question

Prokaryote?

answer

prenucleus
one circular chromosome, not in a membrane
no histones
no organelles
bacteria: peptidoglycan cell walls
Archaea: pseudomurein cell walls
binary fission

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Eukaryote

answer

Paired chromosomes, in nuclear membrane
histones
organelles
polysaccharide cell walss
mitotic spindle

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Basic shapes

answer

bacillus (rod-shaped)
cocuss (sperical)
Spiral
Spirillum
Vibrio
Spirochete

question

Arrangements

answer

Pairs: diplococci, diplobacilli
Clusters: staphylococci
Chains: streptococci, streptobacilli

question

Glycocalyx

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Outside cell wall
Usually sticky
Capsule: neatly organized
Slime layer: unorganized and loose
Extracellular polysaccharide allows cell to attach
Capsules prevent phagocytosis

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Flagella

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Outside cell wall
Made of chains of flagellin
Attached to a protein hook
Anchored to the wall and membrane by the basal body

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Motile cells

answer

Rotate flagella to run or tumble
Move toward or away from stimuli (taxis)
Flagella proteins are H antigens

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Axial Filaments

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Also called endoflagella
In spirochetes
Anchored at one end of a cell
Rotation causes cell to move

question

Fimbriae

answer

allow attachment

question

Pili

answer

Facilitate transfer of DNA from one cell to another
Gliding motility
Twitching motility

question

Cell Wall

answer

Prevents osmotic lysis
Made of peptidoglycan (in bacteria)

question

Peptidoglycan

answer

Polymer of disaccharide:
N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
Linked by polypeptides in Gram-Positive bacteria

question

Gram-Positive Cell Walls

answer

Thick peptidoglycan
Teichoic acids
May regulate movement of cations
Polysaccharides provide antigenic variation

question

Gram-Negative Cell Wall

answer

Thin peptidoglycan
Outer membrane
Periplasmic space

question

Teichoic Acids

answer

Lipoteichoic acid links to plasma membrane
Wall teichoic acid links to peptidoglycan

question

Gram-Negative Outer Membrane

answer

Lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins, phospholipids
Forms the periplasm between the outer membrane and the plasma membrane
Protection from phagocytes, complement, and antibiotics

question

O polysaccharide

answer

antigen present in the outer membrane of gram negative cells
examples include E. coli O157:H7

question

Lipid A

answer

An endotoxin present in the outer membrane of gram negative cells

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Porins

answer

proteins that form channels through the outer membrane of gram-negative cells

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The Gram Stain Mechanism

answer

Crystal violet-iodine crystals form in cell
Gram-positive
alcohol dehydrates peptidoglycan
CV-I crystals do not leave
Gram-negative
alcohol dissolves outer membrane and leaves holes in peptidoglycan
CV-I washes out

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Gram-Positive cell wall

answer

2-ring basal body
Disrupted by lysozyme
Penicillin sensitive

question

Gram-Negative cell wall

answer

4-ring basal body
Endotoxin
Tetracycline sensitive

question

Atypical cell walls

answer

Acid-fast cell walls
Mycoplasms
Archaea

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Acid-fast cell walls

answer

Like gram-positive cell walls
waxy lipid (mycolic acid) bound to peptidoglycan
Mycobacterium
Nocardia

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Mycoplasmas

answer

Lack cell walls
Sterols in plasma membrane

question

Archaea

answer

Wall-less, or
walls of pseudomurein (lack NAM and D-amino acids)

question

Damage to the Cell Wall

answer

Lysozyme digests disaccharide in peptidoglycan
Penicillin inhibits peptide bridges in peptidoglycan

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Protoplast

answer

wall-less cell

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Spheroplast

answer

wall-less gram-positive cell
protoplasts and spheroplasts are susceptible to osmotic lysis

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L forms

answer

wall-less cells that swell into irregular shapes

question

The Plasma Membrane

answer

Phospholipid bilayer
Peripheral proteins
Integral proteins
Transmembrane
Proteins
Contain enzymes for ATP production
Selective permeability allows passage of some molecules

question

Fluid Mosaic Model

answer

Membrane is viscous as olive oil
Proteins move to function
Phospholipids rotate and move laterally

question

Selective permeability

answer

allows passage of some molecules

question

Chromatophores

answer

Also called thylakoids
present in the plasma membrane
Photosynthetic pigments on foldings in the plasma membrane

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Damage to the plasma membrane

answer

Damage done by alcohols, quaternary ammonium (detergents), and polymyxin antibiotics cause leakage of cell contents

question

simple diffustion

answer

movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

question

Facilitated diffusion

answer

solute combines with a transporter protein in the membrane

question

Osmosis

answer

the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water to an area of lower water concentration

question

Osmotic pressure

answer

the pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the membrane

question

Movement of materials across membranes

answer

Through lipid layer
Aquaporins (water channels)

question

Ative transport

answer

requires a transporter protein and ATP

question

Group translocation

answer

requires a transporter protein and PEP

question

Cyoplasm

answer

The substance inside the plasma membrane

question

The Prokaryotic Ribosome

answer

Protein synthesis
70s
50s + 30s subunits

question

Inclusions

answer

Metachromatic granules (volutin)
Polysaccharide granules
Lipid inclusions
Sulfur granules
Carboxysomes
Gas vacuoles
Magnetosomes

question

Metachromatic granules

answer

Also called Volutin
Phosphate reserves

question

Polysaccharide granules

answer

energy reserves

question

Lipid inclusions

answer

energy reserves

question

Sulfur granules

answer

energy reserves

question

Carboxysomes

answer

Ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase for CO₂ fixation

question

Gas vacuoles

answer

protein-covered cylinders

question

Magnetosomes

answer

Iron oxide (destroys H₂O₂)

question

Endospores

answer

Resting cells
Resistant to desiccation, heat, chemicals
Bacillus, Clostridium
Sporulation and Germination

question

Sporulation

answer

endospore formation

question

Germination

answer

Return to vegetative state

question

Endospore formation

answer

Spore septum begins to isolate newly replicated DNA and a small portion of cytoplasm
Plasma membrane starts to surround DNA, cytoplasm, and membrane isolated in step 1
Spore septum surrounds isolated portion, forming forespore
Peptidoglycan layer forms between membranes
Spore coat forms
Endospore is freed from cell

question

Flagella and Cilia

answer

Microtubules
Tublin
9 pairs + 2 array

question

Endocytosis

answer

energy using process by which cells absorb molecules by engulfing them

question

Phagocytosis

answer

pseudopods extend and engulf particles

question

Pinocytosis

answer

membrane folds inward, bringing in fluid and dissolved substances

question

Cytoplasm membrane

answer

substance inside plasma and outside nucleus

question

Cytosol

answer

fluid portion of cytoplasm

question

Cytoskeleton

answer

microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

question

Cytoplasmic streaming

answer

Movement of cytoplasm throughout cells

question

Ribosomes

answer

Protein synthesis
80S
Membrane-bound: attached to ER
Free: in cytoplasm
70S
In chloroplasts and mitochondria

question

Organelles

answer

Nucleus
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi complex
Lysosome
Vacuole
Mitochondrion
Chloroplast
Peroxisome
Centrosome

question

Nucleus

answer

contains chromosomes

question

Endoplasmic Reticulum

answer

also called ER
transport network

question

Golgi complex

answer

membrane formation and secretion

question

Lysosome

answer

Digestive enzymes

question

Vacuole

answer

Brings food into cells and provides support

question

Mitochondrion

answer

cellular respiration

question

Chloroplast

answer

photosynthesis

question

Peroxisome

answer

oxidation of fatty acids; destroys H₂O₂

question

Centrosome

answer

consists of protein fibers and centrioles

Micro: Chapter 4 – Flashcards

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