med micro – Microbiology – Flashcards
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| Lethal Dose50 (LD50) |
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| – the number of microbes required to kill 50% of the animals exposed to them (experimental animals) |
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| Case Fatality Rate |
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| number of deaths from a particular disease divided by the number of clinically apparent cases (way to measure virulence in humans) |
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| Localized/Focal Infection |
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| remains confined to a specific body site - Example: Abscess |
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| Systemic/Septic Infection |
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| – spreads to several sites and tissue fluids; infectious agent breaks loose from a local infection and is carried to other tissues Example: Chickenpox |
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| Mixed Infections (Co-infections or Polymicrobial) |
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| several agents establish themselves simultaneously; maybe synergistic Example: Impetigo is often polymicrobial |
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| Primary Infections |
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| may be followed by another infection caused by a different organism giving rise to a Secondary Infection Example: Influenza damages respiratory tissue which may result in bacterial pneumonia |
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| Acute |
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| new usually short term (acute disease, acute onset, IgM on serology; may be IgG is asymptomatic moving to symptomatic and requires paired sera) Example: Common cold |
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| Chronic |
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| infections that progress and persist over a period of time (IgG, titer rises or remains significantly elevated over time) Example: Hepatitis C |
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| Subclinical, Inapparent, or Asymptomatic |
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| host usually does not seek medical attention due to lack of clear cut or serious signs and symptoms Example: CMV infection |
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| Latent |
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| After initial symptoms, microbe goes dormant (may re-activate at future date) Example: Herpes Simplex Virus, EBV |
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| Sequelae |
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| : condition following as a consequence of a disease- |
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| Complication |
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| A term used to describe additional medical problems that develop following a procedure, treatment or illness. |
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| Incubation Period |
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| Interval between the time of exposure and development of symptoms of the disease Length varies with organism, infectious dose, host immune status |
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| Prodromal Period |
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| Early, feeling of “not well” – malaise, anorexia, sore throat, etc… beginning of infection, maybe some cellular indication but no full s/s of disease (ex. sore throat prodrome of polio) |
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| Clinical Disease |
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| Full expression of signs and symptoms Expression varies with infectious dose and host immune response |
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| Recovery Period |
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| Remission of signs and symptoms; May also be a stage of disability |
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| Selective media |
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| components in the growth media inhibit the growth of some types of organisms allowing others to grow – Example: Thayer martin for Neisseria species |
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| Differential media |
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| more than one type of organism will grow, but components of the media allow differentiation of groups of organisms based on a biochemical reaction Example: Blood agar to differentiate those that are hemolytic and the type of hemolysis |
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| Enrichment media |
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| growth factors enhance recovery of hard to grow microbes – usually allows all the organisms in a specimen to grow Example: Cysteine Blood agar – addition of cysteine to support the growth of those organisms who cannot make their own cysteine |
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| Serotyping |
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| Use of monoclonal antibodies to identify antigens present on the surface of specific microorganisms (agglutination reactions). Some are tagged with fluorescent antibodies and are the basis for DFA identification processes |
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| Sterilization |
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| process that eliminates, through destruction or removal, all viable microorganisms, including viruses |
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| Disinfection |
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| physical or chemical process used to destroy vegetative pathogens but not endospores |
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| Disinfectant |
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| used on inanimate objects; removes microbes below infectious dose number |
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| Antiseptic |
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| used on animate objects; removes microbes below infectious dose number |
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| Static |
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| prevents the growth of bacteria on tissues or on objects in the environment; inhibit replication |
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| Cidal |
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| destroys bacteria (only a few destroy endospores) |
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| Selective Toxicity |
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| Ability to kill pathogen instead of or before killing the host or interfering with host processes |
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| Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis |
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| Beta-Lactams, Glycopeptides, Bacitracin |
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| Inhibitors of Acid Fast Cell Wall Synthesis |
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| Isoniazid Ethambutol |
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| Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis |
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| Aminoglycosides, Tetracyclines, Oxazolidinoes (effective against multi drug resistant TB, Chloroamphenicol, Clindamycin, Streptogramins |
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| aminoglycosides |
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| blocks binding of f-met tRNA and formation of initiation complex on 70s ribosome |
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| tetracyclines |
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| blocks binding of new tRNA to acceptor site |
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| chloramphenicol |
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| blocks formation of peptide bond catalyzed by peptidyl transferase |
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| lincosamides |
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| blocks formation of peptide bond catalyzed by peptidyl transferase |
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| erythromycin |
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| blocks translocaiton of peptidyl tRNA |
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| Inhibitors of Nucleic Acid Synthesis |
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| Quinolones Rifampin and Rifamycins Metronidazole Clofazimine |
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| Anti-metabolites |
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| Sulfonamides Trimethoprim |
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| Inhibitors of Cytoplasmic Membrane Function |
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| Polymyxins Lipopeptides Bacitracin |
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| polymixins |
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| inserts increasing cell permeability |
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| lipopeptides |
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| triggers rapid depolarization, loss of membrane potential leads to inhibition of protein, DNA and RNA synthesis |
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| bacitracin |
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| Inhibits cell wall synthesis; damage bacterial cytoplasmic membranes |
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| Sulfonamides |
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| Compete with PABA as a substrate for folic acid synthesis |
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| Trimethoprim |
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| Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase Combined with sulfamethoxazole to treat broad range of organisms |
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| Quinolones |
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| Inhibit DNA gyrase |
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| Rifampin and Rifamycins |
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| Inhibits DNA dependent RNA polymerase |
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| Rifampin and Rifamycins |
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| Inhibits DNA dependent RNA polymerase Nevirapine |
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| Metronidazole |
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| Blocks H2 production (which is necessary for E production), binds DNA, reduced nitro group cytotoxic free radical |
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| Clofazimine |
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| Binds DNA (combo treatment of Tuberculosis and Leprosy) Active against Mycobacterium |
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| Aminoglycosides |
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| interferes with binding of f-met tRNA |
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| Tetracyclines |
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| inhibits tRNA entry into acceptor sites (elongation)blocks translocation |
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| Oxazolidinoes |
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| recently shown to be effective against multi drug resistant TB) blocks initiation of translation by blocking formation of initiation complex at the 30S ribosome (unique) |
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| Isoniazid |
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| blocks synthesis of mycolic acid |
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| Ethambutol |
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| blocks synthesis of arabinogalactan |
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| Antiviral Attachment/Penetration inhibition |
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| Enfuviritide |
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| antiviral uncoating inhibitor |
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| Amantadine, Rimantatine |
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| antiviral blocks nucleic acid synthesis |
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| AZT Ribavirin Acyclovir, Ganciclovir Nevirapine |
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| antiviral blocks protein synthesis |
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| interferon |
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| antiviral blocks assembly |
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| Ritonavir Elvitegravir |
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| antiviral blocks viral release |
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| Zanamivir |
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| Antifungal Drugs |
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| Polyenes Azoles Echinocandins Base analogs |
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| Polyenes |
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| affects fungal plasma membrane Inserts in fungal membrane next to ergosterol causes pore formation, ion leakage |
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| Azoles |
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| Inhibits the 14-alpha demethylation of ergosterol; prevents fungal p.m. synthesis |
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| Echinocandins |
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| Inhibits synthesis of glucan components prevents fungal cell wall synthesis |
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| Base analogs |
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| inhibition of fungal nucleic acid synthesis |
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| block parasitic DNA replication |
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| Chloroquine Pentamidine Metronidazole |
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| block parasitic folic acid biosynthesis |
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| Pyrimethamine |
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| inhibit parasitic protein synthesis |
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| Paramomycin |
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| Paramomycin |
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| Bind to the ribosome of parasites |
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| Pyrimethamine |
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| inhibits the folic acid biosynthetic pathway of parasites |
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| Metronidazole |
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| inhibits parasitic DNA synthesis |
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| Pentamidine |
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| binds to parasitic DNA |
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| Mebendazole |
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| Multiple paths: inhibit glucose transport and fumurate reductase, disrupts microtubles of the parasite |
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| Inhibition of Neuromuscular Action |
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Piperazine Ivermectin |
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| Piperazine |
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| GABA antagonists; stimulate phagocytic cells to consume parasite |
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| Ivermectin |
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| Block neuromuscular action; GABA antagonists |
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| Pyoderma |
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| purulent (presence of pus) skin disease |
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| Pruritis |
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| severe itching (pruritic as adj) |
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| Erythema |
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| redness of skin (erythematous as adj) |
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| Exudate |
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| exuded matter: material composed of serum that escapes from blood vessels into a superficial lesion or area of inflammation |
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| Serous fluid |
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| serum; thin, watery consistency |
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| Suppuration |
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| release of purulent matter |
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| Crust |
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| dried residue of serum (body liquid), pus, or blood on the skin; scab |
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| Erysipelas |
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| Streptococcus pyogenes |
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| Folliculitis/Pustules |
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| Bartonella henselae Eikenella corrodens Nocardia brasiliensis Pseudomonas aeruginosa Staphylococcus aureus Streptobacillus moniliformis Streptococcus pyogenes |
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| Abscesses, Furuncles, Carbuncles |
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| Actinomyces israelii Pasteurella multocida Staphylococcus aureus |
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| Vesicular Lesions |
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| Herpes Simplex Virus 1/2 |
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| Ulcers/Malignant pustules (eschars)/Granulomas |
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| Bacillus anthracis Dracunculus medinesis Francisella tularensis Leishmania spp. Orf virus Pseudomonas aeruginosa Mycobacterium spp (MOTTS) Sporothrix schenckii Spirillum minus |
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| Myonecrosis/Necrotising Fasciitis |
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| Clostridium perfringens Streptococcus pyogenes Vibrio vulnificus |
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| Toxigenic Rashes |
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| Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus pyogenes |
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| Cutaneous dysplasias (warts, etc |
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| Human Papilloma Virus Molluscum contagiosum |
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| Cutaneous Mycoses |
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| Candida albicans Malassezia spp. (furfur) Microsporum, Trichophyton, & Epidermophyton species |
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| Intra-abdominal Abscesses |
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| Bacteroides fragilis Enterococcus faecalis |
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| Osteomyelitis and Myositis |
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| Staphylococcus aureus Salmonella spp. Pseudomonas spp. Trichinella spiralis |
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| folliculitis; nail burn infections; otitis externa |
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| Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
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| folliculitis |
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| Staphylococcus aureus |
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| Impetigo |
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| Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus pyogenes |
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| Cat Scratch Disease |
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| Bartonella henselae |
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| Nocardiosis |
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| Nocardia brasiliensis |
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| Rat Bite Fever |
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| Streptobacillus moniliformis |
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| Pustules |
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| Eikenella corrodens |
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| Folliculitis definition |
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| infected hair follicle; follicule surrounded by erythematous, edematous area ; pus accumulates at the site |
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| Pustules definition |
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| Localized vesicles filled with “pus” (leukocytes)Similar to follicultis BUT not associated with a hair follicle |
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| treatment for pseudomonas aeruginosa |
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| beta lactams with aminioglycosides or fluoroquinolones; hyperimmune globulins from pooled sera |
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| treatment for streptococcus pyogenes |
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| beta lactams, macrolides |
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