question

Germ Theory

answer

Many diseases can be traced to specific causes such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, and genetic impairments. Chief credit for discover of this is Louis Pasteur formulation of the germ theory of disease in the 1860s and 1870s.

question

Louis Pasteur

answer

Germ theory.

question

First for of writing appeared between

answer

4000 and 3000 BC

question

Supernatural Explanation of Disease (Magico-religious)

answer

Diseases were caused either by direct intervention of a god or spirit or through a sorcerer (a mortal in control of supernatural forces) or through the intrusion of some foreign object in the body. This "object" might have been a spirit or demon or even something more tangible such as a stone or pebble.

question

Skull trephination

answer

Using sharpened stones to drill or carve a hole in the skull. Exact purpose of trephination is unknown, but many believe it was done to release evil spirits. The first surgical technique.

question

Shaman

answer

Specialists such as religious figures served as intermediaries with the gods. Typically highly revered, much feared who often provided effective medical care. Prayer and incantation, ritualistic dancing, and sacrifices used to get attention of the gods.

question

Imhotep "Historical Father of Medicine"

answer

Egyptian engineer, architect, scribe, priest and builder of the tombs and possibly a physician who lived in the 2600 BC

question

Historical Father of Medicine

answer

Imhotep. A deified figure in Egypt.

question

Code of Hammurabi

answer

Possibly the first codified set of guidelines regarding responsibilites of physicians.

question

Hammurabi

answer

A Babylonian King who lived from 1728 to 1686 BC.

question

Ebers Papyrus

answer

A type of medical texbook summarizing extant knowledge about several disease categories that offered tips on diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic measures, including over 800 specific prescriptions.

question

Most remarkable of civilizations of the last 2,000 years

answer

Greek. The substantial contribution of the Greeks medicine is consistent with their contributions to philosophy, art, theater, sculpture, government, and other areas.

question

Apollo, the sun god

answer

God of Health and medicine and believed to be the inventor of the healing art.

question

Aesculapius

answer

Son of Apollo and such a brilliant healer that by the eighth century he was considered the Greek god of health.

question

Asklepieia

answer

Greek temples which were created where priest-physicians practiced the healing ceremony of incubation or "temple seep". Patients who came to the temple would purify themselves (bathe), fast, read about the cures of former patients, and make offerings to Aesculapius.

question

Hippocrates of fCos

answer

The father of Medicine. Born in Cos, was educated, became a successful and much beloved physician, and was an esteemed teacher. He is best known for 3 contributions. Empirical Medicine.

question

3 Contributions of Hippocrates

answer

1. The principle of natural, rather than supernatural, explanations for disease. 2. His writings. One of the most important sets of medical writings ever collated is the Corpus Hippocraticum 3. His teaching of human compassion and ethical standards as illustrated in the Hippocratic Oath.

question

Corpus Hippocraticum

answer

Compiled by Hippocrates, more than 70 books monographs, and essays covering a variety of aspects of medicine. Medical histories, symptoms, and reactions to therapy.

question

Hippocratic Oath

answer

Expresses reciprocal commitments made by physicians and their primary obligation of the physician. The second portion of the oath is a brief summary of ethical guidelines. Some of the pledges for example, against doing abortion, cutting for stone, and facilitating a suicide.

question

Rome founded in what year

answer

753 BC

question

Roman Medicine

answer

Medicine did not flourish in Rome, Greek physicians began filtering into Rome.

question

Cato the Censor (234-149 BC)

answer

Man given credit for being the first important writer in Latin, prohibited all in his family from using the Greek physicians

question

Asclepiades

answer

Greek physician who believed that health and illness were determined by the condition of the pores. If the pores were too open or too closed, illness resulted. He influenced Julius Caesar to decree in 46 BC that Greek slave-doctors were free and citizens.

question

Roman Contributions to Medicine

answer

Public Health. Unsanitary conditions contributed to the spread of disease, the government constructed a system of aqueducts to obtain pure water, built an elaborate system of public baths, passed ordinances requiring street cleanliness, and established a system of hospitals to tend to the sick.

question

"Father of Experimental Physiology"

answer

Galen. Extensive contributions to anatomy He dissected monkeys and pigs and studies skeletons of criminals. The foremost medical experimentalist until the 1600s.

question

Pneuma

answer

Belief that certain vital spirits circulated throughout the body.

question

End of the Western Roman Empire

answer

AD 476 when the conquest of Europe by the barbarians was completed. In the East, the Byzantine Empire survived and became a center of civilization. AD 500 - AD 1500 is referred to as the Medieval Era.

question

Medieval Era

answer

The of the Western Roman Empire AD 500 to AD 1500.

question

Monastic Medicine

answer

Medical practice in the first half of the Medieval Era. This medicine was based in the monastery. Medical practice was officially controlled by the Church in Byzantium.

question

Church in Byzantium

answer

Early Christian Church where medical practices was controlled. Extremely hostile to physicians because of 2 reasons.

question

2 reasons for hostility towards physicians by Church of Byzantium

answer

1. Disease and illness are beneficial in that they test one's faith and commitment to God and the church. 2. All illnesses occur as a punishment by God, possession by the devil, or the result of witchcraft.

question

Mohammed

answer

Founded the commonwealth of Islan in 622. During the next 100 years, his followers conquered almost half of the world known at that time. By 1000 the Arab Empire extended from Spain to India.

question

Scholastic Medicine

answer

The second half of the Medieval Era is referred to the time of this.

question

Council of Clermont

answer

In 1130 a proclamation forbade monks from practicing medicine because it was too disruptive to the peace and order of monastic sequestration. Medical practice became the province of the secular clergy and universities began to play a big role in the education of physicians.

question

Black Death

answer

Bubonic Plague caught hold in Europe in the 1340's and killed an estimated 43 million people in 20 years. This made clear of physicians to restrain disease. The earliest hospitals developed in the monastic period.

question

The Renaissance

answer

15th and 16th century. Rebirth in the arts and philosophy, scientific endeavor, technological advancement, and medicine.

question

Humanism

answer

Stressed the dignity of the individual, the importance of this life (and not solely the afterlife), and spiritual freedom.

question

Andreas Versalius

answer

Contradicted Galen's ideas but was shut down and career as anatomist was finished due to his refutations. In 1628 William Harvey demonstrated that Andreas was right to refute.

question

William Harvey

answer

Englishman demonstrated that blood circulates throughout the body in an action stimulated by the heart. The most important physiological advancement in the century.

question

Paracelsus 1493-1541

answer

Held that God revealed medical truth to humans through revelation. Criticized the humoral theory and searched for specific pharmacological remedies.

question

17th century key event

answer

The development of modern science. The scientific revolution replaced previous concepts with new ideas of matter and its properties. Revolution stimulated by several scientist philosophers of the century.

question

Scientist philosophers that stimulated the Scientific revolution of the 17th century

answer

Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes

question

Francis Bacon

answer

Argued for "natural" explanations for events that could be understood through systematic observation and experimentation.

question

Rene Descartes

answer

Invented analytical geometry and, through his work on momentum, vision, reflex actions, and a mind-body duality, laid the basis for a science of physiology.

question

Edward Jenner (1749-1823)

answer

British country doctor, discovered vaccination of cowpox to prevent smallpox immunity.

question

Battista Morgagani (1682-1771)

answer

Italian physician and professor of anatomy developed the anatomical concept of disease. That diseases could be traced to disturbances in certain organs.

question

Anatomical concept of disease

answer

That diseases could be traced to particular pathology r disturbance in individual organs.

question

18th century

answer

Age of Enlightenment is marked by efforts to collate the advancements of the preceding century and further refine knowledge in all fields including medicine. Time of rapid growth.

question

Industrialization in 19th century

answer

Began in England and spread to the rest of Europe and the US. The development of large industries with many jobs. The world was not ready for the consequences of the urbanization, cities overcrowded and unsanitary which produced very bad living environments.

question

Hospital Medicine

answer

1st half of the 19th century known mostly for the importance of physicians and medical researchers attached to clinical observation, whereas medicine in middle ages was centered in monasteries and in the Renaissance on individual sickbed. In the 19th century it was centered on the hospital for the first time.

question

Hospitals

answer

Have existed for centuries but have increased rapidly in number in the 1800s as a result of the massive number of people migrating into the newly developing cities.

question

Laboratory Medicine

answer

2nd half of the 19th century focused on this.

question

Discovery of the Cell

answer

Rudolf Virchow pinpointed the cell as the basic physiological matter and understood that disease begins with some alteration in the normally functioning, healthy cell. Effective treatment depends on restoring the cel to normality.

question

Leeuwenhoek 1675

answer

Invented of the microscope.

question

Germ theory of disease

answer

Louis Pasteur a french chemist now called the Father of Modern Medicine. Generally accepted theory in 1881.

question

Father of Modern Medicine

answer

Louis Pasteur discovered the specific bacteria involved in anthrax and chicken cholera and with several of his pupils identified other disease-causing bacteria and developed effective vaccinations against them.

question

Progress in Surgery

answer

1880s considerable progress in surgery occurred due to 3 essential advancements. 1. an understanding of he localized nature of disease 2. an ability to control the patient's pain in the surgical process 3. an ability to prevent would infection

question

asepsis

answer

discovered by Sir Joseph Lister (1827-1912)

question

Native Americans

answer

Relied mostly on supernatural explanations for disease and illness. Diagnosis of disease and illness and treatment were often assigned to separate individuals. Medicine man treated the sick.

question

Medicine Man

answer

Man assigned to treat the sick and would intercede with gods and it was hoped drive off evil spirits. Common ailments treated: fractures, dislocations and wounds.

question

Early colonists

answer

Jamestown settlers in 1607 were afraid of indians and selected a homesite up high with bad food supply and bad water. Six months later 60 of 100 died from dietary disorders or other diseases, similar happened to Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts.

question

Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts

answer

Due to an outbreak of scurvy and other diseases, only 50 of the 102 arrivals survived he first 3 months.

question

Primary killers during the colonial years

answer

Malaria, dysentery, typhoid fever, influenza, smallpox, scarlet fever, yellow fever, and tuberculosis.

question

Colonists brought with them from Europe several contagious diseases

answer

Measles, smallpox, and mumps that had been unknown in the Americas. Native Americans very susceptible to them died in outbreaks. 90% of Native Americans died in this process.

question

Reverand Thomas Thatcher of the Old south church in boston

answer

The first significant figure in American Medicine. The only known medical work published in American in 1600s. Wrote many books on anatomy and therapeutic medicine.

question

Apothecaries (1600s)

answer

Primarily made their living by providing drugs and medical preparations, they also gave medical advice, dressed wounds, and even performed amputations.

question

Pennsylvania Hospital in Philadelphia

answer

The first comprehensive hospital in the US built in 1751.

question

College of Pennsylvania

answer

The first formalized medical school.

question

Domestic Medicine

answer

Home medicinal healing remedies. This was supported by an ideology that individuals and families were capable of providing for the ill.

question

University of Edinburgh

answer

Considered as the world's finest medical school. By the end of the century 4 other medical schools were established. 1. Pennsylvania 2. Columbia 3. Harvard 4. Dartmouth

question

Benjamin Rush (1745-1813)

answer

The most famous American physician of the Revolution Era. He was as singer of the declaration of independence.

question

Ephraim McDowell (1771-1830)

answer

Physician of Edinburgh practicing in Danville Kentucky wa the first to do a ovariotomy. He removed a tumor of 22 pounds from the ovaries.

question

William Beaumont (1785-1870)

answer

Experience with a young accidental gunshot victim led to experiments on digestion.

question

Daniel Drake (1785-1870)

answer

Wrote about the influence on health of physical and social environmental factors (climate, diet, ethnicity, lifestyle, and occupation), encouraged collaboration among physicians and was a strong proponent of physician licensure.

question

Reasons why physicians were poorly paid

answer

1. The fact that family medicine was preferred by many 2. The difficult in seeing a substantial number of patients in a day (people lived far apart, no good transportation) 3. The inability of many patients to pay for care 4. The fact that many people offered themselves as physicians

question

Samuel Thompson (1769-1843)

answer

Thomosonianism: "every man his own physician". He believed that disease resulted form insufficient heat and could be countered by measure that would restore natural heat.

question

Thomosoninism

answer

Founded by Samuel Thompson

question

Homeopathy

answer

Founded by Samuel Hahnemann (1755-1843) who viewed that disease is primarily of the spirit. Homeopaths believed that disease could be cured by drugs that produces the same symptoms when given to a healthy person.

question

3 major events that professionalized medicine

answer

1. The Civil War 2. Medical Advancements 3. The Organization of Professional Medicine (The AMA or American Medical Association)

question

Major killers during the Civil War

answer

1/3 from battle and 2/3 from diseases. Smallpox, typhoid, yellow fever, pneumonia, scarlet fever and infection from surgical procedures.

question

Bite the Bullet Expression

answer

Patients would bite bullets or a piece of wood during surgery as a distraction.

question

Profesional Nursing

answer

Began during the Civil War as a means to assist in the treatment of wounded soldiers. The ambulance corps was initiated to move the wounded form the battlefield to field hospitals.

question

Wilhelm Roentgen (1845-1923)

answer

Discovered X-Raya and their diagnostic utility in the 1890s.

question

Eras of peak pharmacological success

answer

1920s and 1940s

question

Insulin

answer

Discovered in 1921

question

Vitamin C & Vaccine for Yellow Fever

answer

Discovered in 1928

question

Penicillin

answer

Discovered to kill bacteria in 1940s.

question

American Medical Association (1847)

answer

On may 5, 1847, 250 physicians representing many of these medical societies and some medical schools met in Philadelphia to establish a national medical society.

question

Chief Goals of the AMA

answer

1. Promotion of the science and art of medicine 2. Betterment of public health 3. Standardization of requirement for medical degrees 4. Development of an internal system of licensing and regulation 5. Development of a code of medical ethics

question

3 events strengthened the position of the AMA

answer

1. Discovery of the Germ Theory of disease 2. The AMA was envtually successful in achieve on e of its key goals MEDICAL LICENSURE REQUIREMENTS. 3. The Flexner Report

question

Flexner Report

answer

Abraham Flexner hired to conduct a comprehensive study of all the medical schools in the US and Canada. From 400 it was reduced to 31 and medical education would be subject to formal regulation.

question

Council of Medical Education (CME)

answer

Prepare national standards of medical schools.

question

Great Trade of 1910

answer

The AMA was given a near exclusive right to regulate the medical profession. With the power of knowledge supplied by the germ theory of disease and the organizational legitimacy provided by the states and federal government.

question

Paul Starr

answer

The Social Transformation of American Medicine (1982). Won pulitzer prize for his work. Describes the rise of medical authority in America as medicine was transformed from a relatively weak occupation to a powerful and prestigious profession. Relationship between advancement of science and the professionalization of medicine.

question

Cultural Authority of Meidicine

answer

Manifested in the "awe and respect from the general public and legislators" that allows medicine to set its own conditions of practice

question

Vicente Navarro

answer

Marxist scolar disagrees with Starr and says that Ascendancy of medical authority occurred not because people willed it and not because they were persuaded it was in their interests, but because it served the interest of powerful societal groups. These groups determine what options are provided for society and ignore value and preferences that they judge not to be in their interest.

Medical Sociology Chapter 2 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards