microbio 2-Rae Shock – Flashcards
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| what are the three divisions of animal kingdom for parasites? |
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| 1. protozoa-single cell 2. Metazoa-multicellular 3. External-fleas,lice |
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| what are the 4 classes in the phylum protozoa? |
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| 1.rhizopodea 2.zoo mastigophorea 3. sporozoa 4. ciliata |
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| what are the protozoan zoo mastigophorea commonly called? |
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| flagellates |
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| which protozoan class has no external organs of locomotion? |
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| sporozoa |
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| what is the only pathogenic member of the ciliata class of protozoa? |
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| Balantidum coli |
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| The majority of protozoan infections of the human GI tract involve which 4 species? |
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| 1. Entamoeba histolytica 2. Balantidum coli 3. Giardia lamblia 4. Cryptosporidium parvum |
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| The majority of protozoan infections of the human GI tract involve which 4 species? |
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| 1. Entamoeba histolytica 2. Balantidum coli 3. Giardia lamblia 4. Cryptosporidium parvum |
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| Circulating antibodies do not, by themselves destroy invaders. They work in 4 general ways (PLAN) |
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| P-Phagocytosis-antibodies, acting as opsonins, mark pathogens for destruction by phagocytosis L-Lysis. Antibodies attached to the surface of bacteria initiate the classical pathway of complement activation, which can result in lysis via the MAC (membrane attack complex) A-Agglutination/Precipitation.Antibodies clump (precipitation) or entire cells (agglutination) Clumping enhances phagocytosis. Because IgM pentamers have 10 binding sites, they are particularily good at forming clumps N-Neutralization. Prevent viruses and toxic molecules such as tetnas toxin, from interacting with body's cells. |
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| What is an antibody? |
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| Protein molecule released by a plasma cell (daughter cell of activated B cell) that binds specifically to an antigen aka. immunoglobulin |
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| What are allergies? |
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| In the past, person was exposed to allergen on flowers and since that first exposure (sensitization) IgE antibodies have been present in the body on the surfaces of mast cells and basophils. When exposed again, allergen binds to IgE, it makes mast cells degranulate, releasing histamin and other inflammatory mediators->blood vessels dilate and capillaries become leaky |
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| What are the two groups the kingdom of fungi are divided into? |
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| 1.Macroscopic (mushrooms,puffballs,gill fungi) 2.Microscopic(molds,yeast,hyphae) |
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| What are hyphae? |
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| Long threadlike cells found in the bodies of filamentous fungi |
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| T or F. Fungi are prokaryotic |
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| F. Eukaryotic-have true nucleus and membrane bound organelles (bacteria are prokaryotes) |
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| All fungi are heterotrophic. Why? |
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| -They require organic nutrients as a source of energy -Dependent upon enzyme systems to derive energy from organic substances -Absorb food |
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| T or F. Fungi are parasites |
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| Sort of. Most fungi are saphrophytes(live on dead organic matter) but they can also be parasitic (live on bodies of living animals) |
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| What is the role of fungi in the economy and environment? |
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| beer, wine, cheese, bread, mushrooms,soy sauce, tempeh, quorn products, fruit juices,antibiotics(penicillin,cyclosporine,cephalosporin),bioremediation (oil spills), decomposers in nutrient cycles |
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| Most plant diseases are caused by fungi. Give an example of 3 |
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| 1.Powdery mildew 2.Botrytis cinera 3.Rhizopus -100 species are pathogenic to humans and animals but most prefer to be free-living saphrophytes and only accidently become pathogens |
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| Which fungi are multicellular? |
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| Molds-multi,reproduce via spores and conidia |
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| Which fungi are single celled and how do they reproduce? |
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| Yeast,budding |
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| What is a mycoses? |
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| Fungal infection (yeast or mold) |
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| Name 2 types of mold |
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| 1.Hyphae-long, filamentous branches, with or without septate (cross walls) 2.Mycelium-a mass or mat of hyphae |
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| What is good for diagnosis and identification of fungi? |
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| 1.Wood's Lamp-UV light will fluoresce 2.Sabouraud agar-contains dextrose and peptides, will grow fungi |
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| In many cases, where in the body do fungi first affect? |
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| Lungs |
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| What are 5 types of human infections? (mycoses) |
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| 1.Superficial(pityriasis versicolor, tinea nigra,piedra) 2.Cutaneous (tinea: barbae,capitis,cruris,corporis,pedis,unguium) 3.Subcutaneous(sporotrichosis,chromoblastomycoses) 4.Systemic(Path:histoplasmosis,blastomycosis,coccidioidomycosis;Opportunistic:candidiasis,cryptococcus,aspergillis) 5.Mycetoma |
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| This infection results in a granulomatous inflammatory response in the deep dermis and subcutaneous tissue which can extend to the underlying bone |
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| Mycetoma. Characterized by the formation of grains containing aggregates of the causative organisms that may be discharged onto the skin thru multiple sinuses |
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| This infection tends to occur around puberty, it is a common cause of skin infections in healthy people and it affects outer epidermis and it is usually on trunk |
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| Pityriasis versicolor (aka Malassezi furfur or Tinea versicolor) Hyper or hypo pigmented skin with discoloration or depigmentation, patches with itching and sometimes pustules |
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| What is a pustule? |
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| Pustule - A pustule is a small elevation of the skin containing cloudy or purulent material usually consisting of necrotic inflammatory cells. These can be either white or red. Associated with Tinea versicolor |
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| Superficial infeciton of the palmer surfaces. |
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| Tinea nigra. Usually in tropics. Brown to black macules. |
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| What is the form of acquisition of tinea nigra? |
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| direct inoculation onto the skin from contact with decaying vegetation, wood, or soil seems to be the form |
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| What is the difference between superficial mycoses and cutaneous? |
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| Superficial is confined to outermost layers of skin or hair. Cutaneous outer layers of skin, hair, and nails and do not invade living tissues |
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| Cutaneous Mycoses are fungi called _____ and cause _____ |
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| Dematophytes, cause dermatomycoses called ringworm |
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| What are the 3 genera that cause ringworm? |
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| 1.Microsporum-scalp&body(usually child) 2.Trichophyton-scalp,beard,skin,nails(adults and children) 3.Epidermophyton-body,chieifly groin area(adults, rarely children) |
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| Which genera of cutaneous mycoses will you find in groin area? |
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| Epidermophyton-adults, rarely children |
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| What does tinea mean? |
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| ringworm or moth-like. Dermatologists use the term to refer to a variety of lesions of the skin or scalp |
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| This ringworm can be contagious via hats |
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| Tinea capitis |
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| Ring worm that causes folliculitis |
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| Tinea barbae-barber's itch, ringworm of the beard,neck or face |
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| Classic ringworm |
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| Tinea corporis-affects smooth, non-hairy areas of the body (glabrous skin) |
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| Infection on glabrous skin |
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| Tinea corporis |
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| Jock itch |
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| Tinea cruis |
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| Dhobie itch |
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| Tinea cruis |
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| The most common fungal infection |
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| Tinea pedis. athletes foot |
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| ringworm of the nails |
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| tinea unguium |
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| Rose handler's disease |
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| Sporotrichosis-dimorphic,yeast in man-budding reproduction. Chain of nodules along the lymphatic drainage of an extremity. Sometimes described as a cigar shaped lesion |
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| Sometimes described as a cigar shaped lesion. |
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| Sporotrichosis-dimorphic,yeast in man-budding reproduction. Chain of nodules along the lymphatic drainage of an extremity. |
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| This begins with traumatic injury in a limb or shoulder, often seen in lumberjacks and landscapers |
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| Chromoblastomycoses-disease of tropics |
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| Mossy foot, produces wart like nodules or papillomas that may or may not ulcerate |
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| Chromoblastomycoses-Lumberjacks and landscapers. caused by: 1.Phialophora verrucosa 2.Fonseccaea compacta 3.Rhinocladiella compacta 4.Clalphialopora carrioni |
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| What is chromoblastomycoses usually caused by? |
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| 1.Phialophora verrucosa 2.Fonseccaea compacta 3.Rhinocladiella compacta 4.Clalphialopora carrioni -Lumberjacks and landscapers-affects leg or foot (mossy foot) Produces wart-like nodules or papillomas that may or may not ulcerate |
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| This is called Deep Mycoses. What does is affect? |
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| Systemic Mycoses-Pathogenic. Affects internal organs and may disseminate to multiple sites in the body. Almost always affects the lungs firs. Primarily people exposed to large amounts of airbourne dust or sand |
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| Aka Ohio Valley Fever |
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| Histoplasmosis- Darlings disease, cave sickness. Risk factor:exposure to bird or bat droppings. One of the most common diseases in the U.S. Mucocutaneous nodules and granulomas may be seen |
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| How do spores become airbourne in Darling's disease? |
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| Contaminated soil is disturbed and breathing causes infection. Birds or bat droppings in soil (saphrophyte)-Histoplasma capsulatum |
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| What is the most severe form of Histoplamosis? |
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| Disseminated disease. More frequently seen in people with AIDS or cancer, can disseminate thru body and severely progress-generally fatal. Pulmonary form primarily affects lungs and leaves residual calcified nodule in lungs similar to a TB lesion-usually self-limiting |
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| primarily affects lungs and leaves residual calcified nodule in lungs similar to a TB lesion |
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| Histoplamosis pulmonary form (akas:Ohio Valley Fever, Darling's disease, Cave Sickness) |
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| Aka's for Blastomycosis |
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| North American Blastomycoses-Gilchrist's disease, chicago disease |
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| Endemic to parts of North America with River Valleys and Great Lakes States |
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| Blastomycosis-exposure to wooded sites, farmers, forestry, hunters, campers. Associated with rich,moist soil,rotting wood and beaver dams |
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| Associated with rich,moist soil,rotting wood and beaver dams |
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| Blastomycosis. Symptoms resemble histoplasmosis |
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| South American version of Blastomycosis |
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| Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (sometimes affects mucous membranes of mouth-can be fatal) |
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| What are the two forms of Blastomycosis? |
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| 1.Pulmonary(most common) does not calcify lungs like Histoplasmosis 2.Cutaneous form (often misdiagnosed as carcinoma) |
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| This systemic mycoses is often misdiagnosed as a carcinoma |
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| Blastomycosis |
