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Home Page Flashcards Micro: Chapter 14 - Flashcards

Micro: Chapter 14 – Flashcards

Mike Bryan
7 July 2022

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Pathology
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  • The study of disease
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Etiology
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  • The study of the cause of a disease
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Pathogenesis
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  • The development of disease
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Infection
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  • Colonization of the body of pathogens
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Disease
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  • An abnormal state in which the body is not funtioning normally
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Transient microbiota
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  • May be present for days, weeks, or months
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Normal microbiota
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  • Permanently colonize the host
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Symbiosis
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  • Is the relationship between normal microbiota and the host
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Commensalism
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  • One organism benefits, and the other is unaffected
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Mutualism
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  • Both organisms benefit
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Parasitism
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  • One organism benefits at the expense of the other
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Microbial antagonism
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  • A competition between microbes
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Normal microbiota
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  • protect the host by:
    • occupying niches that pathogens might occupy
    • producing acids
    • producting bacteriocins
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Probiotics
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  • Live microbes applied to or ingested into the body, intended to exert a beneficial effect
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Symptom
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  • A change in body function that is felt by a patient as a result of disease
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Sign
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  • A change in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease
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Syndrome
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  • a specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease
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Communicable disease
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  • A diesease that is spread from one host to another
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Contagious disease
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  • A disease that is easily spread from one host to another
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Noncommunicable disease
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  • A disease that is not transmitted from one host to another
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Incidence
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  • New cases of a disease in a population during a specified time period
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Prevalence
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  • Total cases of a disease in a population at a given time
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Sporadic disease
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  • Disease that occurs occasionallyin a population 
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Endemic disease
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  • Disease constantly present in a population 
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Epidemic disease
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  • Disease acquired by many hosts in a given area in a short time
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Pandemic disease
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  • Worldwide epidemic 
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Herd immunity
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  • Immunity in most of a population 
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Acute disease
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  • Symptoms develop rapidly
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Chronic disease
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  • Disease develops slowly
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Subacute disease
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  • Symptoms between acute and chronic
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Latent disease
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  • Disease with a period of no symptoms when the causative agent is inactive 
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Local infection
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  • Pathogens are limited to a small area of the body
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Systemic infection
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  • An infection throughout the body
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Focal infection
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  • Systemic infection that began as a local infection 
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Sepsis
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  • Toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their toxins, from a focus of infection 
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Bacteremia
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  • Bacteria in the blood
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Septicemia
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  • Growth of bacteria in the blood
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Toxemia
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  • Toxins in the blood
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Viremia
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  • Viruses in the blood
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Primary infection
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  • Acute infection that causes the initial illness
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Secondary infection
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  • Oppurtunistic infection after a primary (predisposing) infection 
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Subclinical disease
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  • No noticeable signs or symptoms (inapparent infection)
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Predisposing factors
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  • Make the body more susceptible to disease
    • short urethra in females
    • inherited traits, such as the sickle cell gene
    • climate and weather
    • fatigue
    • age
    • lifestyle
    • chemotherapy
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Reservoirs of Infection
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  • Continual sources of infection
    • Human: AIDS, gonorrhea
      • Carriers may have inapparent infections or latent diseases
    • Animal: rabies, Lyme disease
      • Some zoonoses may be transmitted to humans
    • Nonliving: botulism, tetanus
      • Soil
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Transmission of disease
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  • Contact
    • Direct: requires close association between infected and susceptible host
    • Indirect: spread by Fomites
    • Droplet: transmission via airborne droplets
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Vehicle transmission
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  • Transmission by an inanimate reservoir (food, water, air)
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Vectors
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  • Arthropods, especially fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes
  • Transmit disease by two general methods:
    • Mechanical transmission: arthropod carries pathogen on feet
    • Biological transmission: pathogen reproduces in vector
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Nosocomial infections
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  • Are acquired as a result of a hospital stay
  • Affect 5-15% of all hospital patients
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MRSA
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  • USA100: 92% of health care strains
  • USA300: 89% of community-acquired strains
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Emerging infectious diseases
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  • Diseases that are new, increasing in incidence, or showing a potential to increase in the near future
  • Modern transportation 
    • West Nile virus
  • Ecological disaster, war, and expanding human settlement 
    • coccidioidomycosis
  • Animal control measures
    • Lyme disease
  • Public health failure
    • Diphtheria
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Epidemiology
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  • The study of where and when diseases occur
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
    • Collects and analyzes epidemiological information in the United States
    • Publishes Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)
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Decriptive epidemiology
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  • Collection and analysis of data
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Analytical epidemiology
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  • Comparison of a diseased group and a healthy group
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Experimental epidemiology
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  • Controlled experiments
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Case Reporting
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  • Health care workers report specified disease to local, state, and national offices
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Nationally notifiable diseases
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  • Physicians are required to report occurrence
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Morbidity
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  • Incidence of a specific notifiable disease
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Mortality
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  • Deaths from notifiable diseases
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Morbidity rate
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  • Number of people affected in relation to the toal population in a given time period
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Mortality rate
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  • Number of deaths from a disease in relation to the population in a given time 
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Question
What is the right structure for an essay
Answer
A paragraph is a related group of sentences that develops one main idea. Each paragraph in the body of the essay should contain:
  • a topic sentence that states the main or controlling idea
  • supporting sentences to explain and develop the point you’re making
  • evidence from your reading or an example from the subject area that supports your point
  • analysis of the implication/significance/impact of the evidence finished off with a critical conclusion you have drawn from the evidence.