MI unit 3 – Flashcard
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Colorectal Cancer Risk factors
answer
-Often found in men and women over the age of 50 -Age -Colorectal polyps -Family history of colorectal cancer -Genetic alterations -Personal history of colorectal cancer -Ulcerative colitis or Crohn's Disease -Diet -Cigarette smoking
question
How to reduce risks of Colorectal Cancer
answer
-Eat less meat (both red and white). -Follow your doctor's recommendations for screening. -Maintain a healthy weight. -Stop smoking. -Get moderate to vigorous exercise for 30 minutes most days of the week
question
Skin Cancer Risk factors
answer
-Age over 50 -Cumulative sun exposure -Where you live: closer to the equator; intensity of sun exposure -Complexion: light skin hair and eyes
question
How to reduce skin cancer
answer
-Protect yourself from UV radiation - hats, sun screen, clothes -Check your skin monthly. -To prevent or reduce exposure to artificial sources of UV rays: Do not use tanning beds and booths. -If you have more than 50 ordinary moles, you should be checked regularly by a doctor or nurse specialist.
question
Prostate cancer risk factors
answer
No one knows the exact causes of prostate cancer. 1. Doctors can seldom explain why one man develops the disease and another does not. -Age -Race -Ethnicity -Family history
question
How to reduce prostate cancer risks
answer
-Follow your doctor's instructions for screening, You cannot change your age, but if you know that the risk of prostate cancer increases as you grow older, -If you are African American, you should be particularly alert to the symptoms of prostate cancer because your risk is 60 percent higher than that of Whites. -You can consider genetic counseling. Talk with your doctor about the need to see a genetic counselor if you have prostate cancer in your family.
question
Cervical cancer risk factors
answer
-Main risk factor: Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) -Lack of regular Pap tests -Weakened immune system -Age -Sexual history -Smoking cigarettes -Using birth control pills for a long time -Having many children -Diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure
question
How to reduce cervical cancer risks
answer
Get regular Pap tests. 1. Cervical cancer is more common among women who do not have regular Pap tests. 2. Experts recommend waiting about 3 years after the start of sexual activity to begin having regular Pap tests. You can change your sexual practices: The use of barrier methods of birth control and/or gels that kill sperm do not completely protect against sexually transmitted diseases, such as HPV infection. You may want to talk to your health care provider if you have been using birth control pills for 5 or more years. Ask if it's safe to continue taking the pills. You need to know that the use of birth control pills for more than 5 years increases your risk for cervical cancer.
question
Breast cancer risk factors
answer
-Family history -Diet -Age
question
How to reduce breast cancer risks
answer
-Diet - exercise -Weight reduction -Hormonal therapy -Surgeries -Decrease alcohol consumption -Mammogram - (if no history) should start at the age of 40
question
Lung cancer risk factors
answer
-Several risk factors for lung cancer-most are related to the use of tobacco. -Certain air pollutants that are caused by the burning of fossil fuels. -Cigarette smokingCigar and pipe smokingEnvironmental tobacco smoke -RadonAsbestos -Lung diseases -Personal history
question
How to reduce lung cancer risks
answer
-Quitting smoking will greatly reduce your risk of developing lung cancer -Avoid secondhand smoke -Buy a radon kit (available in most hardware stores) that allows you to measure the radon levels in your home. -Exposed to asbestos in your work, you should use the protective equipment provided by your employer and follow recommended work practices and safety procedures. -Personal history of lung cancer, check with your health care provider about the need to be screened.
question
4 risk factor categories
answer
1. Behavioral risk factors are behaviors that you can change, such as smoking. 2. Environmental risk factors are toxins found in your surrounding environment that increase your cancer risk, such as radon and asbestos. 3. Biological risk factors are physical characteristics, such as gender, race, and age. 4. Genetic risk factors relate to genes inherited from your parents.
question
ABCDE guid to skin cancer
answer
A- Asymmetry - skin growths, in which one part is different from the other, may indicate melanoma. B- Border irregularity - Melanomas may have borders that are vaguely defined. Growths with irregular, notched or scalloped borders C- Color changes - Multiple colors or uneven distribution of color may indicate cancer. D- Diameter greater than 1/4 inch (about 6 millimeters) of a pencil eraser - A skin growth's large size may be an indication of cancer. E- Evolving - The mole shown here does not fit into any of the other criteria — size, shape, color or pattern. But watch moles like this one closely for changes, due to the small amount of color irregularity.
question
Explain Marker Analysis
answer
-A technique where the gene mutation is analyzed using a genetic marker instead of directly analyzing the gene itself. -A Molecular diagnostic test that can be used to detect inherited genetic mutations associated with certain cancers and can be used to predict risk for developing those cancers.
question
What is a genetic marker?
answer
A short sequence of DNA associated with a particular gene or trait with a known location on a chromosome
question
What are Short Tandem Repeats and how are they used?
answer
-A region of DNA composed of a short sequence of nucleotides repeated many times. The alternate forms of a given STR correspond withe different alleles -Can use STR to differentiate between different alleles
question
What type of genes are BRCA genes?
answer
Genes active in the breast that act as proto-oncogenes --> tumor supresor genes
question
Types of Viruses and the cancer associated with them
answer
1. HPV -Cervical cancer 2. HPS -throat cancer 3. EBV -Burkitt lymohima -stomach cancer 4. Hep B and C (HBV & HCV) -liver cancer
question
How do viruses infect cells
answer
Viruses insert DNA or RNA into a host cell, causing host cell's genes to mutate, and can cause cancer
question
Define Virologist
answer
-Person who studies viruses - Looks to create drugs to cure these infections as well as develop vaccines to prevent hem from developing
question
What is cryosurgery?
answer
-Used to freeze and kill abnormal cells -Can be used inside and on the skin -Alternative for surgery for liver
question
Proto-oncogenes
answer
Code for proteins that help to regulate cell growth and differentiation, are often involved in signal transduction and execution of mitogenic signals, usually through their protein products.
question
Oncogenes
answer
-A gene having the potential to cause a normal cell to become cancerous. Oncogenes can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. -Alterations in a proto-oncogenes resulting in an oncogene can be inherited (point mutation or Frameshift) or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens.
question
Tumor Suppressor Genes
answer
A gene whose protein products inhibit cell division, thereby preventing uncontrolled cell growth (cancer).
question
Role of p53 protein
answer
They will either hold the cell in G1 phase until the damage is repaired or induce apoptosis (cell suicide) if the damage is too overwhelming.1. Activates transcription of a gene that codes for a protein that can stop the cell cycle 2. Activates transcription of a gene that repairs DNA 3. Activates a gene that induces apoptosis, programmed cell death.
question
Apoptosis
answer
The changes that occur within a cell as it undergoes programmed cell death, which is brought about by signals that trigger the activation of a cascade of suicide proteins in the cell destined to die.
question
Cell cycle
answer
Ordered sequence of events in the life of a cell G1 = growth and preparation of the chromosomes for replication; S = synthesis of DNA G2 = preparation for cell division M = mitosis Cytokinesis - cytoplasm divides
question
Biopsy
answer
Removal and examination of tissue, cells, and fluid
question
What types of mutations cause proto-oncogenes to become oncogenes?
answer
-Point Mutation 1. change in a single nucleotide 2. causes the proto-oncogene to be amplified and increases cell growth -Translocation A gene from on chromosome is stuck to a promoter region from another chromosome This confused gene can send a constant stream of growth signals
question
What does DNA microarray measure
answer
-mRNA if they're present, then proteins are being made
question
If reading a microarray what do the colors red, green, yellow, and black represent?
answer
Green -healthy -turned off on cancer -turned on healthy Red -cancer -turned on in cancer -turned off on healthy Yellow -turned on in both Black -neither
question
Chemotherapy
answer
-The use of chemical agents in the treatment or control of disease or mental disorder cancer treatment that uses chemical substances, especially one or more anti-cancer drugs (chemotherapeutic agents) that are given as part of a standardized chemotherapy regimen.
question
Radiation therapy
answer
-Treatment that uses beams of intense energy to kill cancer cells. -Radiation therapy is used as a last option for treatment of an incurable cancer and controlling the disease from spreading.
question
Characteristics of Chemotherapy
answer
-It may be given before a surgery to remove the cancer or tumor. This helps in shrinking the tumor and weakening it thus, making the surgery successful. -It may even be given after a surgery to get rid of the cancerous cells that may have been left behind. Sometimes, chemotherapy is used as the only cancer treatment. -But more often, you will get chemotherapy along with surgery, radiation therapy, or biological therapy.
question
Characteristics of Radiation
answer
-Doctors use a large machine and special equipment that aims specific amounts of radiation directly at the cancer. -Radiation therapy damages cells by destroying the genetic material that controls how cells grow and divide. -While both healthy and cancerous cells are damaged by radiation therapy, the goal of radiation therapy is to destroy as few normal, healthy cells as possible.
question
Taxanes
answer
- Mitotic inhibitors - Block cell growth by stopping mitosis (cell division) -Used for the treatment of breast, ovarian, lung, bladder, prostate, melanoma, esophageal, as well as other types of solid tumor cancers
question
Anthracyclines
answer
-Are anti-tumor antibiotics that interfere with enzymes involved in DNA replication. - These drugs work in all phases of the cell cycle. They are widely used for a variety of cancers.
question
Occupational Therapy VS. Physical Therapy
answer
Occupational Therapy: -Help patients with daily living skills and self-care tasks (i.e., "occupations") such as getting dressed -Support patients with memory loss or other cognitive issues -Make recommendations about adaptive equipment -Advise architects and contractors about patients' accessibility needs Physical Therapy: -Diagnose physical problems restricting movement because of an illness or injury -Use exercises and other techniques to ease pain and boost mobility and muscle strength -Develop fitness and wellness programs aimed at preventing injuries and encouraging a more active lifestyle
question
SNP
answer
Variant DNA sequence in which the purine or pyrimidine base of a single nucleotide has been replaced by another such base (also called single nucleotide polymorphism)
question
SNP Importance
answer
-The parts of the human genome that vary by just a single nucleotide -If these SNPs occur in a non-coding region of the genome, you would not even know they are there; however, SNPs in an important gene can lead to variation in traits or even disease. -A change in DNA can lead to a change in a protein. If the protein plays a role in keeping you healthy, serious consequences may occur. -Tests to locate these SNPs can pinpoint disease genes and provide medical options.
question
Placebo
answer
an inactive pill, liquid, or powder that has no treatment value
question
Phases of Clinical Trials
answer
Phase 1:Evaluate safety of drug -Determine safe dosage range -Identify side effects -Test small group of people (fewer than 100 people) Phase 2:Learn more about safety and side effects -Sharpen estimates of proper dosage -Determine effectiveness -Test larger group of people (up to 200 participants) Phase 3: Determine effectiveness -Determine side effects -Test large groups of people (1,000-3,000 participants) Phase 4:Collect additional information after the drug enters the market, such as: --Drug's risks --Drug's benefits --Optimal use
question
Randomized Trial
answer
control group and treatment group are chosen at random.
question
Double-blind trial
answer
Neither subjects nor scientists know who is assigned to which group until after the data are collected
question
Open Trial
answer
-Set-up where researchers and subjects know what treatment is being given -Often used to test surgical procedures and medical devices, that by nature, cannot be done without subject or researcher knowing who is receiving the treatment -More prone to error and bias than double-blind studies
question
Factorial trials
answer
-Used to test medicines in combination -Set-up in the following manner: ---First group tests therapy A ---Second group tests therapy B ---Third group tests therapy A and therapy B combined ---Fourth group, the control group, tests neither therapy A nor therapy B -Difficult to interpret results
question
Crossover trials
answer
-Set-up where researchers and subjects know what treatment is being given -Often used to test surgical procedures and medical devices, that by nature, cannot be done without subject or researcher knowing who is receiving the treatment -More prone to error and bias than double-blind studies
question
Orphan drug trials
answer
-Used to test drugs designed to treat rare diseases (affecting fewer than 200,000 Americans) -Tested on small number of participants who are very sick If drug works, improved health is usually readily apparent
question
Single-Blind Trial
answer
-Subjects do not know which group they are assigned to. -Researchers know who is assigned to which group. -Prone to researcher bias.
