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Memory Chapter 6 vocabulary – Ryan Marshall

Adam Howard

19 May 2022

question

is an active system that receives information from the senses.

answer

memory

question

Although there are several different models of how memory works, all of them involve the same three processes: getting the information into the memory system, storing it there, and getting it back out.

answer

three processes of memory

question

encoding is the set of mental operations that people perform on sensory information to convert that information into a form that is usable in the brain's storage systems.

answer

encoding

question

to hold on to the information for some period of time in a process called _____________.

answer

storage

question

the biggest problem many people have. Getting the information they know they have out of storage.

answer

retrieval

question

the model that many researchers feel is the most comprehensive and has perhaps been the most influential over the last several is the __________________.

answer

information-processing model

question

This model of memory, derived from work in the development of artificial intelligence (AI), is called the __________________________________ .

answer

parallel distributed processing (PDP) model

question

In the AI world, PDP is related to _________________, the use of artificial neural networks to explain the mental abilities of humans.

answer

connectionism

question

is the first stage of memory, the point at which information enters the nervous system through the sensory systems --- eyes, ears, and so on.

answer

sensory memory

question

visual sensory memory is often called ______________. And only lasts for a fraction of a second.

answer

iconic memory

question

Although its rare, some people do have what is properly called ______________, or the ability to access a visual memory over a long period of time.

answer

eidetic imagery

question

the brief memory of something a person has heard.

answer

echoic memory

question

If an incoming sensory message is important enough to enter consciousness, that message will move from sensory memory to the next stage of memory, called _______________.

answer

short term memory (STM)

question

is more correctly thought of as an active system that processes the information present in short-term memory.

answer

working memory

question

in which a series of numbers is read to subjects in the study who are then asked to recall the numbers in order.

answer

digit span teset

question

a number that shows up more often than other numbers.

answer

the magic number 7

question

If someone were to re code the list sequence of numbers as "654-789-3217", for example, instead of 10 separate bits of information, there would only be three "chunks" that read like a phone number.

answer

chunking

question

Most people realize that saying something they want to remember over and over again in their heads can help them remember a phone number.

answer

maintenance rehearsal

question

The third stage of memory. The system into which all the information is placed to be kept more or less permanently.

answer

long term memory

question

rotating the information in ones head saying it over and over again.

answer

rote memory

question

is a way of transferring information from STM into LTM by making that information meaningful in some way.

answer

elaborative rehearsal

question

Memories for things that people know how to do, like tying shoes and riding a bicycle, are a kind of LTM called __________________.

answer

non declarative (implicit) memory

question

non declarative memories are not only demonstrated in the performance of a task, such as _______________.

answer

procedural memory

question

the improvement in identifying or processing concepts, words, or objects after having prior experience with them, but also in memory associations learned through classical or operant conditioning that may not be in conscious awareness.

answer

priming

question

in which new long-term declarative memories cannot be formed.

answer

anterograde amnesia

question

is about all the things that people can know the facts and the information that make up knowledge.

answer

declarative (explicit) memory

question

Most of this information is what is learned in school or by reading.

answer

semantic memory

question

memories of what has happened to people each day, certain birthdays, anniversaries that were particularly special, childhood events, and so on are called ___________________.

answer

episodic memory

question

leading the researchers to develop the __________, which assumes that information is stored in the brain in a connected fashion with concepts that are related to each other stored physically closer to each other than concepts that are not highly related.

answer

semantic network model

question

which enables us to remember that we need to perform a task at a later time.

answer

prospective memory

question

saying something over and over gives only one kind of _________________, the sound of the word or phrase.

answer

retrieval cue

question

This connection between surroundings and remembered information is called _____________.

answer

encoding specificity

question

may refer to the physical surroundings a person is in when they are learning specific information.

answer

context-dependent learning

question

memories formed during a particular physiological or psychological state will be easier to remember while in a similar state.

answer

state-dependent learning

question

memories are retrieved with few or no external cues, such as filling in the blanks on an application form.

answer

recall

question

on the other hand, involves looking at or hearing information and matching it to what is already in memory.

answer

recognition

question

Sometimes the answer seems so very close tot he surface of conscious thought that it feels like it's on the tip of the tongue.

answer

tip of the tongue (TOT) phenomen

question

Another interesting feature of recall is that it is often subject to a kind of "prejudice" of memory retrieval, in which information at the beginning and the end of a list, such as a poem or song, tends to be remembered more easily and accurately.

answer

serial position effect

question

Words at the very beginning of the list tend to be remembered better than those in the middle of the list.

answer

primacy effect

question

at the end of the graph there is another increase in recall.

answer

recency effect

question

are a special kind of transformational strategy because they apply specific language to learning, and connect information to be learned with key words or letters.

answer

mnemonic strategies

question

many other kinds of long term memories seem to enter permanent storage with little or no effort at all, in a kind of ____________________.

answer

automatic encoding

question

as if the person's mind took a flash picture of the moment in time.

answer

flashblub memories

question

memories are literally built, or reconstructed, from the information stored away during encoding.

answer

constructive processing

question

This tendency of people to falsely believe that they would have accurately predicted an outcome without been told about it in advance is called ___________.

answer

hindsight bias

question

That misleading information can become part of the actual memory, affecting its accuracy.

answer

misinformation effect

question

refers to the creation of inaccurate or false memories through the suggestion of others, often while the person is under hypnosis.

answer

false-memory syndrome

question

is a memory expert or someone with exceptional memory ability.

answer

mnemonist

question

The graph clearly shows that forgetting happens quickly within the first hour after learning the list and then tapers off gradually.

answer

curve of forgetting

question

spacing out ones study sessions.

answer

distributed practice

question

the failure to process information into memory

answer

encoding falure

question

A _____________bis some physical change in the brain.`

answer

memory trace

question

fading into nothing

answer

decay

question

decay theory is usually called ________, and the phrase use it or lose it takes on a great meaning.

answer

disuse

question

the tendancy for older or previously learned material to interfere with the learning

answer

proactive interference

question

When newer information interferes with the retrieval of older information.

answer

retroactive interference

question

This alteration and the other changes that tke place as a memory is forming are called ___________.

answer

consolidation

question

which is loss of memory from the point of injury backward.

answer

retrograde amnesia

question

in which new long-term declarative memories cannot be formed.

answer

anterograde amnesia

question

The primary memory problem, at least in the beginning, is anterograde amnesia. Memory loss may be rather mild at first but becomes more severe over time, causing the person to become more and more forgetful about everyday tasks.

answer

Alzheimer's disease

question

involves the type of memory that exists in the first few years of life, when a child is still considered an infant.

answer

infantile amnesia

question

or the memory for events and facts related to one's personal life story.

answer

autobiographical memory

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question

is an active system that receives information from the senses.

answer

memory

question

answer

three processes of memory

question

encoding is the set of mental operations that people perform on sensory information to convert that information into a form that is usable in the brain's storage systems.

answer

encoding

question

to hold on to the information for some period of time in a process called _____________.

answer

storage

question

the biggest problem many people have. Getting the information they know they have out of storage.

answer

retrieval

question

the model that many researchers feel is the most comprehensive and has perhaps been the most influential over the last several is the __________________.

answer

information-processing model

question

This model of memory, derived from work in the development of artificial intelligence (AI), is called the __________________________________ .

answer

parallel distributed processing (PDP) model

question

In the AI world, PDP is related to _________________, the use of artificial neural networks to explain the mental abilities of humans.

answer

connectionism

question

is the first stage of memory, the point at which information enters the nervous system through the sensory systems --- eyes, ears, and so on.

answer

sensory memory

question

visual sensory memory is often called ______________. And only lasts for a fraction of a second.

answer

iconic memory

question

Although its rare, some people do have what is properly called ______________, or the ability to access a visual memory over a long period of time.

answer

eidetic imagery

question

the brief memory of something a person has heard.

answer

echoic memory

question

If an incoming sensory message is important enough to enter consciousness, that message will move from sensory memory to the next stage of memory, called _______________.

answer

short term memory (STM)

question

is more correctly thought of as an active system that processes the information present in short-term memory.

answer

working memory

question

in which a series of numbers is read to subjects in the study who are then asked to recall the numbers in order.

answer

digit span teset

question

a number that shows up more often than other numbers.

answer

the magic number 7

question

If someone were to re code the list sequence of numbers as "654-789-3217", for example, instead of 10 separate bits of information, there would only be three "chunks" that read like a phone number.

answer

chunking

question

Most people realize that saying something they want to remember over and over again in their heads can help them remember a phone number.

answer

maintenance rehearsal

question

The third stage of memory. The system into which all the information is placed to be kept more or less permanently.

answer

long term memory

question

rotating the information in ones head saying it over and over again.

answer

rote memory

question

is a way of transferring information from STM into LTM by making that information meaningful in some way.

answer

elaborative rehearsal

question

Memories for things that people know how to do, like tying shoes and riding a bicycle, are a kind of LTM called __________________.

answer

non declarative (implicit) memory

question

non declarative memories are not only demonstrated in the performance of a task, such as _______________.

answer

procedural memory

question

answer

priming

question

in which new long-term declarative memories cannot be formed.

answer

anterograde amnesia

question

is about all the things that people can know the facts and the information that make up knowledge.

answer

declarative (explicit) memory

question

Most of this information is what is learned in school or by reading.

answer

semantic memory

question

memories of what has happened to people each day, certain birthdays, anniversaries that were particularly special, childhood events, and so on are called ___________________.

answer

episodic memory

question

answer

semantic network model

question

which enables us to remember that we need to perform a task at a later time.

answer

prospective memory

question

saying something over and over gives only one kind of _________________, the sound of the word or phrase.

answer

retrieval cue

question

This connection between surroundings and remembered information is called _____________.

answer

encoding specificity

question

may refer to the physical surroundings a person is in when they are learning specific information.

answer

context-dependent learning

question

memories formed during a particular physiological or psychological state will be easier to remember while in a similar state.

answer

state-dependent learning

question

memories are retrieved with few or no external cues, such as filling in the blanks on an application form.

answer

recall

question

on the other hand, involves looking at or hearing information and matching it to what is already in memory.

answer

recognition

question

Sometimes the answer seems so very close tot he surface of conscious thought that it feels like it's on the tip of the tongue.

answer

tip of the tongue (TOT) phenomen

question

answer

serial position effect

question

Words at the very beginning of the list tend to be remembered better than those in the middle of the list.

answer

primacy effect

question

at the end of the graph there is another increase in recall.

answer

recency effect

question

are a special kind of transformational strategy because they apply specific language to learning, and connect information to be learned with key words or letters.

answer

mnemonic strategies

question

many other kinds of long term memories seem to enter permanent storage with little or no effort at all, in a kind of ____________________.

answer

automatic encoding

question

as if the person's mind took a flash picture of the moment in time.

answer

flashblub memories

question

memories are literally built, or reconstructed, from the information stored away during encoding.

answer

constructive processing

question

This tendency of people to falsely believe that they would have accurately predicted an outcome without been told about it in advance is called ___________.

answer

hindsight bias

question

That misleading information can become part of the actual memory, affecting its accuracy.

answer

misinformation effect

question

refers to the creation of inaccurate or false memories through the suggestion of others, often while the person is under hypnosis.

answer

false-memory syndrome

question

is a memory expert or someone with exceptional memory ability.

answer

mnemonist

question

The graph clearly shows that forgetting happens quickly within the first hour after learning the list and then tapers off gradually.

answer

curve of forgetting

question

spacing out ones study sessions.

answer

distributed practice

question

the failure to process information into memory

answer

encoding falure

question

A _____________bis some physical change in the brain.`

answer

memory trace

question

fading into nothing

answer

decay

question

decay theory is usually called ________, and the phrase use it or lose it takes on a great meaning.

answer

disuse

question

the tendancy for older or previously learned material to interfere with the learning

answer

proactive interference

question

When newer information interferes with the retrieval of older information.

answer

retroactive interference

question

This alteration and the other changes that tke place as a memory is forming are called ___________.

answer

consolidation

question

which is loss of memory from the point of injury backward.

answer

retrograde amnesia

question

in which new long-term declarative memories cannot be formed.

answer

anterograde amnesia

question

answer

Alzheimer's disease

question

involves the type of memory that exists in the first few years of life, when a child is still considered an infant.

answer

infantile amnesia

question

or the memory for events and facts related to one's personal life story.

answer

autobiographical memory

Memory Chapter 6 vocabulary – Ryan Marshall

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