Math 231 – Test Chapter One – Flashcards

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Population
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The complete collection of all elements.
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Sample
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A subset of elements drawn from population.
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Parameter
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A numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a population.
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Statistic
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A numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a sample.
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How does a census compare to a sample?
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A census is the collection of data from every element in a population; a sample is a subset of a population.
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Distinguish between categorical and quantative data.
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Qualitative data can be separated into categories that are distinguished by nonnumeric characteristics. Quantative data consist of numbers representing counts or measurements.
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Continuous Data
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Numerical data result from infinitely many possible calules that can be assoiciated with points on a continuous scale so that there are no gaps or interruptions.
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Discrete Data
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Data result from either a finite number of possible values or a countable number of possible values.
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Nominal
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Characterized by data that consist of names, labels, or categories. No order to the data. (Example: Betty, Jack, and Jon is the same as Jack, Jon, and Betty.)
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Ordinal
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Involves data that may be arranged in some order, but differences between data cannot be determined or are meaningless. (Example: A, B, C, D, E, ...)
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Interval
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Like ordinal but the difference between each item can be determined and is most likely significant. but not zero starting point. (Example: 5, 10, 15, 20, ...)
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Ratio
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Like interval but there is a starting point. (Example: 0, 1, 2, 3, ...)
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Observational Study
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Observing and measuring specific characteristics, but do not attempt to alter the subject.
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Experiment
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Apply some type of treatment to the subject(s) and observe and measure the effects on the subject.
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Random Sample
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Each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. Random sampling provides the best representative sample in which all groups of the population are aproximately proportional.
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Andrew rolled a die five time and got a six every time.
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Possible, but very unlikely.
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Lori rolled three dice and got a total of two.
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Impossible.
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The ten participants of a seminar on public speaking showed up on time.
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Possible and likely.
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A sample of 120 eployees of a company is selected, and the average age is found to be 37 years.
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Statistic
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After inspecting all of 55,000 kg of meat stored at the Wurst Sausage Company, it was found that 45,000 kg of the meat was spoiled.
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Parameter
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The number of freshmen entering college in a certain year is 621.
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Discrete
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The height of a 2-year-old maple tree is 28.3 feet.
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Continuous
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The termperatures of eight different plastic spheres.
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Interval
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Salaries of college professors.
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Ratio
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Nationalities of survey respondents.
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Nominal
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Student's grades, A, B, or C, on a test.
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Ordinal
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A marketing firm does a survey to find out how many people use a product. Of the one hundred people contacted, fifteen said they use the product.
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Observational Study
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A clinic gives a frug to a group of ten patients and a placebo to another group of ten patients fnd out if the drug has an effect on the patients' illness.
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Experiment
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