MCB Test One – Flashcards
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| Define microbiology |
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| The study of organisms too small to be seen by the unaided eye. |
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| How small can the eye see until? |
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| .1 mm |
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| What are the three domains? |
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| bacteria, archaea, eukarya |
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| Why Study micro? Indigenous microbiota? |
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| microbes on your body |
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| Why Study micro? Microbial ecology |
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| how microbiota interact |
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| Why Study micro? Decomposers - what they do and one example |
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| rotting ( saprotrophs ) |
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| Why Study micro? Bioremediation |
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| cleanup! |
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| What are the "microbes for society?" |
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| bioremediation and biotechnology |
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| Why Study micro? Entire list (8) |
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| indigenous microbiota, microbial ecology, decomposers, model organisms, bioremediation, biotechnology, antibiotics, infectious disease |
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| What is the scope of microbiology? 5 things |
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| Bacteriology, mycology, phycology, protozoology, and virology |
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| What is bacteriology study? |
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| bacteria and archaea |
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| What is mycology? |
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| the study of fungi |
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| What is phycology |
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| the study of algae |
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| What is protozoology |
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| The study or protozoa |
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| What is virology |
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| The study of viruses, viroids and prions |
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| What does general microbiology encompass (four things) |
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| biochemistry, physiology, ecology, and taxonomy |
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| What is applied microbiology? 5 things |
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| industrial, food, agricultural, environmental, biotechnology |
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| What is medical microbiology? 6 things |
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| pathogenic, diagnostic, veterinary, epidemiology, immunology, medical virology |
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| What are nosocomial infections? |
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| developing an infection - resistant so 100k people die. |
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| How are nosocomial infections started? |
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| people don't wash their hands |
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| Antony van Leeuwenhoek |
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| simple microscopes |
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| Who discovered bacteria, yeast, algae and protozoa? |
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| Luuewenhoek |
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| "animacules" |
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| bacteria, yeast, algae, protozoa |
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| What were some major areas that people questioned in the 1700s to mid 1800s? |
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| pleomorphism vs monomorphism, transformation of organic matter, spontaneous generation |
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| who was the father of bacteriology? |
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| Ferdinand Cohen |
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| Who proved monomorphism of microbes? |
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| Ferdinand Cohen |
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| How was monomorphism of microbes discovered? |
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| avoiding contamination |
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| Who discovered the anthrax and rabies vaccine? |
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| Louis Pasteur |
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| Who discovered anaerobic life? |
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| Pateur |
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| Who disproved spontaneous generation? |
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| Pasteur |
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| Who discovered that transformations of organic matter was due to microbes (decomposing i think) |
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| Pasteur |
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| Review broth experiment |
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| n/a |
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| Who discovered the bacterial causation of anthrax? |
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| Robert Koch |
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| Who came up with the idea that each bacteria has one disease |
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| Robert Koch |
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| Who had the principles of infection? |
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| Koch - Koch's postulates |
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| Review experiment with rats |
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| n/a |
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| What did German schools focus on |
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| isolation, cultivation, and characterization of infectious agents |
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| What did French school focus on? |
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| how infectious diseases takes place and how recovery and immunity occur |
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| What are the main causes of death of the US now |
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| non-infectious diseases |
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| What are bacteria expressed in? |
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| micrometers |
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| What are viruses expressed in? |
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| nanometers |
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| what two measurements do we need to know? |
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| micrometer and nanometer |
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| How are ocular movements are calibrated? |
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| stage micrometer |
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| how is calibration performed? |
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| for each magnification |
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| What colors of light are used in microscopes |
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| blue and green |
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| What do you need to be able to distinguish two adjacent points? |
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| resoultion |
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| what is empty magnification? |
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| increased magnification without increased resolving power |
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| What is light microscopy limit? |
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| .2 micrometers |
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| What resolving power was van Leeuwenhoek's microscope? |
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| 300x |
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| Simple microscopes - 2 points form slides |
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| one magnifying lens 3-20x magnification |
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| How many lenses do compound microscopes have? |
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| more than one |
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| what is a modern compound's light 'scopes'? |
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| ~1000 magnification |
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| What are the objective lenses for compound microscopes? |
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| 4, 10, 40, 100 |
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| What is the equation for total magnification? |
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| ocular x objective |
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| What does a darkfield microscope do? |
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| illuminates objects against a dark background |
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| What kind of resolving power does a darkfield microscope have? |
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| increased |
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| How do you see the bacteria in a darkfield microscope? |
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| you see it reflecrted off of the bacteria |
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| What is the concept behind a phase contrast microscope |
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| cells differ in refractive index from that of the medium |
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| TF Phase contrast microscopes are stained |
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| F |
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| What do PED nurses use to help diagnose whooping cough? |
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| Fluorescence Microscopes |
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| Fluorescence Microscopes: What stimulates dyes, pigments to fluoresce |
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| UV |
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| How many colors does a fluoresence microscope have? |
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| one |
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| Where are fluorescence microscopes used? |
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| clinical microbio, microbial ecology |
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| What type of microscope can't use lenses? |
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| electrons |
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| What are the illumination sources in electron microscopes |
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| electron beams |
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| what focus the beam on electron microscopes? |
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| magnets |
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| What microscope has a much higher magnification resolution? |
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| electron |
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| Are organisms alive in Electron microscopes? |
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| no |
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| What are the three main points of Transmission electron microscopy? |
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| it studies the internal structure of cells, requires thin sections, high mag/resolution |
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| Two main points of scanning electron microscopy |
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| external features and intact cells |
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| What kind of microscope discovered smallpox? |
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| scanning E M |
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| Define biochemistry |
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| chemistry dealing with the chemical compounds and processes occurring in living things |
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| Who said that biochem was the molecular logic of living organisms? |
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| Lehninger |
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| What are the guts of microorganisms? |
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| biomolecules |
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| What is biochemistry |
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| everything in a cell: defined by it, interact with each other through it |
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| What are the strongest bonds? |
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| covalent |
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| How many elements are required by living organisms? |
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| 22, 16 are found in all organism |
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| What are the most abundant compounds in living matter? |
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| HONC |
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| What elements have the strongest covalent bonds? |
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| lightest |
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| What configuration is carbon? |
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| tetrahedral |
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| What element can form the most stable molecules of different shapes and sizes? |
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| carbon |
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| What has high specific heat and high surface tension? |
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| water |
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| What are polysaccharides (very basic) |
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| carbohydrates |
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| What is teh CHO ratio of carbs? |
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| 1:2:1 |
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| What are the monomeric units of polysaccharides? |
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| pentoses and hexoses |
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| What are the bonds for polysaccharides? |
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| glycosidic bonds ( covalent bonds ) |
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| What are the different kinds of saccharides? |
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| mono, di, tri, etc |
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| What are stereoisomers? |
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| chemically the same but put together differently |
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| What do polysaccharides function as? 2 things |
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| carbon and energy reserves cell wall components |
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| What is in cell walls of bacteria? |
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| peptidoglycan |
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| What determines the type of polysaccharide it is? |
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| the bond |
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| what is the most common biopolymer? |
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| cellulose |
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| Define lipid |
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| glycerol bonded to fatty acids and other groups (such as phosphate by an ester or ether linkage |
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| What types of bonds are found in archaea? |
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| ether |
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| define fatty acids |
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| chains of carbons atoms with a single carboxylic acid group |
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| Simple lipid (aka and definition) |
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| triglyceride : 3 fatty acids bound to a glycerol molecule |
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| TF lipids are macromolecules |
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| False: monomers are not linked by covalent bonds |
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| Define complex lipids |
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| simple lipids containing additional elements or small carbon compounds |
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| Phospholipids |
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| lipids containing a phosphate group |
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| What does 'glyco' mean? |
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| sugar |
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| TF the phospholipid bilayer is a solid structure |
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| False |
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| What are the monomers of nucleic acids? |
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| nucleotides |
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| what type of bond is the nucleic acids |
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| phosphodiester bonds |
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| What are 2 examples of nucleic acids? |
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| DNA and RNA |
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| What are the three types of RNA |
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| mRNA, tRNA, RRNA |
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| What are the two bases of nucleic acids? |
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| pyrimidine and purine |
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| What are the three different structures of DNA? |
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| complementary, primary and secondary |
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| What is the monomeric unit of proteins? |
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| amino acids |
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| What type of bonds join proteins |
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| peptide bonds |
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| oligopeptides are ____ amino acids |
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| few |
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| TF proteins are catalytic |
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| T: enzymes |
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| What are the structural proteins making up? 3 |
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| membranes, cell walls, cytoplasmic components |
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| Chemical properties of proteins come from what? |
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| R groups |
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| Protein structure: Primary |
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| amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain |
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| Protein structure: Secondary |
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| twisting or folding of polypeptide in two dimensions |
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| Protein structure: Tertiary structure |
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| 3 dimensional folding of a polypeptide |
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| Protein structure: Quaternary |
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| the arrangement of polypeptide subunits to form the final protein |
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| What do you need to have quaternary structure in proteins? |
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| 2 polypeptide chains |
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| What stabilize chains in proteins? |
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| side and R groups |
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| How do proteins maintain interactions? |
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| H bonds |
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| What helps to stabilize tertiary structures more than H |
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| disulfide |
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| How do sulfur groups help to stabilize? |
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| they oppose each other on opposite ends and stabilize |
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| How does urea affect proteins? |
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| it allows H bonds to reform |
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| Define denaturation |
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| taking away what allows the cell to break what makes the bond |
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| Who coined the word 'cells' |
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| robert hooke |
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| What two people discovered that plant and animal tissues were composed of cells? |
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| matthias schleiden and theodor schwann |
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| Who came up with the theory of biogenesis |
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| Rudolf Virchow |
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| What is the theory of biogenesis? |
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| all living cells come from living cells |
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| What are the 6 characteristics of living cells? |
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| metabolism, reproduction, differentiation, communication, movement, evolution |
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| What has membrane organelles? |
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| eukaryotes |
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| What has no internal divisions |
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| prokaryotes |
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| TF it is more difficult to work in one big space |
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| True |
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| What are the acellular microorganisms |
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| viroids, prions and viruses |
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| What are the two types of cellular microorganisms |
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| prokaryotes and eukaryotes |
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| What are the types of prokaryotes? |
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| archaea, bacteria, and cyanobacteria |
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| What are the types of eukaryotes? |
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| algae, protozoa and fungi |
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| Order prokaryote, eukaryotic cell and virus in order from smallest to largest |
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| virus, prok, euk. |
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| Define taxonomy |
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| (systematics) the art of biological classification |
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| Define classification |
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| how they are phylogenetically related |
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| Define nomenclature |
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| rules for naming |
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| Define identification |
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| identify microbe that is causing the problems |
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| TF all classification work to show phylogenetic relation |
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| True |
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| Classification types: Artificial vs. Natural |
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| phylogenetic classifications |
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| Classification types: phenotypic |
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| based on observational characteristics |
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| Classification types: Genotypic |
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| based on nucleic acid sequence data |
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| Classification types: Polyphasic |
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| uses both phenotypic and genotypic data |
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| What are the classifications of living organisms |
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| Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species |
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| Who came up with the binomial system? |
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| carl linnaeus |
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| How do we name things? |
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| species name = genus name + specific epithet |
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| What are the two kingdoms *(in the two kingdom system)? |
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| plant and animal |
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| What was the first natural classification? |
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| binomial |
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| What does sp mean? |
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| single species |
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| What are the 5 kingdoms in the 5 kingdom system? |
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| plants, fungi, animals, protists (euk) and monera (prok) |
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| Who came up with the 5 domain system? |
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| whittaker |
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| Who came up with the 3 domain system? |
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| carl woese |
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| 3 domain system: 3 ribosomal molecules |
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| 5S, 16S, 23S (small subunit sequencing |
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| 3 domain system: two domains of proks - |
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| bacteria, archaea |
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| 3 domain system: dom. what? |
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| eukarya |
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| What are the major structures of the prok cell? |
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| cytoplasmic membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, inclusions, nucleoid, glycocalyx, flagella, pili and fimbrae, endospores |
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| How think is the cytoplasmic membrane |
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| ~8 nm thick |
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| What completely surrounds the cell? |
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| cytoplasmic membrane |
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| What establishes the integrity of the cell? |
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| the cytoplasmic membrane |
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| What is referred to the fluid mosaic? |
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| cytoplasmic membrane |
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| Where do you find the phospholipid bilayer? |
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| the cytoplasmic membrane |
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| Why do you want to increase surface area in the cytoplasmic membrane? |
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| photosynthesis |
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| What are the 3 main functions of the cytoplasmic membrane? |
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| permeability barrier, protein anchor, energy conservation |
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| What provides rigidity in proks? |
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| the cell wall |
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| What keeps bacterial cells from lysing? Why would they lyse? |
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| cell wall - turgor pressure would cause them to lyse |
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| Gram negative |
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| multilayered, complex (lipid) pink |
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| Gram positive |
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| single layer, thicker (peptidoglycan) - purple |
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| What gives the cell wall of gram positive a negative charge? |
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| teichoic acid |
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| What starts reaction to increase the cell wall? |
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| lipoteichoic acid |
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| TF the cell was can lyse itself |
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| true |
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| Cell wall of proks - what is it's second layer? |
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| lipids |
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| What two things does a gram negative outer membrane contain? |
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| polysaccharides, proteins and lipids |
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| What forms in the cell wall of proks to form lipopolysaccharides? |
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| lipids and polysaccharides |
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| What is lipid A |
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| an endotoxin |
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| What is an endotoxin? |
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| Gram (-) bacteria that got through the saline into a patient (dialysis) that will kill them. We have some naturally occurring in our system. |
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| How is DNA arranged in a prok? |
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| a single circular molecule, has a nucleoid and plasmids |
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| What is a plasmid |
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| a small, circular extrachromosomal DNA |
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| DNA in proks: What is the chromosome copy number? |
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| the cell does not rely on genes "it is nice to have genes" |
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| How does the E. Coli nucleoid control DNA in a prok? |
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| by curling up in the cell |
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| Define bacterial flagella |
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| long, thin appendages free at one end and attached to the cell at the other end |
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| How big are flagella? |
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| ~20nm |
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| What is the flagellar arrangement |
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| polar, lophotrichous, perithrichous |
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| flagellin |
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| protein subunit of flagella |
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| What is the purpose to the P Ring? |
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| it anchors the flagella in the cell. There are 2 in the middle and 1 in the outer membrane |
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| What is structurally similar to flagella but not involved in movement? |
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| fimbriae and pili |
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| TF Fimbriae is shorter than flagella |
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| T |
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| TF Fimbriae is acquired throughout life |
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| F: it is an inherited trait |
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| What enables cells to adhere to surfaces |
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| fimbriae |
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| What forms pellicles or biofilms? |
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| fimbriae |
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| TF pili are longer than fimbriae |
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| True |
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| What structure do you only have one or two per cell? |
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| pili |
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| What serve as receptors for certain viruses? |
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| pili |
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| What is involved in conjugation |
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| pili |
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| What is involved in attaachment of certain pathogenic bacteria to tissues? |
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| pili |
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| Define glycocalyx |
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| the polysaccaride material lying outside the cell |
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| What are the two parts of the glycocalyx? |
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| the capsule and slime layer |
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| Define capsule |
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| a rigid, tight matric that can exclude particles |
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| Define slime layer |
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| easily deformed, does not exclude particles, hard to see |
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| What are the fxns of glycocalyx |
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| attachment of pathogens, protection from phagocytosis, resistance to desiccation |
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| Bacterial cell inclusions: what are they? |
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| granules within cells |
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| What is the function of granules within cells? 2 |
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| storage of energy compounds and source of structural building blocks |
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| What are carbon/energy storage compounds |
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| glycogen, poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB) "Dont worry" i have written |
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| define endospores |
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| differentiated cells formed within the vegetative cell (sporangium) |
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| What are highly resistant to heat, drying, radiation, acids, chemical disinfectants? |
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| endospores |
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| What are two examples of endospores? |
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| Bacilllus (needs O2) and clostridium (anaerobic) |
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| What can remain dormant for a long time? |
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| endospores |
