micro chap1 – Flashcards

1. Scientific nomenclature assigns each organism 2 names:

______________ and ______________.

Name 7 types of microorganisms.

1. The 3 domains are _____________, ______________, and _____________.

1. Spontaneous generation says that living organisms arise from _____________ ________________.

1. Biogenesis means that living organisms arise from _____________ __________.

1. _________________ finally disproved spontaneous generation.

1. _________________ saw “animacules”.

1. The __________ _____________ of _______________ stated that a disease might be caused by a microorganism.

1. ________________ is the process that heats liquids just enough to kill most of the bacteria that cause spoilage.

1. __________________ used carbolic acid to prevent postoperative infection.

1. __________________ advocated hand washing to prevent the spread of disease.

1. __________________ established a sequence of experimental steps for proving that a specific organism causes a specific disease.

1. These steps are known as _________ ______________.

1. The first vaccination was for ____________ by _____________.

1. ___________________ found a cure for syphilis.

1. ___________________ discovered the first antibiotic.

1. ___________________ is the study of bacteria.

1. ___________________ is the study of fungus.

1. ___________________ is the study of protozoa and parasitic worms.

1. ___________________ is the study of immunity.

1. ___________________ is the study of viruses.

1. __________________, _________________, _________________ and __________________ are beneficial activities of microorganisms.

1. A complex aggregation of microbes is called a _______________.

1. _______________ ________________ __________________ or EIDs refer to new diseases and diseases increasing in incidence.

1. ________ developed the formal system of classifying and naming organisms.

1. A disease causing microorganism is called a ______.

1. In a ________________ microscope, the object appears dark against a light background.

1. In a ________________ microscope, the object appears light against a black (dark) background.

1. With a _____________ _____________ microscope, detailed examination of internal structures of living organisms is possible.

1. In a _______________ microscope, UV light is used.

1. In an ____________ microscope, a beam of electrons is used instead of light.

1. 3 categories of stains are ___________, _______________, and ____________.

1. With the _____________ _____________ (a differential stain), bacteria can be classified as Gram Positive or Gram Negative.

1. Gram Positive bacteria have a ___________color.

1. Gram Negative bacteria have a ___________ color.

1. The correct order of reagents in the Gram Stain are as follows:

_______________

_______________

_______________

_______________

1. List the appearance of gram-positive bacteria after each step in the gram stain:

Crystal Violet: ________

Iodine: ______________

Decolorizer: __________

Safranin: ____________

1. List the appearance of gram-negative bacteria after each step in the gram stain:

Crystal Violet: ________

Iodine: ______________

Decolorizer: __________

Safranin: ____________

1. Three basic shapes of bacteria are _________, ___________ and _________.

1. The function of the capsule (glycocalyx) is to _______ ___________.

1. Some bacteria have ____________ which are used for movement.

1. _____________ and ______________ are hairlike appendages.

1. ____________ are used for attachment.

1. The _________ __________ maintains the shape of the cell.

1. The ____________ _____________ allows movement of molecules in and out of the cell.

1. The ____________ is where chemical reactions occur within the cell.

1. The ____________ is where chemical reactions occur within the cell.

1. The _____________ contains the bacterial DNA.

1. ______________ are used for storage.

1. ______________ are a “resting state” for some bacteria.

1. ______________ are pieces of DNA that are independent of the cell’s chromosomal DNA.

1. The requirements for bacterial growth are _______, ________, _______, ____________, and _____________.

1. __________ __________ refers to bacteria that will grow in the presence of oxygen.

1. _________ _________ refers to bacteria that will not grow in oxygen.

1. ____________ refers to bacteria that will grow in the presence or absence of oxygen.

1. ____________ refers to bacteria that will grow in lower levels of oxygen.

1. ____________ refer to bacteria that require CO2 in amounts higher than found in the atmosphere.

1. __________, _____________, ___________ and _____________ are the stages of the bacterial growth curve in the correct order.

1. ________________ is the phase of little activity, plentiful nutrients, and little waste.

1. ________________ is the phase where cellular reproduction is most active.

1. ________________ is a phase of equilibrium where the living cells equal the number of dying cells, nutrients are nutrients are being depleted, and waste is accumulating.

1. _______________ is the phase where dying cells outnumber living cells, nutrients are depleted, and the environment is toxic.

1. The generation time is 1 hour.  Two cells will become ________ cells after 6 hours.

Structure containing the DNA 

structure containing the genes