MCAT: Sociology – Flashcards
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Informal Control
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refers to the socialization process
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Formal control
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accomplished through external sanctions via governments
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Social Sanctions
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Responses people employ to behavior to let the individual know their behavior is unacceptable
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Artificial Control
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term that refers to self control
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Achieved status
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status that you have earned through occupation
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Ascribed status
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refers to a status you are born into
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Labeling theory
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theory that how we are labeled, regarded, or classified impacts our behavior.
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social constructionism
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-refers to the theory that knowledge is socially constructed through shared agreement. -Under this theory, race and gender are not real, but are socially constructed, and thus real in their consequences.
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Exchange-rational choice
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refers to the theory that we are rational actors, who perform a cost-benefit analysis of our decisions
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Conflict theory
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sees conflict for resources at the heart of everything
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hidden curriculum
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refers to the subtext underlying educational curriculum
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social reproduction
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refers to structures that transmit the existing values and social inequality from one generation to another
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residential segregation
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refers to the physical separation into different neighborhoods
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social exclusion
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refers to systematic process of blocking access to rights and opportunities of certain people, effectively isolating them.
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Isolation
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refers to the state of being separated from other people.
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Reciprocity
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term social psychologists use to describe how most people seek an equal exchange within a relationship in order to maintain attraction.
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peer pressure
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indirect pressure to change your behavior or beliefs to match your peer group.
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Symbolic culture
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refers to our way of thinking, doing, and believing
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Material culture
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refers to physical objects we use to define our culturew
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Multiculturism
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view that other cultures should be respected or even encouraged
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Popular culture
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refers to cultural products, like music, and art used by the non-elite.
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relative poverty
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refers to the perception of poverty due to not having resources to match those of your peers and neighbors
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Absolute poverty
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refers to a lack of basic necessities
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Urban Poverty
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refers to poverty in an urban area
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Rural poverty
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refers to poverty in rural settings
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Front stage
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refers to behaviors which are visible to the 'audience' or what you show to the public
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back stage
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refers to activities we do in private to prepare for our performance of our roles.
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Impression management
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your attempt to influence other peoples perception of you as an individual thru controlling info communicated during social interactions.
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Social capital
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refers to the collective value of the people you know.
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class consciousness
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refers to a state of mind that prevents you from perceiving the injusticse of your own situation.
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False consciousness
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refers to a state of mind that prevents you from perceiving the injustice of your own situation
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Cultural capital
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refers to non-material assets that help promote your social mobility
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Kinship is:
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Socially recognized system of associations among people who are biologoically related, adopted, married, or bound by other rituals. -The relationships include both rights and responsibilities.
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Binuclear family
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refers to families where members live in separate households
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Nuclear family
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refers to the individual, their spouse, and children.
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Post modern family
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refers to mothers who are single by choice, LGBT families, and other departures from models.
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Blended family
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refers to step-families
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Institutional discrimination
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refers to discrimination against an individual by an institution
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Individual discrimination
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when one person discriminated against another
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Scapegoat
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practice of singling out a group to take the blame for a social ill
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Bureaucracy
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hierarchical organization with written rules, and organizational rules determining promotion rather than individuals
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Cultural transmission
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refers to the way we learn and pass info within a culture
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Cultural diffusion
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refers to the spreading out of a culture from one central point
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Religiosity
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refers to the aspects of religious activity of a group
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`Mass media
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refers to large scale organizations which use technology to communicate ideas to the masses.
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social exchange theory
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argues that all behavior is the result of a kind of cost-benefit analysis
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Assimilation
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refers to process by which an individuals behavior, language, and culture begin to resemble another culture's/
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Culture shock
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refers to the disorientation an individual may feel when visiting a strange place
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Cultural lag
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refers to the fact that sometimes culture take time to catch up with technological innovations and sometimes social problems result
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Microsociology
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looks at small scale social, face-to-face interaction
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Macrosociology
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is concerned with the analysis of social systems and large scale populations.
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Meritocracy
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system of promoting individuals based upon their merit and ability, not their social connections of socioeconomic backround.
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Mediocrity
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refers to the state of being mediocre
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Aristocracy
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refers to a govt run by nobility
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oligarchy
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refers to a situation where a small number of elites control the country
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Social exclusion
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Systematic process of blocking access to rights and opportunities of certain people, effectively isolating them/
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Social reproduction
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structures that transmit the existing values and social inequality from one generation to another.
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Residential segregation
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the physical separation of groups into different neighborhoods
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Ethnocentrism
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tendency to believe your own culture to be superior to others and to filter info through that lens
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Cultural relativism
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desire to understand another culture by its own terms rather than your own cultures
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Bias
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preference to one thing over another
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Innovator
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social type IDied by Merton as the person who would embrace the social goals of success, but reach them through alternate pathways.
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Rebel
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rejects society's definition of success
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retreatist
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rejects both the means and the goals
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Ritualist
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rejects the goals, but embraces the pathways and obeys the rules
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What is the difference between sex and gender?
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Sex is biological; gender is socially constructed and learned.
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Social Support
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perception that you are cared for and part of a supportive social network.
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Emotion work
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the work women do for their loved ones in terms of managing emotional health.
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Network theory
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refers to theories regarding social networks
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Social Structures
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social institutions such as school, govts, ect
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Generalized other
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your awareness of the expectations of society as a whole
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Meads theory about me and I
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states that 'me' is who we learn to be through social interaction. And 'I' is our response to the attitude of our community.
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Push factors
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negative traits that cause people to immigrate to a new place
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Pull factors
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refer to positive traits of a place that draw immigrants to it
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Emigration rate
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the # of people per thousand who are leaving
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Gentrification
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refers to updating a neighborhood and in the process converting it to a middle class enclave.
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racial formation
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process by which racial categories are formed and destroyed
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Racialization
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practice of ascribing racial or ethnic idenity to a group, social practice, or relationship that doesnt exist
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Ethnicities
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refers to ethnic groups
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Intersections of race with ethnicity
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refers to intersectionality, which looks at the systems of oppression and domination in overlapping marginalized identities
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dyad
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social group composed of two people, so if one leaves, there is no more group
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Triad
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social group composed of three people. A 2 versus one dynamic often occurs
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Subcultures
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cultures that exist within larger cultures, despite their interests being at odds with the dominant culture
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Counterculture
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culture that exists alongside dominant cultures, but whose beliefs oppose the mainstream
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reference group
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group to which an individual is compared to
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Ego
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refers to an aspect of personality
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outgroup
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group to which you do not feel you belong
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Social networking group
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refers to a group of people connected by a social network
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Functionalist theory
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sees education as a means to socialize citizens into their proper roles in society
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conflict theory
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sees education as a tool of the bourgeoise
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feminist theory
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is concerned with the ways education is a tool of gender socialization
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symbolic interactionism
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concerned with the shared meaning of the experience
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Environmental justice
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social movement centered upon the inequality of environmental burdens in our society
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Social stratification
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the ranking of people in a categorical hierarchy
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cultural captital
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non material assets that help promote your social mobility
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identification
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is conforming to someone who you respect and like. It is a deeper form of conformity, and also self motivated
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McDonaldization
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is the standardization of businesses globally
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Role taking
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assuming the perspective of another person to enable yourself to respond as they would
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Play stage
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refers to children playing roles in their imaginative play, such as doctor, teacher, or mommy.
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Urban decline
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the process whereby sections of a previously functioning city fall into disrepair. Ex Detroit
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Suburbanization
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Refers to the growth of areas on the fringe of big cities
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Urban growth
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refers to the increase in size of an urban area
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Class consciousness
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an awareness of your class standing
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Social sanctions
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responses people employ to behavior to let the individual know their behavior is unacceptable
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Prestige
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how favorably something is regarded
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Power
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our ability to get someone else to do something, in spite of obstacles or opposition
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Class
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levels of wealth, influence, and status
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Status
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the position one occupies in society
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Connection between social expectations and altruism?
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Members of society internalize the idea that it is a good thing to help others
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Situational couple violence
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Most common form of intimate partner violence. It is violence that erupts when a disagreement turns angry
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Intimate terrorism
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Situation where the batterer takes control of his partner.
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Violence resistance
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Situation where a intimate partner victim fights backk
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Privilege
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rights or benefits granted to you as a result of your social position
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gender segregation
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the separation of the sexes in schools or occupation, which sometimes occurs 'naturally' and other times purposeful. E.g. nurses and teaches being mostly female and construction workers being mostly male
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Altruistic behavior
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implies there will be no sort of benefit on the part of the person engaging in the sacrificing behavior.
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The cinderella effect
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Describes the direct relationship between step-relationships and abuse
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Consanguines
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are biological or blood relatives
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Affinal relationships
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relationships established through marriage
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Fictive relationse
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refer to those individuals we take into our family and who take on obligations in the absence of blood or marriage ties.
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Role strain
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the difficulty an individual can experience in attempting to meet the expectations of their social role
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Role conflict
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the conflict which can occur when we occupy multiple statuses, and the expectations conflict with one another
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Role exit
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the process of becoming an 'ex'
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A status set
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is the collection of social statues an individual occupies
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Anticipatory socialization
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process where we rehearse for future events and situations
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The life course
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a culturally defined sequence of age categories through which you are expected to pass.
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Sexual orientation
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refers to sexual desires, fantasy, and behavior
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Iron law of oligarchy
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states that in any democracy a small group of elites will end up ruling
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Self fulfilling prophecy
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prediction that indirectly or directly causes itself to come true
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Authority
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power to enforce rules.
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Obedience can be considered
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moral, immoral, or amoral
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Vertical mobility
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movement up or down in socioeconomic status
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Horizontal mobility
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moving from one position to another, but the move doesnt result in change of socioeco status
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Intergenerational Poverty
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the experience of poverty being transmitted from one generation to another
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Homogamy
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practice of encouraging individuals to select a mate with similar social background characteristics, and may be based on socioeco status, gender, ethnicity, or religion
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Age cohorts
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people who share the common characteristic of age
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spatial inequality
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the pattern and structure of inequality in resources and services available to residents of an area
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Resocialization
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process through which the individuals personality is radically changed by force. Example: military or prison
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Master Status
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is the core status of your identity. Its often tied to your occupation.
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Primary Socialization
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occurs when we are developing our personality, beliefs, and values.
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Secondary socialization
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occurs as we learn what is acceptable and not, typically during adolescence and in small groups.
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Tertiary socialization
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occurs when we are integrated into society and ready for new ideas and values
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Stereotype threat
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the phenomenon of poor performance by members of a stigmatized group because of their worry that they will confirm others poor perception of them.
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Rites of passage
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rituals and ceremonies meant to mark and validate significant changes in our lives
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Secondary groups
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groups that are less close and more temporary. They tend to be goal oriented.
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Social construction of gender
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recognizes that society creates gender roles, which are prescribed to us as ideal behavior.
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The culture industry includes
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Celebrities, television, film, magazines and books.
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Intersectionality
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intersection of oppressed identities
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Polyamory
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having multiple lovers, where everyone consents and the relatioships are meant to endure.
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Polygyny
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Having multiple wives to one husband
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Polyandry
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having multiple wives to one husband
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pantagamy
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having everyone married to everyone
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The mere exposure effect
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proposes that the more we are exposed to someone, the more likely we will become familiar with them and come to like them.
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The looking glass self
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Cooley's theory that our sense of self grows out of our social interactions and perceptions of others view of us
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Social construction of race
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the discussion that race is not real. It is contingent upon our collective agreement that a certain set of physical characteristics denote a certain race.
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Endogamy
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the social role that one must marry within ones group; exogamy refers to the social rules that one must marry outside one's group
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Teacher expectancy
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essentially says that whatever a teacher expects is what she will likely get from her students.
