Medical Terminology: Chapter 13 – Blood System – Flashcards
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basophil
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White blood cell containing granules that stain blue; associated with release of histamine and heparin.
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bilirubin
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Orange-yellow pigment in bile; formed by the breakdown of hemoglobin when red blood cells die.
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coagulation
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Blood-clotting.
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colony-stimulation factor CSF
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Protein that stimulates the growth and proliferation of white blood cells (granulocytes).
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differentiation
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Change in structure and function of a cell as it matures; specialization.
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electrophoresis
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Method of separating serum proteins by electrical charge.
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eosinophil
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White blood cell containing granules that stain red; associated with allergic reactions.
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erythrocyte
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Red blood cell. There are about 5 million per microliter or cubic millimeter (mm3) of blood.
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erythropoietin EPO
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Hormone secreted by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell formation.
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fibrin
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Protein threads that form the basis of a blood clot.
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fibrinogen
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Plasma protein that is converted to fibrin in the clotting process.
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globulin
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Plasma protein; alpha, beta, and gamma (immune) globulins are examples.
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granulocyte
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White blood cell with numerous dark-staining granules; eosinophil, neutrophil, and basophil.
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hemoglobin
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Blood protein containing iron; carries oxygen in red blood cells.
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hemolysis
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Destruction or breakdown of blood (red blood cells).
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heparin
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Anticoagulant found in blood and tissue cells.
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immune reaction
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Response of the immune system to foreign invasion.
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immunoglobulin
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Protein (globulin) with antibody activity; examples are IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD. Immun/o means protection.
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leukocyte
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White blood cell.
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lymphocyte
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Mononuclear leukocyte that produces antibodies.
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macrophage
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Monocyte that migrates from the blood to the tissue spaces. As a phagocyte, it engulfs foreign material and debris.
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megakaryocyte
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Large platelet precursor cell found in the bone marrow.
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monocyte
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Leukocyte with one large nucleus. It is a cell that engulfs foreign material and debris. Monocytes become macrophages as they leave the blood and enter body tissues.
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mononuclear
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Pertaining to a cell (leukocyte) with a single round nucleus; lymphocytes.
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neutrophil
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Granulocytic leukocyte formed in bone marrow. It is a phagocytic tissue-fighting cell. Also called a polymorphonuclear leukocyte.
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plasma
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Liquid portion of blood; contains water, proteins, salts, nutrients, hormones, and vitamins.
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plasmapheresis
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Removal of plasma from withdrawn blood by centrifuge. Collected cells are retransfused back into the donor. Fresh-frozen plasma or salt solution is used to replace withdrawn plasma.
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platelet
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Small blood fragment that collects at sites of injury to begin the clotting process.
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prothrombin
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Plasma protein; converted to thrombin in the clotting process.
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reticulocyte
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Immature erythrocyte. A network of strands (reticulin) is seen after staining the cell with special dyes.
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Rh factor
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Antigen on red blood cells of RH-positive (RH+) individuals. The factor was first identified in the blood of a rhesus monkey.
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serum
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Plasma minus clotting proteins and cells. Clear, yellowish fluid that separates from blood when it is allowed to clot. It is formed from plasma, but does not contain protein-coagulation factors.
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stem cell
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Unspecialized cell that gives rise to mature, specialized forms. A hematopoietic stem cell is the progenitor for all different types of blood cells.
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thrombin
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Enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin during coagulation.
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thrombocyte
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Platelet.
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TERMINOLOGY
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Terminology Combining Forms & Suffixes
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bas/o
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base (alkaline, the opposite of acid) basophil
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chrom/o
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color hypochromic
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coagul/o
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clotting anticoagulant, coagulopathy
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cyt/o
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cell cytology
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eosin/o
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red, dawn, rosy eosinophil
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erythr/o
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red erythroblast
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granul/o
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granules
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hem/o
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blood hemolysis
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hemat/o
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blood hematocrit
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hemoglobin/o
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hemoglobin hemoglobinopathy
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is/o
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same, equal anisocytosis
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kary/o
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nucleus megakaryocyte
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leuk/o
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white leukopenia
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mon/o
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one, single monocyte
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morph/o
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shape, form morphology
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myel/o
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bone marrow myeloblast, myelodysplasia
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neutr/o
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neutral (neither base nor acid) neutropenia
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nucle/o
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nucleus polymorphonuclear
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phag/o
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eat, swallow phagocyte
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poikil/o
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varied, irregular poikilocytosis
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sider/o
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iron sideropenia
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spher/o
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globe, round spherocytosis
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thromb/o
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clot thrombocytopenia
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-apheresis
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removal, a carrying away plasmapheresis, leukapheresis
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-blast
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immature cell, embryonic monoblast
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-cytosis
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abnormal condition of cells (increase in cells) macrocytosis, microcytosis
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-emia
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blood condition leukemia
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-globin
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protein hemoglobin
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-globulin
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immunoglobulin
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-lytic
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pertaining to destruction thrombolytic therapy
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-oid
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derived from myeloid
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-osis
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abnormal condition thrombosis
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-penia
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deficiency granulocytopenia, pancytopenia
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-phage
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eat, swallow macrophage
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-philia
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attraction for (an increase in cell numbers)
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-phoresis
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carrying, transmission electrophoresis
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-poiesis
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formation hematopoiesis, erytheropoiesis, myelopoiesis
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-stasis
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stop, control hemostasis
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Abnormalities of Red Blood Cell Morphology
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Anisocytosis - cells are unequal in size Hypochromia - cells have reduced color (less hemoglobin) Macrocytosis - cells are large Microcytosis - cells small Poikilocytosis - cells are irregularly shaped Spherocytosis - cells are rounded
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TERMINOLOGY
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Terminology page 514 - 516
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hypochromic
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Anemia marked by a decrease concentration of hemoglobin in red blood cells.
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anticoagulant
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? prevents clotting
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coagulopathy
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A disease or condition affecting the blood's ability to clot.
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cytology
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The study of cells.
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erythroblast
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An immature red blood cell
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hematocrit
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A testing procedure that gives the percentage of red blood cells in a volume of blood.
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hemoglobinopathy
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Disease or defect of hemoglobin production. Sickle cell anemia is an example.
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anisocytosis
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An abnormality of red blood cells; the are of unequal size.
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leukopenia
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Abnormally low amount of white blood cells (low WBC).
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morphology
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Study of shape or form.
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myeolblast
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A large mononuclear nongranular bone marrow cell; especially one that is a precursor of a myelocyte
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myelodysplasia
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A disorder within the bone marrow characterized by the proliferation of abnormal stem cells; this is a preleukemic condition.
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neutropenia
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Deficiency of neutrophils.
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polymorphonuclear
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Pertaining to a many-shaped nucleus
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phagocyte
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A cell that engulfs and digests debris and invading microorganisms.
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poikilocytosis
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Irregularity in the shape of red blood cells. Poikilocytosis occurs in certain types of anemia
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sideropenia
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Deficiency of iron in the blood.
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spherocytosis
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Condition where erythrocytes develop a round shape, making the cell fragile and easily able to be destroyed.
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thrombocytopenia
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Deficiency of clotting cells.
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plasmapheresis
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A centrifuge spins blood to remove plasma from the other parts of the blood.
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leukapheresis
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Mechanical separation of white blood cells from the rest of the blood.
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plateletpheresis
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Platelets are removed from a donor's blood (and used in a patient), and the remainder of blood is reinfused back into the donor.
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monoblast
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A large immature monocyte normally found in bone marrow.
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Tricky Suffixes
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-apheresis = removal, a carrying away -phoresis = transmission
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macrocytosis
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Erythrocytes that are larger than normal.
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microcytosis
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Erythrocytes that are smaller than normal.
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leukemia (a white blood cell disease)
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Increase in cancerous white blood cells.
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thrombolytic therapy
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A treatment to dissolve blood clots.
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myeloid
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Derived from bone marrow.
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thrombosis
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Abnormal condition of clotting, a blood clot.
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granulocytopenia
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Deficiency of granulocytes.
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pancytopenia
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an abnormal deficiency in all blood cells.
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macrophage
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A large phagocyte that destroys worn-out red blood cells and foreign material.
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eosinophilia
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Abnormal increase in the number of eosinophils in the blood that is characteristic of allergic states.
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neutrophilia
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Increase in the number of neutrophils.
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hematopoiesis
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Formation of blood cells.
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erythropoiesis
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Formation of red blood cells.
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myelopoiesis
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Formation of bone marrow.
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hemostasis
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Stoppage or control of bleeding.
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PATHOLOGY
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Pathology page 517 - 522
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dyscrasia
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General term for any abnormal or pathological condition of the blood.
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anemia (a red blood cell disease)
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Deficiency in erythrocytes or hemoglobin.
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aplastic anemia (a red blood cell disease)
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Failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow.
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hemolytic anemia (a red blood cell disease)
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Reduction in red cells due to excessive destruction. Ex: congenital spherocytic anemia (hereditary spherocytosis)
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pernicious anemia (a red blood cell disease)
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Lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the body.
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intrinsic factor
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Substance normally found in gastric juice that aids in absorption of B12.
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sickle cell anemia (a red blood cell disease)
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hereditary condition characterized by abnormal sickle shape of erythrocytes and by hemolysis.
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thalassemia (a red blood cell disease)
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Inherited defect in the ability to produce hemoglobin, usually seen in persons of Mediterranean background.
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hemochromatosis (a red blood cell disease)
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Excess iron deposits throughout the body.
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polycythemia vera (a red blood cell disease)
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General increase in red blood cells (erythremia).
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hemophilia
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Excessive bleeding caused by hereditary lack of blood clotting factors (factor VIII or IX) necessary for blood clotting.
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purpura
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Multiple pinpoint hemorrhages and accumulation of blood under the skin.
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petechiae
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Tiny purple or red flat spots appearing on the skin as a result of hemorrhage.
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ecchymoses
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Large bluish or purplish areas on skin (bruises) as a result of hemorrhage.
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autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura
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Condition in which the patients body makes an antibody that destroys platelets.
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leukemia (a white blood cell disease)
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Four types of leukemia: 1. Acute myelogenous (myelocytic) leukemia (AML) 2. Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) - seen most often in children and adolescents, sudden onset 3. Chronic myelogenous (myelocytic) leukemia (CML) - usually seen in adults over 55 4. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) - the most common form of leukemia, usually occurs in the elderly
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remission
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Disappearance of signs and symptoms of disease.
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relapse
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Reappearance of disease signs and symptoms.
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granulocytosis (a white blood cell disease)
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Abnormal increase in granulocytes in the blood. Eosinophilia is an increase in eosinophilic granulocytes. Basophilia is an increase in basophilic granulocytes.
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mononucleosis (a white blood cell disease)
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Infections disease marked by increased numbers of leukocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes.
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Epstein-Barr virus EBV
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This is the virus that transmits mononucleosis.
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multiple myeloma (a disease of bone marrow)
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malignant neoplasm of bone marrow.
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Bence Jones protein
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Immunoglobulin fragment found in the urine of patients with multiple myeloma.
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autologous bone marrow transplantation ABMT
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A procedure where a patient serves as his own donor for stem cells lead to prolonged remission.
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LABORATORY TESTS
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Laboratory Tests page 522 - 523
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antiglobulin test
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Test for the presence of antibodies that coat that damage erythrocytes.
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bleeding time
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Time required for blood to stop flowing from a tiny puncture wound. Normal time is eight minutes or less.
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coagulation time
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Time required for venous blood to clot in a test tube. Normal time is less than 15 minutes.
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complete blood count CBC
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Determination of numbers of blood cells, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and red cell values--MCH, MCV, MCHC.
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erythrocyte sedimentation rate ESR or sed rate
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Speed at which erythrocytes settle out of plasma.
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hematocrit Hct
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Percentage of erythrocytes in a volume of blood.
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hemoglobin test H, Hg, Hgh, HGB
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total amount of hemoglobin in a sample of peripheral blood.
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platelet count
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Number of platelets per cubic millimeter (mm2) or microliter (uL) of blood.
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prothrombin time PT
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Test of the ability of blood to clot.
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partial prothrombin time PPT
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A blood clotting test that tests for clotting factors not addressed in a PT.
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red blood cell count RBC
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Number of erythrocytes per cubic millimeter (mm3) or microliter (uL) of blood.
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red blood cell morphology
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Microscopic examination of stained blood smear to determine the shape of individual red cells.
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white blood cell count WBC
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Number of leukocytes per cubic millimeter (mm3) or micorleter (uL) of blood.
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white blood cell differential
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Percentages of different types of leukocytes in the blood.
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shift to the left
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A term used to describe an increase in immature neutrophils in the blood.
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CLINICAL PROCEDURES
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Clinical Procedures page 524 - 525
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apheresis
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Separation of blood into component parts and removal of a select portion from the blood.
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blood transfusion
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Whole blood or cells are taken from a donor and infused into a patient.
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autologous transfusion
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The collection and later reinfusion of a patients own blood or blood components.
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packed cells
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A preparation of red blood cells separated from liquid plasma and administered in severe anemia to restore levels of hemoglobin and red cells without over diluting the blood with excess fluid.
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bone marrow biopsy
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Microscopic examination of a core of bone marrow removed with a needle or suction syringe (bone marrow aspirate).
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hemotaopoietic stem cell transplantation
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Peripheral stem cells from a compatible donor are administered to a recipient.
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allogeneic transplantation
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When a relative or unrelated person having a close HLA type is the donor.
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autologous transplantation
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Stem or bone marrow cells are removed during a remission phase and given back to the patient after intensive chemotherapy.
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bone marrow transplantation
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Bone marrow from a compatible donor are administered to a recipient.
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graft-versus-host disease GVHD
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Immune reaction (rejection) of donor's cells to recipient's tissues.
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ABBREVIATIONS
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Abbreviations page 522 - 526
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Ab
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antibody
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ABMT
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autologous bone marrow transplantation Patient serves as his or her own donor for stem cells.
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ABO
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four main blood types - A, B, AB, and O
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ALL
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acute lymphocytic leukemia
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AML
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acute myelogenous leukemia
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ANC
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absolute neutrophil count -- this is the total WBC times a measure of the number of neutrophils present in the blood; a normal ANC is about 1500 cells (ANC of less than 500 cells is neutropenia).
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ASCT
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autologous stem cell transplantation
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bands
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immature white blood cells (granulocytes)
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baso
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basophils
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BMT
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bone marrow transplantation
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CBC
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complete blood count
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CLL
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chronic lymphocytic leukemia
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CML
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chronic myelogenous leukemia
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DIC
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disseminated intravascular coagulation--bleeding disorder marked by reduction of blood clotting factors due to their use and depletion for intravascular clotting.
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diff
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differential count (white blood cells)
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EBV
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Epstein-Barr virus; cause of mononucleosis
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eos
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eosinophils
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EPO
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erythropoietin
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ESR
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erythrocyte sedimentation rate
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Fe
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Iron
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G-CSF
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granulocyte colony-stimulating factor--promotes neutrophil production
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GM-CSF
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granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor--promotes myeloid progenitor cells with differentiation to granulocytes
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g/dL
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gram per deciliter (1 deciliter = one tenth of a liter; 1 liter = 1.057 quarts)
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GVHD
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graft-versus-host disease--immune reaction of donor's cells to recipient's tissues
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HCL
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hair cell leukemia--abnormal lymphocytes accumulate in bone marrow, leading to anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, and infection
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Hct
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hematocrit
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Hgb, HGB
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hemoglobin
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H and H
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hemoglobin and hematocrit
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HLA
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human leukocyte antigen
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IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM
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immunoglobulins
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lymphs
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lymphocytes
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MCH
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mean corpuscular hemoglobin--average amount of hemoglobin per cell
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MCHC
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mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration--average concentration of hemoglobin in a single red cell; when MCHC is low, the cell is hypochromic
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MCV
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mean corpuscular volumne--average volume or size of a single red blood cell; when MCV is high, the cells are macrocytic, and when low, the cells are microcytic
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mm3
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cubic millimeter--one millionth of a liter; 1 liter = 1.057 quarts
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mono
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monocyte
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polys, PMNs, PMNLs
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polymorphonuclear leukocytes; neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
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PT
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prothrombin time
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PTT
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partial thromboplastin time
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RBC
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red blood cell; red blood cell count
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sed rate
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erythrocyte sedimentation rate
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segs
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segmented, mature white blood cells (neutrophils)
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SMAC
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Sequential Multiple Analyzer Computer--an automated chemistry system that determines substances in serum
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uL
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microliter--one millionth of a liter; 1 liter = 1.057 quarts
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WBC
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white blood cell; white blood cell count
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WNL
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withing normal limits
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hypoplasia
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Incomplete development
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acute lymphocytic leukemia ALL
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Immature lymphocytes (lymphoblasts) predominate. Seen most often in children and adolescents.
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acute myolegenous (myelocytic) leukemia AML
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Immature granulocytes (myeloblasts) predominate.
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chronic lymphocytic leukemia CLL
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Abnormal numbers of relatively mature lymphocytes predominate in the marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen. This most common form of leukemia usually occurs in the elderly.
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chronic myelogenous (myelocytic) leukemia CML
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Both mature and immature granulocytes are present in large numbers in the marrow and the bloodstream. Slowly progressive and most often seen in patients over 55.
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hematotopoietic stem cell transplant
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Peripheral stem cells from a compatible donor are administered to a recipient.
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palliative
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Treatment to relieve the symptoms of a disease or disorder, but not effecting a cure.
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-plasia
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development, formation, growth
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a-, an-
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no; not; without
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anti-
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against
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hypo-
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deficient; below; under; less than normal
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macro-
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large
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mega-
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large
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micro-
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small
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mono-
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one; single
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pan-
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all
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poly-
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many; much
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