Medical Terminology – Ch. 2 – Human Body in Health and Disease – Flashcards
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Cephal/o
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Head.
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Cyt/o, -Cyte
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Cell.
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End-, Endo-
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In, within, inside.
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Hist/o, Histi/o
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Tissue.
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-Ologist
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Specialist.
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-Ology
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The science or study of.
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Path/o, -Pathy
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Disease, suffering, feeling, emotion.
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Plas/i, Plas/o, -Plasia
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Development, growth, formation.
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Poster/o
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Behind, toward the back.
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-Statis, -Static
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Control, maintenance of a constant level.
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Abdominal cavity
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Contains primarily the major organs of digestion.
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Adenectomy
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The removal of a gland.
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Adenocarcinoma
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Malignant tumor that originates in glandular tissue.
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Adenoma
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Benign tumor that arises in or resembles glandular tissue.
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Adenomalacia
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Abnormal softening of the glands.
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Adenosclerosis
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Abnormal hardening of the glands
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Anaplasia
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Change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other.
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Anatomy
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Study of the structure of the body.
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Anomaly
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Deviation from what is regarded as normal.
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Anterior
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Situated in the front.
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Aplasia
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Defective development, or the congenital absence, of an organ or tissue.
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Bloodborne Transmission
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Spread of a disease through contact with blood or other body fluids that are contaminated with blood. EX. HIV, Hepatitis B, STDs.
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Caudal
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Toward the lower part of the body.
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Cephalic
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Toward the head.
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Chromosomes
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Genetic structures located within the nucleus of each cell.
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Communicable Disease
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Any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either by direct or by indirect contact with contaminated objects. Also known as contagious disease.
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Cytoplasm
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Material within the membrane that is not part of the nucleus.
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Distal
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Situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure.
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Dorsal
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Refers to the back of the organ or body.
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Dysplasia
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Abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs.
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Endemic
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Refers to the ongoing presence of a disease within a population, group, or area.
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Endocrine Glands
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Produce hormones, do not have ducts.
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Epidemic
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Sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area.
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Epigastric Region
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Located above the stomach.
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Etiology
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Study of the causes of diseases.
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Exocrine Glands
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Secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body such as sweat glands.
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Functional Disorder
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Produces symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified.
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Genetic Disorder
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Pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene. Also known as the hereditary disorder.
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Histology
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Study of the structure, composition, and function of tissues.
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Homeostasis
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Processes through which the body maintains a constant internal environment.
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Hyperplasia
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Enlargement of an organ or tissue because an abnormal increase in the number of cells in the tissues.
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Hypertrophy
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General increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in the size but not in the number, of cells in the tissues.
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Hypogastric Region
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Located below the stomach.
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Hypoplasia
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Incomplete development of an organ or tissue usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells
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Iatrogenic Illness
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An unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment. EX. Sever burns resulting from radiation therapy.
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Idiopathic Disorder
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Illness without known cause.
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Infectious Disease
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Illness caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses.
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Inguinal
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Means relating to the groin, refers to the lower area of the abdomen.
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Medial
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Direction toward, or nearer, the midline.
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Mesentery
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Fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall.
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Midsagittal Plane
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Sagittal plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves. Also known as the midline.
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Nosocomial Infection
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Disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting.
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Pandemic
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Outbreak of a disease occurring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide.
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Pelvic Cavity
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The space formed by the hip bones and contains primarily the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems.
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Peritoneum
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Multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity.
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Phenylketonuria
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Genetic disorder in which the essential digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxyls is missing. Commonly known as PKU.
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Physiology
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Study of the structures and functions of the body.
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Posterior
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Situated in the back.
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Proximal
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Situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure.
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Stem Cells
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Unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division.
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Thoracic Cavity
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Surrounds and protects the heart and lungs. Also known as the chest cavity or thorax.
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Transverse Plane
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Horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions.
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Umbilicus
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Marks where the umbilical cord was attached. Also known as the belly button.
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Vector-borne Transmission
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Spread of certain disease due to the bite of a vector. EX. Insects, or animals such as flies, mites, fleas, ticks, rats, and dogs that are capable of transmitting a disease.
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Ventral
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Refers to the front, or belly side, of the organ or body.
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Body Planes
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Imaginary vertical and horizontal lines used to divide the body into sections for descriptive purposes.
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Vertical Plane
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Up-and-down plane that is a right angle to the horizon.
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Sagittal Plane
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Vertical plane that divides the body into unequal left and right portions.
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Frontal Plane
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Vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.
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Superior
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Uppermost, above, or toward the head.
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Inferior
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Lowermost, below, or toward the feet.
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Lateral
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Direction toward, or nearer, the side of the body, away from the midline.
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Dorsal Cavity
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Located along the back of the body and head, contains organs of the nervous system that coordinate body functions and is divided into two portions.
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Nucleus
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Surrounded by the nuclear membrane, is a structure within the cell.
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Cytology
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The study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology, and chemistry of the cell.
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Cytologist
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Specialist in the study and analysis of cells.
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Cells
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Basic structural and functional units of the body.
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Adult Stem Cells
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Undifferentiated cells found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ. Also known as somatic cells.
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Embryonic Stem Cells
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Undifferentiated cells that are unlike any specific adult cell; however they have the important ability to form any adult cell.
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Gene
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Fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity.
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Genetics
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Study of how genes are transferred from parents to their children and the role of genes in health and disease.
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Dominant Gene
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Inherited from either parent, the offspring will inherit that genetic condition or characteristic.
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Recessive Gene
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Inherited from both parents, the offspring will have that condition.
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Gamete
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The only type of cell that does not contain 46 chromosomes. Also called the sex cell.
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Genome
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Complete set of genetic information of an organism.
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Cystic Fibrosis
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Genetic disorder that is present at birth and affects both the respiratory and digestive systems.
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Down Syndrome
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Genetic variation that is associated with a characteristic facial appearance, learning disabilities, and physical abnormalities such as heart valve disease.
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Hemophilia
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Group of hereditary bleeding disorder in which a blood-clotting factor is missing. This blood coagulation disorder is characterized by spontaneous hemorrhages or sever bleeding following an injury.
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Huntington's Disease
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Genetic disorder passed from parent to child. This condition causes nerve degeneration with symptoms that most often appear in midlife.
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Muscular Dystrophy
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Group of genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement.
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Tissue
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Group or layer of similarly specialized cells that join together to perform certain specific functions.
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Epithelial Tissues
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Form a protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body.
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Connective Tissues
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Support and connect organs and other body tissues.
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Dense Connective Tissues
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Form the joints and framework of the body such as bone and cartilage.
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Epithelium
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Specialized epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of mucous membranes.
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Endothelium
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Specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organs.
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Adipose Tissue
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Provides protective padding, insulation, and support.
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Loose Connective Tissue
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Surronds various organs and supports both nerve cells and blood vessels
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Liquid Connective Tissue
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Which are blood and lymph, transport nutrients and waste products throughout the body.
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Muscle Tissue
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Contains cells with the specialized ability to contract and relax
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Nerve tissue
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Contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and to conduct electrical impulses.
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Adenitis
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Inflammation of the glands.
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Indirect Contact Transmission
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Refers to situations in which a susceptible person is infected by contact with a contaminated surface.
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Airborne Transmission
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Occurs through contact with contaminated respiratory droplets spread by a cough or sneeze. EX. TB, flu, colds, and measles.
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Pathology
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Study of disease.
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Epidemiologist
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Specialist in the study of outbreaks of disease within a population group.
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Atresia
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Describes the congenital absence of a normal body opening or the failure of a structure to be tubular.
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Organic Disorder
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Produces symptoms caused by detectable physical changes in the body. EX. Chickenpox.
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Developmental Disorder
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Anomaly or malformation such as the absence of a limb or presence of an extra toe.
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Prenatal Influences
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Mother's health, behavior, and the prenatal medical care she does or does not receive before delivery.
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
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Caused by the mother's consumption of alcohol during the pregnancy.
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Premature Birth
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Birth that occurs earlier than 37 weeks of development, can cause serious health problems because the baby's body systems have not had time to form completely. Breathing difficulties and heart problems are common in premature babies.
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Birth Injuries
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Congenital disorders that were not present before birth. EX. Cerebral palsy.
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Cerebral Palsy
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Result of brain damage, can be caused by premature birth or inadequate oxygen to the brain during the birth process.
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Geriatrics
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Study of medical problems and care of older people.
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Post Mortem
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After death.
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General Practitioner
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Provides ongoing care for patients of all ages. Also known as family practice physician.
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Internist
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Physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disease and disorders of the internal organs and related body systems.
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Pediatrician
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Physician who specializes in diagnosing, treating, and preventing disorders and diseases of infants and children.
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Geriatrician
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Physician who specializes in taking care of older people.
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Hospitalist
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Focuses on the general medical care of hospitalized patients.
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A & P
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Anatomy and Physiology
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CD
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Communicable Disease
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CH, chr
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Chromosome
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DNA
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid
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epid
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Epidemic
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GP
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General Practitioner
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HD
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Huntington's Disease
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LLQ
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Left Lower Quadrant
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LUQ
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Left Upper Quadrant
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PKU
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Phenylketonuria
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RLQ
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Right Lower Quadrant
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RUQ
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Right Upper Quadrant
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Tay-Sachs Disease
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Fatal genetic disorder in which harmful quantities of a fatty substance buildup in tissues and nerve cells in the brain.
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Horizontal Plane
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Flat crosswise plane, such as the horizon.
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Cranial Cavity
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Located within the skull, surrounds and protects the brain.
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Spinal Cavity
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Located within the spinal column, surrounds and protects the spinal cord.
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Ventral Cavity
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Located along the front of the body, contains the body organs that sustain homeostasis.
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Hypochondriac Regions
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Covered by the lower ribs.
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Lumbar Regions
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Located near the inward curve of the spine.
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Umbilical Region
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Surrounds the umbilicus.
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Iliac Regions
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Located over the hip bones.
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Parietal Peritoneum
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Outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall.
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Visceral Peritoneum
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Inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity.
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Retroperitoneal
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Located behind the peritoneum.
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Cell Membrane
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Tissue that surrounds and protects the contents of the cell by separating them from its external environment.
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Genetic Mutation
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Change of the sequence of a DNA molecule.
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Food-Borne And Waterborne Transmission
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Caused by eating or drinking contaminated food or water that has not been properly treated to remove contamination or kill any pathogens present.
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Congenital Disorder
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Abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth.
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