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Blood

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hem/o or hemat/o 55% is liquid = plasma 45% is solid = cells Cells containing fluid that circulates through the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries, carrying nourishment, electrolytes, hormones, vitamins, antibodies, heat and oxygen to the tissue and taking away waste matter and carbon dioxide.

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Venipunture (phlebotomy):

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blood is withdrawn from the vein for testing.

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Liquid plasma

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55% of the total blood volume. 92% water and contains the plasma proteins (albumin, globulins and fibrinogen), as well as gases, nutrients, salts, hormones and excretory products.

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Blood serum

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serum: ser/o product of blood plasma that does not contain fibrinogen (fibrinogen is responsible for clotting of blood).

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Red blood cells

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Erythrocytes: Erythr/o = red Function: carry oxygen to tissues and carbon dioxide to the lungs. The average life cycle of a red blood cell is 120 days Hemoglobin gives the RBC's color.

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White blood cells

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Leukocyte Leuk/o = white 1 ½ times larger than RBCs. Function: Protects the body against infection by bacterial and foreign substances. The white blood cells have a rather short life cycle, living from a few days to a few weeks. A drop of blood can contain anywhere from 7 000 to 25 000 white blood cells at a time. If an invading infection fights back and persists, that number will significantly increase.

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Granulocytes

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have granules (little grains) in cytoplasm.

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Neutrophils:

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(50-70%) most numerous of the WBCs. Responsible for body's protection against infection.

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Eosinophil

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(1-4%) greatest in numbers when there is an allergic reaction or parasitic infection.

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Basophils:

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(0-1%) least in numbers of the five types of WBCs. There is an increase when there is healing, migrate to the inflamed area

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Agranulocytes

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few granules in the cytoplasm.

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Lymphocytes

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(20-40%) smallest of the WBCs. Involved with the immune system and the production of antibodies.

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Monocytes

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(3-8%) one of the first lines of defense in the inflammation process. Largest of the WBCs. Circulate into the tissues and mature into macrophage

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Platelets

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Thrombocyte : Function: Small cells which aid in blood clotting when an injury occurs. The human body does not handle excessive blood loss well. Therefore, the body has ways of protecting itself. If, for some unexpected reason, sudden blood loss occurs, the blood platelets kick into action. Platelets are irregularly-shaped, colorless bodies that are present in blood. Their sticky surface lets them, along with other substances, form clots to stop bleeding. The lifespan of a platelet is 8-12 days and there are 150 - 350,000/cubic millimeter of blood. Generally, low platelet counts increase bleeding risks and high counts may lead to thrombosis.

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Blood groups

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four groups: ABO system: discovered in 1901. Discovered because physicians were trying to learn why blood transfusions sometimes caused death and at other times save a patient.

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A, B, AB, and O:

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system of classifying blood according to differences in antigen makeup. There are two antigens and two antibodies that are mostly responsible for the ABO types. Type A: second most common blood type. Type B: third most common blood type. Type AB: least common blood type. Type O: most common.

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Antigen

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(identifier) foreign materials that when introduced into the body stimulates the production of an antibody. Antigens include toxins, bacteria, foreign blood cells, and the cells of transplanted organs. Naturally occurring antigens are the blood type factors A and B that are present at birth in some individuals.

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Antibodies:

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(destroyer) a Y-shaped protein on the surface of B cells that is secreted into the blood or lymph in response to an antigenic stimulus, such as a bacterium, virus, parasite, or transplanted organ, and that neutralizes the antigen by binding specifically to it; an immunoglobulin. An antibody then helps to neutralize or inactivate the antigen that stimulated its formation.

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Two types of antigens on the surface of RBCs: A or B.

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Type A: second most common blood type, contains the A antigen and the anti-B antibody. Type B: third most common blood type, contains the B antigen and the anti-A antibody. Type AB: least common blood type, contains A and B antigens and no anti-A or anti-B antibodies. Type O: most common, contains no A or B antigens and both anti-A and anti-B antibodies. O - blood: universal donor. AB+ blood: universal recipient, no antibodies or A or B. Blood type diet: according to the author of Eat Right For Your Type, a chemical reaction occurs between your blood and the foods you eat. This reaction is part of your genetic inheritance. This reaction is caused by a factor called Lectins. Lectins, abundant and diverse proteins found in foods, have agglutinating properties that affect your blood. So when you eat a food containing protein lectins that are incompatible with your body type antigen, the lectins target an organ or bodily system and begin to agglutinate blood cells in that area. Type O: do well as meat eaters. Type A: do well as vegetarians. Type B: do well with a balanced diet. Type AB: do well with a mixed diet in moderation.

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Rh Factor

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discovered in 1940. 85% are Rh + and 15% are Rh-. A system of antigens (identifiers) discovered on the surface of the RBCs of the rhesus monkey. When the Rh factor is present in an individual then the person is Rh positive. If Rh antigen is absent then the person is Rh negative. If a negative person receives positive blood, there are problems because the positive blood has antigens (identifiers) so the negative person develops antibodies (destroyers). The negative person now builds antigens (identifiers). If Rh positive blood is transfused into an Rh negative person, the recipient will begin to develop antibodies that would agglutinate (clot) any Rh positive blood if another transfusion were to occur subsequently. Erythroblastosis fetalis: If a pregnant women has Rh negative blood and if the baby has Rh positive blood and if in the next pregnancy the new baby has Rh positive blood then the Rh antibodies in the mothers blood may pass the placenta and destroy the erythrocytes of the new fetus. Biliverdin and bilirubin levels rise which deposit in the skin and developing teeth of the fetus. Only the primary teeth are affected with colors from green/bluish green to yellowish gray. Permanent teeth are typically not affected. The child that is born will also have an enlarged liver or spleen, edema, jaundice, and anemia. Laboratory tests will show low hemoglobin, hematocrit, and RBCs in the fetus. Treatment: blood transfusion in or out of utero. Failure to act could result in the child having mental retardation or will result in death of the child.

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Hemolytic disease (HDN):

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pertains to breakdown of RBCs. Anemia, jaundice, liver and spleen enlargement. May cause death inutero due to transplacental transmission of maternal antibody.

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Lymphatic system:

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Consists of the fluid lymph, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and tonsils.

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Lymphatic system:Primary function:

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drain fluid from the tissue spaces and return the fluid to the blood. Other functions: transporting materials (nutrients, hormones, and oxygen) to the body cells and carry waste products from the body tissues back to the bloodstream. Transports lipids away from the digestive organs. Aids in the control of infection by providing lymphocytes and monocytes.

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Lymph

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lymph/o clear, watery fluid that surrounds body cells and flows in a system of lymph vessels that extend throughout the body. Originates from blood plasma. Blood circulates through the capillaries, small amounts of plasma seep through the capillary wall, (now called interstitial fluid), this fluid either returns to the capillary or enters the lymph capillary and is then called lymph. Lymph passes from lymph capillaries to larger vessels and to lymph nodes. Lymph vessels: CF: lymphangi/o begin as closed-ended capillaries in tissue spaces and terminate at the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct in the chest cavity. Lymph nodes: CF: lymphaden/o small filtering stations which help fight infection. Serve as depositories for cellular debris. Lymph is filtered and replenished with lymphocytes and antibodies. The macrophages lining the lymph nodes destroy bacterial and debris. Lymph nodes become larger in size when there is an infection due to the increase in the number of bacteria.

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Lymph circulation

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lymph vessels form the right chest and arm join the right lymphatic duct which drains into the right subclavian vein. All other sites enter the thoracic duct and drain into the left subclavian vein. Lymph is now in the blood and will circulate and become plasma.

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Three Lymphatic organs :

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Spleen: CF: splen/o blood formation, storage and filtration. Destroys old RBCs Forms red and white blood cells prior to birth. After birth, produces lymphocytes (involved with immune response and production of antibodies) and monocytes (defense for inflammation, become macrophages). Repository for healthy RBCs.

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Splenectomy

answer

Splenectomy is rather infrequently needed to help lymphoma patients. From the time the spleen has been removed, however, you are at risk from severe infections.Without protection, there is a risk of harmful infections with Streptococcus pneumoniae (pnuemococcus), Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus), and malaria. Also tick-borne babesiosis, Capnocytophaga canimorsus from dog bites and, to a lesser extent, other streptococci, E.coli, pseudomonas and staphylococci.

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Thymus gland

answer

thym/o organ located in the mediastinal cavity anterior to and above the heart. Thymus grows rapidly during the first two years of life and then slows down. Function: development of the immune response in newborns. If removed at an early age then there is an increased risk of acute infections. The thymus is essential to the maturation of the thymic lymphoid cells: T cells (the cells important in the body's cellular immune response).

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Tonsils

answer

a mass of lymphatic tissue located in the depressions of the mucous membranes of the fauses (opening form mouth and oral pharynx and pharynx. Function: produces lymphocytes (involved with immune system and production of antibodies) and monocytes (first line of defense in the inflammation process, become macrophages) and contains macrophages that phagocytize pathogens that get through the epithelium. Also aid in the development of WBCs. Tonsillectomy provides a reduction in the episodes of sore throat, days of school absence associated with sore throat, and upper respiratory infections

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Immune system:

answer

is responsible for identifying invaders and destroying the invaders and then retreating with the memory of the invader and how to destroy the invader. Antigens are identifiers and antibodies are destroyers. Immune: CF: immun/o

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Immunity:

answer

if you are immune then you are protected from or resistant to a disease or infection by a pathogenic organism as a result of the development of antibodies or cell-mediated immunity. Ex: Chicken pox vaccine

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WBCs role in the immune system

answer

the monocytes and lymphocytes are WBCs used in the immune system. Monocytes leave the vascular system, enter the tissue and become macrophages. The macrophages then consume large numbers of bacteria and other antigens. The monocytes process these bacteria and place their antigenic property on their cell surface and become antigen-presenting cells (APCs). APCs will encounter lymphocytes (involved with immune system and production of antibodies) and initiate immune response. Macrophages are found in spleen, lymph nodes, alveoli and tonsils.

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Lymphocytes

answer

wo specific lymphocytes in the immune system

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T lymphocytes (T-cells)

answer

develops in the bone marrow and migrates to the thymus gland where the cells begin to mature. T cells circulate throughout the body and are essential for specific immune response. T cells determine a weakness in cellular membrane of the antigen (identifier) and use the weakness as a point of attack to destroy the antigen.

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B lymphocytes (B-cells):

answer

formed in the bone marrow and migrate to the spleen and lymph nodes. B cells produce a clone of cells called plasma cells that produce antibodies (destroyers). Antibodies (destroyers) enter the circulatory system and travel through the plasma, tissue fluid and lymph.

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Anemia

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a decrease in the number of circulating RBCs per cubic mm of blood. This decrease will reduce the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. Exists when hemoglobin content is less than that required to provide the oxygen demands of body. Not a disease but a symptom for a disease.

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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS):

answer

the final stage of infection by the HIV virus. This virus destroys the immune system and compromise patient's health.

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Allergy

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are inappropriate or exaggerated reactions of the immune system. An acquired abnormal immune response to a substance (allergen) that does not normally cause a reaction.

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Autoimmune disease:

answer

disease produced when the body's normal tolerance of its own antigenic (identifiers) markers on cells disappear. Body produces antibodies (destroyer) against antigens found on its own cells.

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Edema

answer

local or generalized condition in which the body tissues contain an excessive amount of tissue fluid. Results from increased permeability of capillary walls, increased capillary pressure due to venous obstruction or heart failure, lymphatic obstruction, disturbances in renal function, reduction of plasma proteins, inflammatory condition, fluid and electrolyte disturbances, etc.

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Hemophilia:

answer

a hereditary blood condition marked by prolonged coagulation time with consequent failure of blood to clot and abnormal bleeding.

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Infectious mononucleosis

answer

acute infectious disease that affects primarily lymphoid tissue. May be caused by Epstein-Barr virus however can be caused by other viruses. Symptoms: incubation period of 4-7 weeks, flu-like, fever, sore throat, fatigue, enlarged and tender lymph nodes, enlarged spleen and increase in the number of atypical or abnormal mononuclear leukocytes in the blood (having one nucleus). Recovery ensures a lasting immunity.

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Leukemia

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a malignancy of the blood forming cells of the bone marrow. Malignant cells replace healthy bone marrow cells. Most common in adults is acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Survival rate is poor. Death within one year.

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Hodgkin's disease

answer

malignant disease that affects the lymph nodes. Lymph nodes enlarge. The spleen, GI tract, or bone marrow may be involved.

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Kaposi's Sarcoma:

answer

malignancy associated with AIDS. The tumors metastasize to various organs. Tumors start as blue-red skin nodules starting at the feet and ankles and spread up the legs and then appear on the hands and arms.

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aden/o

answer

gland

question

aggluntin/o

answer

clumping. gluing

question

bas/o

answer

base

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blast/o

answer

embryonic cell

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chrom/o

answer

color

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eosin/o

answer

dawn (rose-colored)

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granul/o

answer

granule

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eythr/o

answer

red

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hemat/o

answer

blood

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hem/o

answer

blood

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immun/o

answer

immune, immunity, safe

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kary/o

answer

nucleus

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nucle/o

answer

nucleus

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kary/o

answer

nucleus

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leuk/o

answer

white

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lymphaden/o:

answer

lymph gland (node)

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lymph/o

answer

lymph

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lymphangi/o:

answer

lymph vessel

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morph/o:

answer

form, shape, structure

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myel/o

answer

bone marrow, spinal cord

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neutr/o

answer

neutral, neither

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phag/o

answer

swallowing,eatting

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plas/o

answer

formation, growth

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poikil/o:

answer

varied, irregular

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reticul/o

answer

net, mesh

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ser/o

answer

serum

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sider/o

answer

iron

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splen/o

answer

spleen

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thromb/o

answer

blood clot

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thym/o

answer

thymus gland

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xen/o

answer

foreign strange

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-blast

answer

embryonic cell

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-emia

answer

blood

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-globin

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protien

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-graft

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transplantation

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-osis

answer

abnormal condition,increase

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-penia

answer

decrease, deficiency

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-phil

answer

attraction for

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-phoresis

answer

carrying, transmission

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-phylaxis

answer

protection

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-poiesis

answer

formation, production

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-stasis

answer

standing still

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a-

answer

without, not

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allo-

answer

other, differing from the normal

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aniso-:

answer

unequal, dissimilar

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iso-

answer

same. equal

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macro-

answer

large

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mirco-

answer

small

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mono-

answer

one

question

poly-

answer

many, much

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ana/phylaxis:

answer

against, up, back/ protection

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immuno/patho/logy

answer

immune, immunity, safe/ disease/ study of

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bacter/emia

answer

bacteria/ blood condition

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hemat/oma

answer

blood/ tumor hemo/lysis: blood/ separation, destruction, loosening

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lymph/adeno/pathy

answer

lymph/ gland/ disease

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sero/logy:

answer

serum/ study of

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erythro/cyte

answer

red/ cell

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lymph/angio/graphy:

answer

lymph/ vessel/ process of recording

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lymph/angi/ectomy

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lymph/ vessel/ excision

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Agglutination

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agglutin/ation ( a glooti-na-shun) clumping,gluing/process of : process of clumping

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Amorphic:

answer

a/morph/ic (An-morphic) without,not/forming shape,structure/pertaining too : without a (definite) form

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Erythrocyte

answer

erythr/o/cyte ( eurthro-sight) red/cell : red cell

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Hematoma

answer

Hemat/oma (hema-tom-a) : blood/tumor : blood tumor

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Hemophobia

answer

hem/o/phobis (hema-phobia) blood/fear : fear of blood

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Immunology

answer

Immun/o/logy (immune-ology) immune,immunity,safe/ study of : study of immunity

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Lymphadenopathy

answer

lymphaden/o/pathy ( lymph-aden-O--pathy) lymph gland (node)/ disease : disease of the lymph nodes

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Lymphangioma:

answer

lymphangi/oma (lymph-angea-oma) lymph vessel/tumor : tumor (composed of lymph vessels

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Lymphoid:

answer

lymph/ (lymph-oid) lymph/resembling :resembling lymph

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Macrocyte

answer

Macro/cyte (Macrow-sight) large/cell: Large (red) cell

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Microcyte

answer

Mirco/cyte ( Microw-sight) small/cell: small (red) cell

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Mononuclear

answer

Mono/nucle/ar (mono-nucle-ar) one/ nucleus/pertaining too : pertaining to single nucleus.

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Mononucleosis

answer

Mono/nucle/o/sis (Mono-nucli-osis) one/nucleus/ abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells) : abnormal increase of mononuclear

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Morphology

answer

Morph/o/logy (morpho-ology) form,shape,structure/study of : study of form,shape and structure

question

Polymorphic:

answer

Poly/morph/ic (poly-morphic) many.much/ form,shape,structure/ pertaining too : pertaining to many forms or shapes

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Serology:

answer

Ser/o/logy (ser-ology) serum /study of : study of serum

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Sideropenia

answer

Sider/o/penia (sidero-penia) iron/decrease,deficiency : deficiency of iron

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Splenorrhagia:

answer

Splen/o/rrhagia (spleen-O-rrahgia) spleen/bursting forth : bursting forth of the spleen.

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Thymopathy:

answer

thym/o/pathy (thy-moe-pathy) thymus gland/disease : disease of the thymus gland

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Thrombosis

answer

thromb/o/sis ( thromb-O-sis) blood clot/abnormal condition;increase 9used primarily with blood cells) : abnormal condtion of a blood clot

Medical Terminology :Chapter 9: Blood, Lymph, and Immune Systems – Flashcards

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