Medical Assistant Neurology (Kinns Chapter 44) – Flashcards
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loss of coordination
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ataxia
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visual disturbance
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aura
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not cancerous not reoccurring
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benign
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a barrier that prevents many substances from crossing the capillary walls into the brain tissues
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blood brain barrier
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unconsciousness state from which a person can not be aroused
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coma
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ipsilateral
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pertaining to the same side of the body
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blocking of blood vessel by blood clot or foreign material
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embolism
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foreign material, floating blood clot
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embolus
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plaque
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abnormal accumulation of fatty substance
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paroxysmal
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pertaining to sudden, recurrent spasm of symptoms
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remission
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lessening in the severity of a disease or symptom
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thrombus
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blood clot
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transection
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cross-section
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occlusion
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complete blocking off of an opening
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paresthesia
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abnormal sensation of burning, pricking, or stinging
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maintaining internal environment
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homeostasis
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no known cause
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idiopathic
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cancerous
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malignant
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fatty tissue surrounding axon acting as an insulator
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myelin sheath
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sudden blockage of a blood vessel
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occlusion
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accumulation of a fatty substance
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plaque
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decreased severity of disease symptoms
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remission
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loss of consciousness, fainting
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syncope
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blood clot
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thrombus
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main function of nervous system
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to maintain homeostasis
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structures of the CNS
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spinal cord and brain
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structures of the PNS
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the nerves and ganglia outside of the brain and spinal cord.
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peripheral nervous system (abv)
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PNS
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central nervous system (abv)
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CNS
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main function of the brain
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interprets stimuli
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nerves that carry information to the brain
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peripheral
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functioning cell of the nervous system
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neuron
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includes all of the nervous tissue and neurological responses found outside the CNS
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PNS
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functioning cell of the nervous system
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neuron
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dendrites
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short branched extension of a nerve cell, along which impulses received from other cells at synapses are transmitted to the cell body.
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neuron
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function is communication, receives information from cells, transmits this information to other cells, information leaves a neuron through axon terminals
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dendrites
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specialized branching, tube like extensions of cell body, structure receives impulses
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neuron to neuron talk
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neurons send chemicals to each other across a tiny space called a synapse
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three main areas of brain
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cerebellum, cerebrum, brain stem
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afferent
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directed to the center (afferent neurons, carry nerve impulses from receptors or sense organs towards the central nervous system.)
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efferent
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directed away from a section
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where is diencephalon located
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center of brain
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what two structures make up diencephalon
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thalamus, hypothalamus
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hypothalamus
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small portion of diencephalon below thalamus, above pituitary gland
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thalamus
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part of diencephalon, located at base of forebrain
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relay impulses to cortex to maintain consciousness
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what does thalamus do
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CSF
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cerebrospinal fluid
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function of CSF
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nourish, lubricate, cushion
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three layers of the meninges
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outer layer to inner layer: dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
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function of cranial nerves
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relays information, a nerve that carries sensory input and motor output for the head and neck region, there are 12 cranial nerves
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function of spinal nerves
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carries information to and from brain through spinal cord, 31 pairs of spinal nerves
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autonomic nervous system
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keeps body running smoothly, part of PNS, regulates automatic bodily processes
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effect of parasympathetic nerves
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decreases, slows down system's function, i.e. heart rate, contracts pupils
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effect of sympathetic system
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increases, response to increased activity or emergency, i.e. heartbeat, more blood to muscles, enlarging pupils to use all available light
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TIA
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transient ischemic attack, MINI STROKE
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what makes TIA occur
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blood supply to brain is not enough, (couple of minutes to 24 hours)
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TIA warning sign of
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stroke
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stroke
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cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
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two causes for a stroke
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blockage or rupture of an artery to the brain
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cause of blockage or rupture in a stroke
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emboli (distant clot) thrombosis (local clot) cerebral hemorrhage
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sx of stroke
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loss consciousness, vision changes, trouble speaking, problems with walking or balance, confusion or trouble understanding simple statements, trouble speaking
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what is an aura
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sensory warning sign-visual disturbance
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triggers for a migraine
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food, stress, caffeine, altered sleep patterns, bright lights, hormone levels
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common form of dementia
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Alzheimer's disease (60-80% of cases)
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encephalitis
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most cases are viral/ sx: muscle aches, malaise, flu like sx
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epilepsy-two types of generalized seizures
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grand mal:stiffening of limps, jerking of limbs and face/ petit mal: lapses of awareness, staring
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CNS infection-three causes of meningitis
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bacterial, viral, fungal
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how is meningitis diagnosed
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lumbar puncture (spinal tap)
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signs of a concussion
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confusion, slurred speech, headache, temporary loss of consciousness LOC, blurred vision
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difference between concussion and contusion
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concussion is a disruption of electrical activity; contusion is a bruise of brain tissue
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subdural hematoma
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collection of blood between meninges
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paraplegia
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paralysis from the waist down
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quadriplegia
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paralysis from shoulders down, 4 limbs
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hemiplegia
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CVA, vascular injury like ruptured aneurysm or tumor occurs on one side of brain resulting in paralysis on opposite side of body
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Parkinson's symptoms
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T=tremor (uncontrolled shaking) R=rigidity (stiff muscles) A=Akinesia (absence of slowness of movement) P=postural instability (impaired balance)
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DBS
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deep brain stimulation, electrodes in the brain (Parkinson treatment)
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Are brain tumors due to cancer
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more than half originate from somewhere else in the body
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multiple sclerosis
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autoimmune disease that affects the brain and spinal cord, damages myelin sheath leaving nerves exposed
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how is MS diagnosed
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by symptoms and MRIs, MS mimics other nervous system disorders
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tests to diagnose MS
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lumbar puncture (spinal tap), MRI scan of brain and spine, nerve function study
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ALS
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Lou Gehrig's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
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what does ALS do
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destroys motor neurons that control voluntary muscles
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what causes Bell's palsy
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temporary facial paralysis resulting from damage or trauma to the facial nerves, seventh cranial nerve damage
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how long is recovery for Bell's palsy
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3 in 4 patients improve without treatment/ with or without treatment, patients get better within 2 weeks, recovering completely within 3 - 6 months
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pereipheral neuropathies, name two conditions causing them
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diabetes, HIV
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CTS
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carpal tunnel syndrome
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carpal tunnel syndrome
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compression of median nerve
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common sx of CTS
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radiating numbness, tingling, weakness in hand and fingers, muscle damage in hand and fingers
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bipolar disorder
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manic depressive disorder
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schizophrenia
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chronic, severe, disabling brain disorder/ hallucinations, delusions
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PTSD
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post traumatic stress disorder
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EEG
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electroencephalography
