Micro Final (+)RNA Viruses – Flashcards
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| What is the structure of calicivirus and give 2 examples: |
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| Single Stranded Positive RNA Viruses; Linear; NAKED; Norwalk and Hep E |
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| What is the structure of picornavirus and give 6 examples: |
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| Single Stranded Positive RNA Viruses; Linear; NAKED; Polio, ECHO, Enteroviruses, Rhino, Coxsackie, Hep A |
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| What is the structure of flavivirus and give 4 examples: |
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| Single Stranded Positive RNA Viruses; Linear; ENVELOPED; Yellow Fever, Dengue, SLE, Hep C |
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| What is the structure of togavirus and give some examples: |
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| Single Stranded Positive RNA Viruses; Linear; ENVELOPED; Rubella, WEE, EEE, VEE |
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| What is the structure of coronovirus? |
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| Single Stranded Positive RNA Virus; Linear; ENVELOPED- Coronavirus |
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| What is the structure of retroviruses and give two examples: |
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| Diploid Single Stranded Positive RNA; Linear; RNA Dependent DNA Polymerase; ENVELOPED; HIV and HTLV |
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| What is the pathogenesis of caliciviruses? |
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| Compromise function of intestinal brush border |
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| How are caliciviruses spread? |
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| Fecal Oral |
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| What are the main clinical symptoms of caliciviruses? |
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| GASTROENTERITIS: Diarrhea and nausea (no blood in stools; fever; fast incubation (24-48 hours) |
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| How are flaviviridae (arboviruses) spread? |
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| Arthropod Borne Viruses (ABV) spread via MOSQUITOS |
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| What characterizes the initial viremia in arboviruses? |
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| Chills, headaches, backaches, influenza-like symptoms |
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| What is the reservoir for arboviruses and in what seasons do they usually show up? |
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| Birds and small mammals; summer and rainy seasons when mosquitos breed |
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| What is the major cause of arboviral encephalitis in North America? |
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| St. Louis Encepthalitis Virus |
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| What are the symptoms of St. Louis Encephalitis Virus? |
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| Ranging from mild non-specific febrile illness to aseptic meningitis or SEVERE OVERWHELMING ENCEPHALITIS- 60% have permanent neurological impairment |
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| What are the modes of transmission of West Nile Virus? |
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| Mosquitos, blood transfusions, breast milk, organ transplants |
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| What characterizes West Nile Fever and how long does it last? |
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| Fever, headache, body aches, sometimes rash on trunk, swollen lymph nodes; SEVERAL DAYS |
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| What characterizes West Nile Encephalitis? |
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| High fever, neck stiffness, stupor, disorientation, coma, tremors, convulsions, muscle weakness, paralysis- LASTS SEVERAL WEEKS |
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| What virus is also known as "bone break fever"? |
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| DENGUE |
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| How is Dengue fever transmitted? |
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| Aedes mosquito (day feeder) |
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| Where is Dengue fever usually found, and how many cases are recorded per year? |
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| Mid East, Africa, Far East, Carribean; 1 million |
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| What are the symptoms of Dengue fever? |
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| BACK BONE PAIN, Fever, headache, muscle and joint pain, BACK BONE PAIN, nausea and vomiting, rash and hemorrhagic manifestations; BACK BONE PAIN |
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| What are the symptoms of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever? |
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| Fever, skin hemorrhages, gingival bleeding, nasal bleeding, GI bleeding, hematuria, BLEEDING BLEEDING BLEEDING, low platelets, leaky capillaries |
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| Where is Yellow Fever usually found? |
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| Caribbean, Central and South America, Africa |
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| What type of mosquito spreads Yellow Fever? |
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| Aedes Aegypti |
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| What are the symptoms of Yellow Fever? |
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| Fever, chills, headache and hemmorrhage SEVERE systemic disease degenerates liver, kidney, and heart Can cause HEMORRHAGE JAUNDICE= from liver involvement- where the name Yellow Fever comes from |
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| What virus causes black vomit from massive gastrointestinal hemorrhages? |
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| Yellow Fever |
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| What is the structure of Hepatitis C and how is it spread? |
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| Positive Stranded ENEVELOPED RNA Virus; non-A, non-B hepatitis; spread by PARENTERAL (breaking the skin) or Sexual contact |
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| What is the main issue with chronic Hep C and how is it treated? |
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| Cirrhosis; IFN Alpha and ribavirin |
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| What type of vaccine is available for Yellow Fever? |
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| Live Attenuated |
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| What virus causes German Measles? |
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| Rubella |
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| How is Equine Encephalitis (Western, Eastern, and Venezuelan) spread, and what is its reservoir? |
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| Mosquito borne; wild birds are reservoirs, horses are also hosts |
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| What is the main issue with Equine Encephalitis? |
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| Viremia spreading to the CNS |
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| How is Rubella spread? |
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| Respiratory droplets, but also crosses the placenta TERATOGENIC |
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| During what part of gestation is the risk of Rubella teratogenicity most severe? |
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| First 16 weeks |
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| What type of vaccine is available for Rubella? |
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| Attenuated- Single strain- part of MMR |
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| What is unique about the appearance/structure of coronaviridae (hint: what does corona mean?)? |
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| Large surface glycoprotein spikes give it a crown appearance |
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| What virus is the second most common cause of the common cold? |
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| Coronavirus |
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| SARS is part of what viral family? |
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| Coronavirus |
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| What are two subgroups of picornaviridae? |
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| Enteroviruses and Rhinoviruses |
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| Where is picornavirus replicatoin initiated?> |
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| Mucosa and lymphoid tissue |
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| What are the two ways that Polio spreads to the brain? |
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| Crossing the BBB, or gaining access via skeletal muscle and traveling up nerves to the brain |
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| Where do picornaviruses get produced and shed? |
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| From the intestine for more than 30 days |
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| How are picornaviruses, like polio, coxsackie, and echovirus, spread? |
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| Fecal Oral- THEY DO NOT CAUSE ENTERIC DISEASE |
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| What are the portals of entry for picornaviruses, like polio, coxsackie, and echovirus? |
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| Upper respiratory tract, oropharynx, and intestinal tract |
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| How do picornavirus virions react to the stomach? |
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| They are stable in stomach acid, proteases, and bile, and replicate at a higher temperature |
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| What is unique about tissue tropism in Polio? |
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| It is very narrow- must have Polio virus receptor |
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| What cells are susceptible to poliovirus? |
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| Anterior horn cells, dorsal root ganglia, motor neurons, skeletal muscle cells, and lymphoid cells |
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| What fosters transmission of polio, and for how long can asymptomatic shedding occur? |
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| Poor sanitation, crowded living conditions; up to 1 month |
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| What are the 5 types of polio? |
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| Asymptomatic; Abortive (mild febrile illness); Non-paralytic (muscle spasms); Paralytic (Flaccid paralysis with NO SENSORY LOSS); Bulbar Poliomyelitis |
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| What is Bulbar Poliomyelitis? |
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| Can be deadly- severe paralysis of pharynx, vocal cords, respiratory tract |
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| What is Herpangina? |
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| Coxsackie A- fever, sore throat, pain on swallowing, anorexia, vomiting- vesicular ulcerated lesions around soft palate and uvula |
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| What is the classical finding in Herpangina? |
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| Vesicular Ulcerated Lesions around soft palate and uvula |
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| What is Hand-Foot and Mouth Disease? |
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| Coxsackie A16- vesicular lesions on hand, feet, mouth, and tongue- mildly febrile- only lasts a few days |
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| So, if I tell you a patient has vesicular lesions on their hands, feet, mouth, and tongue, you will think that they have? |
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| Hand-Foot and Mouth Disease |
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| What is Pleurodyna? |
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| Devils Grip- from coxsackie B- named such because of SEVERE pain in the lower chest unilaterally- fever, abdominal pain, and vomiting- resolves in 4 days |
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| What virus causes SEVERE unilateral lower thoracic pain? |
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| Coxsackie B (Pleurodyna) |
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| What other infections are caused by Coxsackie B virus? |
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| Myocardial- fever with sudden unexplained heart failure (CYANOSIS, TACHYCARDIA, CARDIOMEGALY, HEPATOMEGALY) Pericardial- Acute benign pericarditis that affects young adults- symptoms of MI |
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| What virus causes SUDDEN UNEXPLAINED HEART FAILURE? |
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| Coxsackie B |
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| What virus causes BENIGN PERICARDITIS in young adults? |
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| Coxsackie B |
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| What is Viral Aseptic Meningitis? |
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| Coxsackie- acute febrile illness accompanied by headache and signs of meningitis- can have rash |
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| What is FUO? |
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| Fever of Unknown Origin- can be Coxsackie or Echo- maculopapular eruptions |
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| What virus(s) cause ACUTE HEMORRHAGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS? |
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| Enterovirus70/coxsackieA24 |
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| How is Hep A commonly transmitted? |
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| Consumption of raw or undercooked shellfish from sewage infested water |
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| What are the vaccines and treatments for Hep A? |
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| Inactivated vaccine; hyperimmune serum for post exposure prophylaxis |
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| What are some characteristics of Rhinoviruses? |
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| Upper respiratory infections- self-limiting without causing severe disease; COMMON COLD; 80% bind to the ICAM receptor |
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| At what temperature does rhinovirus replicate, and what does this mean? |
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| 33 degrees C; probably limits its predilection for the nasal mucosa |
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| How are picornaviruses treated? |
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| PLECONARIL- new- interferes with viral uncoating |
