allergies such as hay fever, asthma |
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| Type II: Antibody mediated |
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| -IgG, IgM antibodies act upon cells with complement and cause cell lysis; includes some autoimmune diseases -examples: Blood group incompatibility, pernicious anemia, myasthenia gravis |
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| Type III: Immune complex |
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| -antibody-mediated inflammation; circulatory IgG complexes deposited in basement membranes of target organs; includes some autoimmune diseases -examples: systmeic lupus erythematosus; rheumatoid arthritis, serum sickness, rheumatic fever |
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| Type IV: T-cell mediated |
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| -delayed hypersensitivity and cytotoxic reactions in tissue -examples: graft reaction, poison ivy |
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| routes of entry for most fungi |
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| inhalation of spores |
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| levels of fungal infection |
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| -systemic (worse) -subcutaneous -cutaneous (dermis) -superficial (epidermis) |
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| dermatophytoses |
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| superficial mycoses such as athletes foot or ringworm |
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| -yeast infection, thrush, candidiasis |
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| disease caused by Candida albicans |
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| -Pneumocystis, PCP, most common in AIDS patients |
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| disease caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci |
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| -zoonotic-vector borne, cat feces |
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| mode of transmission toxoplasmosis |
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| STD |
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| mode of transmission trichomoniasis |
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| water borne |
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| mode of transmission giardiasis |
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| fecal-oral |
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| mode of transmission balantidiasis |
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| fecal-oral, feces in water |
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| mode of transmission cyclosporasis |
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| fecal-oral |
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| mode of transmission cryptosporidiosis |
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| tape worm |
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| -Taenia pisiformis -scolex -proglottids |
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| pin worm |
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| -Enterobius vermicularis -intestinal roundworms |
