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Anatomic Position

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Standing straight, palms facing forward

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Midsagittal

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This vertical plane, aka the midline divides the body into equal left and right halves

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Sagittal

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This vertical plane divides the body into unequal left and right portions

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Frontal

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This vertical plane aka the coronal divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back)

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Transverse

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This horizontal plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions. This plane can be at any other level across the body

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Ventral

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Front, or belly side of the organ (body direction)

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Dorsal

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Back side of the organ (body direction)

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Situated in the front (body direction)

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Posterior

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Situated in the back (body direction)

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Superior

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Uppermost, above, or toward the head (body direction)

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Inferior

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Lowermost, below, or toward the feet (body direction)

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Cephalic

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Toward the head (body direction)

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Caudal

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Toward the lower part of the body (body direction)

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Proximal

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Situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure (body direction)

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Distal

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Situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure (body direction)

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Medial

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The direction toward or nearer the midline (body direction)

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Lateral

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The direction toward or nearer the side and away from the midline (body direction)

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Dorsal (Cavity)

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Located along the back of the body and head, contains organs of the nervous system that coordinate body functions

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Dorsal (Cavity)

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This cavity contains the cranial cavity and spinal cavity

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Cranial (Cavity)

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This cavity is located within the skull, it surrounds and protects the brain

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Spinal (Cavity)

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This cavity is located within the spinal column, it surrounds and protects the spinal cord

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Ventral (Cavity)

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This cavity is located along the front of the body and contains the organs which maintain homeostasis

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Ventral (Cavity)

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This cavity contains the thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, and the pelvic cavity

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Thoracic (Cavity)

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This cavity is also known as the chest cavity or thorax, it surrounds and protects the heart and lungs

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Diaphragm

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A muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities

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Abdominal (Cavity)

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This cavity contains primarily the major organs of digestion

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Pelvic (Cavity)

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This cavity is the space formed by the hip bones and contains primarily the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems

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Abdominopelvic (Cavity)

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The cavity referring to the area which combines the abdominal and pelvic cavities

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Inguinal

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Referring to the groin

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Groin

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The crease at the junction of the trunk with the upper end of the thigh

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Abdominal (Region)

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Made up of invisible quadrants, this region helps to better describe where organs and pain are located

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Thorax (Region)

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Made up of nine parts, this region helps to better describe where organs and pain are located

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Hypochondriac (Region/s)

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This region is located on the left and right sides of the body and is covered by the lower ribs

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Hypochondriac

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Below the ribs

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Epigastric (Region)

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This region is located above the stomach

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Epigastric

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Above the stomach

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Lumbar (Region)

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This region is located on the left and right sides near the inward curve of the spine

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Lumbar

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Lower back between the ribs and the pelvis

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Umbilical (Region)

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This region surrounds the umbilicus

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Iliac (Region)

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This region is located on the left and right sides over the hip bones, it is named for the wide portion of the hip bone

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Hypogastric (Region)

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This region is located below the stomach

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Hypogastric

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Below the stomach

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Abdominal (Region)

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This region is made up of the right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), and left lower quadrant (LLQ)

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Peritoneum

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A multi-layered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity

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Membrane

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A thin layer of tissue that covers a surface, lines a cavity, or divides a space or organ

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Parietal Peritoneum

answer

The outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall

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Parietal

answer

Meaning cavity wall

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Visceral Peritoneum

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The inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity

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Visceral

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Relating to the internal organs

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Mesentery

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A fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall

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Retroperitoneal

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Located behind the peritoneum

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Peritonitis

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Inflammation of the peritoneum

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Cells

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The basic structural and functional units of the body, the are specialized and grouped together to form tissues and organs

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Cytology

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The study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology, and chemistry of the cell

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Cell Membrane

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The tissue that surrounds and protects the contents of the cell by separating them from its external environment

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Cytoplasm

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The material within the cell membrane that is *not* part of the nucleus

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Plasm

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Formative material of cells

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cyt/o

answer

Cell (word root)

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Stem Cell(s)

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Unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division

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Adult Stem Cell(s)

answer

Also known as *somatic cells*, these cells are undifferentiated and found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ. The primary role of these cells is to maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found

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Undifferentiated

answer

Not having a specialized function or structure

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Differentiated

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Having a specialized function or structure

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Hemopoietic

answer

Meaning blood forming

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Graft Versus Host Disease

answer

Condition that occurs following bone marrow transplant in which the immune cells in the transplanted marrow produce antibodies against the host's tissues

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Embryonic Stem Cell(s)

answer

Undifferentiated cells that are unlike any specific adult cell, but have the ability to form *any* adult cell. Found in cord blood and the placenta at birth

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Gene(s)

answer

A fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity

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Genetics

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The study of how genes are transferred from parents to their children and the role of genes in health and disease

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Dominant

answer

When this type of gene is inherited from *either* parent, the offspring *will* inherit that genetic condition or characteristic

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Recessive

answer

When this type of gene is inherited from *both* parents, the offspring *will* have that condition or characteristic

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Recessive

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When this type of gene is inherited from only one parent, and a normal gene is inherited from the other, the offspring will *not* have that condition or characteristic

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Genome

answer

The complete set of genetic information of an individual

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Chromosome

answer

The genetic structures located within the nucleus of each cell

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Chromosome

answer

Each _______________ contains about 100,000 genes

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Somatic Cell(s)

answer

Any cell in the body except the gametes

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Somatic

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Pertaining to the body in general

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Sex Cell(s)

answer

Also known as a *gamete*, is the only type of cell which does not contain 46 chromosomes but instead contains 23 single chromosomes

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XY

answer

Male chromosome pair

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XX

answer

Female chromosome pair

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Deoxyribonucleic Acid

answer

DNA

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DNA

answer

Located on the pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus of each cell

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DNA

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Packaged in a chromosome as two spiraling strands that twist together to form a double helix

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Helix

answer

A shape twisted like a spiral staircase

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Double Helix

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Two staircase shapes twisted together

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Erythrocytes

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DNA is found in the nucleus of all types of cells except ________________, because they do not have a nucleus

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Genetic Mutation

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A change of the sequence of a DNA molecule which can be caused by exposure to radiation or environmental pollution

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Somatic Cell Mutation

answer

A change within the cells of the body which affect the individual but *cannot* be transmitted to the next generation

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Gametic Cell Mutation

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A change within the genes in a gamete that *can* be transmitted by a parent to his or her children

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Genetic Engineering

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The manipulating or splicing of genes for scientific or medical purposes

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Genetic Disorder

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Also known as a *hereditary disorder*, is a pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene

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Phenylketonuria

answer

PKU

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Tissue

answer

A group or layer of similarly specialized cells that join together to perform certain specific functions

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Epithelial (Tissue)

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This type of tissue forms a protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body

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Connective (Tissue)

answer

This type of tissue supports and connects organs and other body tissues

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Muscle (Tissue)

answer

This type of tissue contains cells with the specialized ability to contract and relax

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Nerve (Tissue)

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This type of tissue contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and to conduct electrical impulses

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Histology

answer

The study of the structure, composition, and function of tissues

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hist/o

answer

Tissue (word root)

question

Histologist

answer

A specialist in the study of the organization of tissues at all levels

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Epithelium

answer

This specialized tissue forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of mucous membranes

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Endothelium

answer

This specialized tissue lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organs

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Dense Connective (Tissue/s)

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This type of tissue, such as bone and cartilage, form the joints and framework of the body

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Adipose (Tissue)

answer

Also known as *fat*, this tissue provides protective padding, insulation, and support

question

adip/o

answer

Fat (word root)

question

Loose Connective (Tissue/s)

answer

This tissue surrounds various organs and supports both nerve cells and blood vessels

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Liquid Connective (Tissue/s)

answer

These tissues are blood and lymph and transport nutrients and waste products through the body

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Aplasia

answer

The defective development or congenital absence of an organ or tissue

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a-

answer

Meaning without (prefix)

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-plasia

answer

Meaning formation (suffix)

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Hypoplasia

answer

The incomplete development of an organ or tissue usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells

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Anaplasia

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A change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other. A characteristic of tumor formations in cancer

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ana-

answer

Meaning excessive (prefix)

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Dysplasia

answer

Abnormal development or growth in cells, tissues, or organs

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Hyperplasia

answer

The enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an abnormal increase in the number of cells in the tissues

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Hypertrophy

answer

A general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in the size, but not the number, of cells in the tissues. Not due to tumor formation

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Gland

answer

A group of specialized epithelial cells that are capable of producing secretions

question

Secretion(s)

answer

A substance produced by a gland

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Exocrine (Gland/s)

answer

These glands secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body, such as sweat glands

question

Endocrine (Gland/s)

answer

The glands produce hormones, do not have ducts, and are secreted directly into the bloodstream and then transported to organs and structures throughout the body

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-crine

answer

Meaning to secrete (suffix)

question

endo-

answer

Meaning within (prefix)

question

Adenitis

answer

The inflammation of a gland

question

Adenocarcinoma

answer

A malignant tumor that originates in glandular tissue

question

Malignant

answer

Meaning harmful, capable of spreading, and potentially life threatening

question

Adenoma

answer

A benign tumor that arises in, or resembles, glandular tissue

question

-oma

answer

Meaning tumor (suffix)

question

Benign

answer

Meaning not life threatening

question

Adenomalacia

answer

The abnormal softening of a gland

question

Adenosis

answer

Any disease condition of a gland

question

Adenosclerosis

answer

The abnormal hardening of a gland

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Adenectomy

answer

The surgical removal of a gland

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Organ

answer

A somewhat independent part of the body that performs a specific function

question

Pathology

answer

The study of the nature and cause of disease that involves changes in structure and function. Also meaning a condition produced by disease

question

path/o

answer

meaning disease; and also suffering, feeling, and emotion (word root)

question

Pathologist

answer

A specialist in the laboratory analysis of tissue samples to confirm or establish a diagnosis

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Postmortem

answer

Meaning after death

question

Etiology

answer

The study of the causes of diseases

question

eti-

answer

Meaning cause (prefix)

question

Pathogen

answer

A disease-producing microorganism such as a virus

question

Transmission

answer

The spread of a disease

question

Contamination

answer

Meaning that a pathogen is possibly present due to a lack of proper hygiene standards or failed infection control precautions

question

Communicable Disease

answer

Also known as a *contagious disease*, this is any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either by direct or indirect contact with contaminated objects

question

Communicable

answer

Means capable of being transmitted

question

Indirect Contact Transmission

answer

Refers to situations in which a susceptible person is infected by contact with a contaminated surface

question

Blood-borne Transmission

answer

The spread of a disease through contact with blood or other bodily fluids that are contaminated with blood

question

Airborne Transmission

answer

This occurs through contact with contaminated respiratory droplets spread by a cough or sneeze

question

Food-borne (and water-borne) Transmission

answer

Also known as *fecal-oral transmission*, this is caused by eating or drinking contaminated food or water that has not been properly treated to remove contamination or kill pathogens that are present

question

Vector-borne Transmission

answer

The spread of certain disease due to the bite of a vector, such as a fly, mite, flea, tick, rat, dog, or mosquito

question

Epidemiologist

answer

A specialist in the study of outbreaks of disease within a population group

question

dem

answer

Meaning population (word part)

question

Endemic

answer

The ongoing presence of a disease within a population, group, or area

question

Epidemic

answer

A sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area

question

Pandemic

answer

An outbreak of a disease occurring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide

question

Functional Disorder

answer

Produces symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified, such as a panic attack

question

Iatrogenic Illness

answer

An unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment, such as severe burns resulting from radiation therapy

question

Idiopathic Disorder

answer

An illness without known cause

question

idi/o

answer

Meaning peculiar to the individual

question

Infectious Disease

answer

An illness caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses

question

Nosocomial Infection

answer

A disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting

question

Organic Disorder

answer

This disorder produces symptoms caused by detectable physical changes in the body

question

Congenital Disorder

answer

An abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth

question

Developmental Disorder

answer

Also known as a *birth defect*, this disorder can result in an anomaly or malformation such as the absence of a limb or the presence of an extra toe

question

Anomaly

answer

A deviation from what is regarded as normal

question

Atresia

answer

The congenital absence of a normal opening or the failure of a structure to be tubular

question

Prenatal Influences

answer

The mother's health, behavior, and prenatal medical care received before delivery

question

Premature Birth

answer

A birth that occurs earlier than 37 weeks of development which can cause serious health problems because the baby's body systems have not had time to form completely

question

Birth Injuries

answer

Congenital disorders that were not present before the events surrounding the time of birth

question

Geriatrics

answer

The study of the medical problem and care of the aged

question

Geriatrician

answer

A physician who specializes in the care of older people

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