question

nephr/o, ren/o

answer

kidneys

question

pyel/o

answer

renal pelvis, bowl of kidney

question

ur/o, urin/o

answer

urine, urinary tract

question

ureter/o

answer

ureters

question

cyst/o

answer

urinary bladder, cyst, sac of fluid

question

urethr/o

answer

urethra

question

prostat/o

answer

prostate

question

-cele

answer

hernia, tumor, swelling

question

dia-

answer

through, between, apart, complete

question

-ectasis

answer

stretching, dilation, enlargement

question

glomerul/o

answer

glomerulus

question

lith/o

answer

stone, calculus

question

-lysis

answer

breakdown, separation, setting free, destruction, loosening

question

-pexy

answer

surgical fixation

question

-tripsy

answer

to crush

question

-uria

answer

urination, urine

question

kidneys

answer

constantly filter the blood to remove waste products and excess water, help maintain the proper level of fluid in the body, produce hormones that control blood pressure and make red blood cells, and activate vitamin D to maintain healthy bones

question

urea

answer

the major waste product of protein metabolism

question

creatinine

answer

waste product of muscle metabolism

question

renal

answer

pertaining to the kidneys

question

renal cortex

answer

the outer region of the kidney, this layer of tissue contains more than one million microscopic units called nephrons

question

medulla

answer

inner region of the kidney, contains most of the urine collecting tubules

question

nephrons

answer

microscopic functional units of each kidney, it is here that urine is produced through the process of filtration, reabsorption and secretion

question

glomerulus

answer

cluster of capillaries inside the nephron, surrounded by a cup shaped membrane called the Bowman's capsule and a renal tube

question

renal artery

answer

where blood enters the kidney through here, then flows into the nephrons

question

renal vein

answer

after passing through the filtration system of the glomerulus, the filtered blood containing protein and blood cells leaves the kidney and returns to the bloodstream through this

question

renal pelvis

answer

the funnel shaped area inside each kidney that is surrounded by the renal cortex and medulla, this is where newly formed urine from the nephrons collects before it flows into the ureters

question

ureters

answer

two narrow tubes, each about 10-12 inches long , which transport urine from the kidney to the bladder

question

urinary bladder

answer

an oval, hollow, muscular organ that is a reservoir for urine before it is excreted from the body

question

urethra

answer

the tube extending from the bladder to the exterior of the body

question

urethral meatus

answer

the external opening of the urethra

question

nephrologist

answer

a physician who specializes in diagnosing diseases and disorders of the kidneys

question

urologist

answer

a physician who specializes in treating and diagnosing diseases and disorders of the urinary system of females and the genitourinary system of males

question

nephropathy

answer

means any disease of the kidney

question

renal failure

answer

the inability of one or both of the kidneys to preform their functions, the body cannot replace damaged nephrons

question

uremia

answer

a toxic condition resulting from renal failure in which kidney function is compromised and urea and other waste products normally secreted in urine are retained in the blood

question

acute renal failure (ARF)

answer

has a sudden onset and is characterized by uremia, it can be fatal if not reversed promptly, this condition cna be caused by the kidneys not receiving enough blood to filter due to dehydration, or a sudden drop in blood pressure or blood volume due to injury, burns or a severe infection

question

chronic kidney disease (CKD)

answer

the progressive loss of renal function over months or years, may result from diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or a family history of kidney disease

question

end-stage renal disease (ESRD)

answer

the final stage of chronic kidney disease, this condition is fatal unless the functions of the failed kidneys are successfully replaced by dialysis or with a successful kidney transplant

question

nephrotic syndrome

answer

a group of conditions in which excessive amounts of protein are lost through the urine, this condition which is usually caused by damage to the kidney's glomeruli, results in abnormally low levels of protein in the blood

question

hyperproteinuria

answer

the presence of abnormally high concentrations of protein in the urine

question

hypoproteinemia

answer

the presence of abnormally low concentrations of protein in the blood

question

hydronephrosis

answer

is the dilation of one or both kidneys, this condition can be caused by problems associated with the backing up of urine due to an obstruction such as a nephrolith or a stricture in the ureter

question

nephritis

answer

is a inflammation of the kidney or kidneys, the most common causes are toxins, infection or an autoimmune disease

question

glomerulonephritis

answer

a type of nephritis caused by inflammation of the glomeruli that causes red blood cells and proteins to leak into the urine

question

nephroptosis

answer

is the prolapse of a kidney into the pelvic area when the patient stands

question

nephropyosis

answer

is suppuration of the kidney

question

polycystic kidney disease (PKD)

answer

a genetic disorder characterized by the growth numerous fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys, these cysts, which slowly replace much of the mass of the kidney, reduce the kidney function and eventually lead to kidney failure

question

renal colic

answer

an acute pain in the kidney area that is caused by blockage during the passage of a nephrolith

question

Wilms tumor

answer

a rare type of malignant tumor of the kidney that occurs in young children, there is a high cure rate for this condition when treated promptly

question

nephrolithiasis

answer

describes the presence of stones in the kidney

question

nephrolith

answer

is a stone found in the kidney

question

ureterolith

answer

a stone located anywhere along the ureter

question

cystolith

answer

a stone located within the bladder

question

hydroureter

answer

is the condition of the swelling of the ureter with urine that cannot flow because the ureter is blocked

question

ureterectasis

answer

is the enlargement of the ureter

question

ureterorrhagia

answer

is the discharge of blood from the ureter

question

cystalgia

answer

pain in the bladder

question

cystocele

answer

is a hernia of the bladder through the vaginal wall

question

interstitial cystitis

answer

a chronic inflammation within the walls of the bladder

question

vesicovaginal fistula

answer

an abnormal opening between the bladder and the vagina that allows constant involuntary flow of urine from the bladder into the vagina

question

neurogenic bladder

answer

is a urinary problem caused by interference with the normal nerve pathways associated with urination

question

benign prostatic hyperplasia

answer

is an enlargement of the prostate gland that most often occurs in men over 50, this condition makes urination difficult and causes other urinary tract problems for men

question

proststism

answer

is a disorder resulting from the compression or obstruction of the urethra due to benign prostatic hyperplasia

question

prostatitis

answer

a group of disorders characterized by inflammation of the prostate gland

question

urethrorrhagia

answer

is bleeding from the urethra

question

urethrostenosis

answer

is a narrowing of the urethra, this condition occurs almost exclusively in men and is caused by scarring from infection or injury

question

urethrorrhea

answer

is an abnormal discharge from the urethra, this condition is sometimes associated with some sexually transmitted diseases

question

epispadias

answer

a congenital abnormality of the urethral opening, in males the urethral opening is located on the upper surface of the penis and in the female the opening is in the region of the clitoris

question

hypospadias

answer

a congenital abnormality of the urethral opening, in males the urethral opening is located on the underside of the penis and in females the urethral opening is in the vagina

question

cystitis

answer

inflammation of the bladder

question

pyelitis

answer

inflammation of the renal pelvis

question

pyelonephritis

answer

inflammation of both the renal pelvis and of the kidney, this is usually caused by a bacterial infection that has spread upward from the bladder

question

urethritis

answer

inflammation of the urethra

question

anuria

answer

the absence of urine formation by the kidneys

question

diuresis

answer

is the increased output of urine

question

dysuria

answer

is difficult or painful urination

question

enuresis

answer

is the involuntary discharge of urine

question

nocturnal enuresis

answer

is urinary incontinence during sleep

question

nocturia

answer

frequent and excessive urination during the night

question

oliguria

answer

means scanty urination

question

polyuria

answer

means excessive urination, and is a common symptom of diabetes

question

urinary hesitancy

answer

is difficulty starting a urinary stream, most common in older men with enlarged prostate glands

question

urinary retention

answer

is the inability to completely empty the bladder when attempting to urinate

question

incontinence

answer

is the inability to control the excretion of urine, feces or both

question

overflow incontinence

answer

is continuous leaking from the bladder wither because it is full or because it does not empty completely

question

stress incontinence

answer

the inability to control the voiding of urine under physical stress such as running, lifting, sneezing, laughing, or coughing, this condition occurs more often in women than men

question

overactive bladder (OAB)

answer

occurs when the muscles of the bladder contract involuntarily even though the bladder is not actually full enough to indicate the need to urinate, the urinary sphincters relaxation in response tot his urgent need to urinate may result in urinary frequency or accidental urination, this is common in adults over 40 and may be caused by excessive consumption of alcohol or caffeine, urinary tract infections, neurological diseases, or bladder or prostate problems

question

urinalysis

answer

the examination of urine to determine the presence of abnormal element, used to diagnose diseases as well as to detect the presence of illegal drugs

question

bladder ultrasound

answer

is the use of a hand-held ultrasound transducer to look for stones or for elevation of the bladder by an enlarged prostate and to measure the residual amount of urine remaining in the bladder after urination

question

urinary catheterization

answer

the insertion of a tube into the bladder to procure a sterile specimen for diagnostic purposes, it is also used to drain urine from the bladder when the patient is unable to urinate for other reasons, another use is to put medication into the bladder

question

cytoscopy

answer

is the visual examination of the urinary bladder with the use of a specialized type of endoscope known as a cytoscope

question

voiding cystourethrography

answer

a diagnostic procedure in which a fluoroscope is used to examine the flow of urine from the bladder and through the urethra

question

computed tomography (CAT scan)

answer

more commonly used as a primary tool for evaluation of the urinary system because it can be rapidly preformed and provides additional imaging of the abdomen which may reveal other potential sources for the patient's symptoms

question

cystography

answer

a radiographic, or x-ray, examination of the bladder after a contrast medium is instilled via a urethral catheter

question

intravenous pyelogram

answer

a radiographic study of the kidneys and ureters, a contrast medium is administered intravenously to clearly define these structures in the resulting image, this examination is used to diagnose changes in the urinary tract resulting from nephroliths, infections, enlarged prostate, tumors and internal injuries after an abdominal trauma

question

KUB (kidneys, ureters, bladder)

answer

a radiographic study without the use of a contrast medium,used to detect bowel obstructions and nephroliths

question

retrograde urography

answer

a radiograph of the urinary system taken after a contrast medium has been placed in the urethra through a sterile catheter and caused to flow upward through the urinary tract

question

digital rectal examination

answer

preformed on men using a gloved finger placed in the rectum to palpate the prostate gland to detect prostate enlargement and to look for indications of prostate cancer or tumors of the rectum

question

prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

answer

blood test used to screen for prostate cancer

question

diuretics

answer

medications used to increase urine secretion, primarily to rid the body of excess water and salt

question

dialysis

answer

a procedure to remove waste products such as urea, creatinine, as well as excess water from the blood of a patient whose kidneys no longer function

question

hemodialysis

answer

the process by which waste products are filtered directly from the patient's blood

question

peritoneal dialysis

answer

the lining of the peritoneal cavity acts as the filter to remove waste from the blood

question

nephrolysis

answer

is the surgical freeing of the kidney form adhesions

question

nephropexy

answer

AKA nephrorrhaphy is the surgical fixation of nephroptosis or a floating kidney

question

nephrostomy

answer

is the placement of a catheter to maintain an opening from the pelvis of one or both kidneys to the exterior of the body

question

pyeloplasty

answer

the surgical repair of the ureter and renal pelvis

question

pyelotomy

answer

surgical incision into the renal pelvis

question

renal transplant (kidney transplant)

answer

the grafting of a donor kidney from either a living or nonliving donor, into the body to replace the recipient's failed kidneys

question

extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL)

answer

high energy ultrasonic waves travelling through water or gel are used to break the stone into fragments which are then passed through urine

question

percutaneous nephrolithotomy

answer

the surgical removal of a nephrolith through a small incision in the back

question

ureterectomy

answer

the surgical removal of a ureter

question

ureteroplasty

answer

the surgical repair of a ureter

question

ureterorrhaphy

answer

the surgical suturing of a ureter

question

ureteroscopy

answer

is a treatment for a nephrolith lodged in the ureter, a specialized instrument called a ureteroscope is inserted throuht the urethra and the bladder into the ureter, if possible the nephrolith is removed intact through the scope, if the stone is too large a laser is used to break it up and the pieces are then removed

question

cystectomy

answer

is the surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder

question

neobladder

answer

a replacement for the missing bladder created by using about 20 inches of the small intestine, it allows patient's to avoid having an abdominal stoma

question

ileal conduit

answer

is the use of a small piece of intestine to convey urine to the ureters and to a stoma in the abdomen

question

cystopexy

answer

is the surgical fixation of the bladder to the abdominal wall

question

cystorrhaphy

answer

the surgical suturing of a wound or defect in the bladder

question

lithotomy

answer

is a surgical incision for the removal of a nephrolith from the bladder

question

indwelling catheter

answer

remains inside the body for a prolonged period of time based on need

question

suprapubic cateterization

answer

the placement of a catheter into the bladder through a small incision made through the abdominal wall just above the pubic bone

question

Foley catheter

answer

made of a flexible tube with a balloon filled with sterile water to hold it into the bladder

question

intermittent catheter

answer

is inserted as needed several times a day to drain urine from the bladder

question

meatotomy

answer

a surgical incision made in the urethral meatus to enlarge the opening

question

urethropexy

answer

the surgical fixation of the urethra to nearby tissue, this procedure is usually used to correct urinary stress incontinence

question

urethrotomy

answer

surgical incision into the urethra for relief of stricture

question

ablation

answer

used to describe some types of treatment of prostate cancer, this treatment involves the removal of a body part or the destruction of of it's function through the use of surgery , hormones, drugs, heat, chemicals, elecrocautery, or other methods

question

prostatectomy

answer

the surgical removal of part or all of the prostate gland

question

transurethral prostatectomy (TURP)

answer

is the removal of excess tissue from an enlarged prostate gland with the use of a resectoscope

question

retrograde ejaculation

answer

when an orgasm results in semen flowing backward into into the bladder instead of out through the penis

question

Kegel exercises

answer

a series of pelvic muscle exercises used to strengthen the muscles of the pelvic floor

question

bladder retraining

answer

is behavioral therapy in which a patient learns to urinate on a schedule with increasingly larger intervals as the bladder increases its capacity

question

ARF

answer

Acute Renal Failure

question

BPH

answer

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

question

cath

answer

catheterization

question

CKD

answer

Chronic Kidney Disease

question

cysto

answer

cystoscopy

question

DRE

answer

Digital Rectal Examination

question

ESRD

answer

End-Stage Renal Disease

question

IVP

answer

Intravenous Pyelogram

question

PKD

answer

Polycystic Kidney Disease

question

TURP

answer

Transurethral Resection of the Prostate

question

UTI

answer

Urinary Tract Infection

Medical Terminology for Health Professions Chapter 9 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards